#Google_BigQuery

Last updated    - V4 (13-Sep-2025)

Level	Topic	Subtopics
Basic	Introduction to BigQuery	What is BigQuery, Key Features, Use Cases, BigQuery vs Traditional Databases, Serverless Architecture
	BigQuery Console & UI	Web UI Overview, Query Editor, Job History, Project & Dataset Navigation, Schema Exploration
	Datasets & Tables	Creating Datasets, Creating Tables, Table Schema, Data Types, Partitioned & Clustered Tables
	SQL Basics in BigQuery	SELECT Statements, WHERE Clause, ORDER BY, LIMIT, GROUP BY, Aggregations
	Data Loading & Export	Loading CSV/JSON/Parquet, Streaming Inserts, Exporting Data, Storage Options
Intermediate	BigQuery Functions & Operators	String Functions, Date & Time Functions, Array Functions, JSON Functions, Mathematical Functions
	Joins & Subqueries	INNER JOIN, LEFT/RIGHT JOIN, CROSS JOIN, Self Joins, Nested Queries
	Views & Materialized Views	Creating Views, Benefits, Materialized Views, Use Cases, Performance Considerations
	Performance Optimization	Partitioning, Clustering, Query Caching, Table Decorators, Query Execution Plan
	BigQuery ML Basics	Introduction to BigQuery ML, Creating Models, Types of Models (Linear Regression, Classification), Training & Evaluation
Advanced	Advanced SQL Features	Window Functions, CTEs, Arrays, Structs, UNNEST, ARRAY_AGG, WITH Clauses
	BigQuery ML Advanced	Hyperparameter Tuning, Feature Engineering, Evaluation Metrics, Model Export, Predict Queries
	Security & Access Control	IAM Roles, Dataset/Table Permissions, Authorized Views, Row-Level Security, Column-Level Security
	Data Transfer & Integration	BigQuery Data Transfer Service, Cloud Storage, Google Analytics, External Data Sources, Federated Queries
	Scripting & Stored Procedures	BigQuery Scripting, Variables, Loops, IF/ELSE, Stored Procedures, Error Handling
Expert	Advanced BigQuery ML	Deep Learning Models, Time Series Forecasting, TensorFlow Integration, Vertex AI Integration, AutoML
	Cost Management & Optimization	Query Cost Estimation, Slot Reservations, Reservations & Flex Slots, Optimizing Storage & Queries
	BigQuery for Analytics & BI	Integrating with Looker, Data Studio, Tableau, Power BI, Real-time Analytics
	Multi-Region & Multi-Project Architecture	Data Replication, Cross-Project Queries, Federated Queries, Data Sharing Best Practices
	Emerging Trends & Best Practices	BigQuery Omni, BigLake, Serverless Analytics, Data Mesh, Governance, Performance Tuning

1. BigQuery Basics

1. What is Google BigQuery?
2. Explain key features of BigQuery.
3. Difference between BigQuery and traditional databases.
4. What is serverless architecture in BigQuery?
5. What are BigQuery datasets?
6. What are BigQuery tables?
7. How do you create a table in BigQuery?
8. Explain table schema and data types.
9. What are partitioned tables?
10. What are clustered tables?
11. How do you load data into BigQuery?
12. Difference between batch load and streaming inserts.
13. How do you export data from BigQuery?
14. Explain storage options in BigQuery.
15. How do you navigate the BigQuery console?
16. What is the query editor in BigQuery?
17. How do you view job history?
18. Explain SELECT statements in BigQuery SQL.
19. How do you use WHERE clauses?
20. How do you sort data using ORDER BY?
21. How do you limit query results?
22. How do you perform aggregations using GROUP BY?
23. Difference between BigQuery Standard SQL and Legacy SQL.
24. How do you explore schemas of existing tables?
25. How do you monitor query performance in BigQuery?

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2. Intermediate BigQuery

1. Explain common BigQuery functions: STRING, DATE, ARRAY functions.
2. How do you work with JSON data in BigQuery?
3. Difference between INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN, CROSS JOIN.
4. What is a subquery and how is it used?
5. How do you create views in BigQuery?
6. Difference between normal views and materialized views.
7. When should you use materialized views?
8. How do you optimize query performance?
9. What is query caching?
10. How do you use table decorators?
11. How do you implement clustering and partitioning for optimization?
12. Explain the BigQuery ML basics.
13. How do you create a linear regression model in BigQuery ML?
14. How do you create a classification model in BigQuery ML?
15. How do you train and evaluate a model in BigQuery ML?
16. How do you make predictions using BigQuery ML?
17. How do you integrate BigQuery with external tools?
18. Explain IAM roles and dataset permissions.
19. How do you use authorized views for security?
20. How do you implement row-level security?
21. How do you use column-level security?
22. Explain BigQuery Data Transfer Service.
23. How do you query external data sources?
24. How do you perform federated queries?
25. How do you schedule recurring queries in BigQuery?

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3. Advanced BigQuery

1. How do you use window functions in BigQuery?
2. What are CTEs and how are they used?
3. How do you work with arrays and structs?
4. How do you use the UNNEST function?
5. Explain ARRAY_AGG and ARRAY functions.
6. How do you write complex nested queries?
7. How do you create stored procedures in BigQuery?
8. How do you use scripting in BigQuery?
9. How do you handle errors in BigQuery scripts?
10. How do you perform hyperparameter tuning in BigQuery ML?
11. How do you engineer features in BigQuery ML?
12. How do you export trained models?
13. How do you use advanced evaluation metrics in BigQuery ML?
14. Explain integration with TensorFlow.
15. How do you use Vertex AI with BigQuery ML?
16. How do you manage query cost?
17. How do you optimize storage usage?
18. How do you implement efficient table design for large datasets?
19. How do you perform cross-dataset queries?
20. How do you monitor and log queries for performance analysis?
21. How do you handle streaming large datasets?
22. Explain best practices for query optimization.
23. How do you implement partition pruning?
24. How do you use approximate aggregation functions?
25. How do you manage multi-project BigQuery environments?

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4. Expert-Level BigQuery

1. How do you implement deep learning models with BigQuery ML?
2. How do you perform time series forecasting in BigQuery ML?
3. How do you integrate BigQuery ML with AutoML?
4. How do you handle multi-modal data analysis in BigQuery?
5. How do you implement BigQuery Omni for multi-cloud analytics?
6. How do you implement BigLake for unified data lake analytics?
7. How do you implement cost-effective query optimization at scale?
8. How do you implement real-time analytics with BigQuery?
9. How do you integrate BigQuery with Looker, Tableau, and Power BI?
10. How do you implement cross-region replication?
11. How do you design multi-project architecture for large enterprises?
12. How do you implement federated queries across multiple clouds?
13. How do you implement secure data sharing in BigQuery?
14. How do you perform data governance and access auditing?
15. How do you implement monitoring and alerts for large datasets?
16. How do you handle query concurrency and slot management?
17. How do you manage reservation and flex slots for optimization?
18. How do you implement advanced security controls for sensitive data?
19. How do you integrate AI/ML pipelines with BigQuery?
20. How do you benchmark BigQuery for enterprise workloads?
21. How do you debug complex queries at scale?
22. How do you implement disaster recovery and backup strategies?
23. What are best practices for BigQuery performance tuning?
24. How do you implement governance and compliance in multi-cloud analytics?
25. What are emerging trends and innovations in BigQuery and serverless analytics?

#Azure_Cosmos_DB

Level Topic Subtopics Basic Introduction to Cosmos DB What is Cosmos DB, Features, Global distribution, Multi-model support Core Concepts Databases, Containers, Items, Partitions Data Models Document, Key-Value, Column-Family, Graph APIs SQL API, MongoDB API, Cassandra API, Gremlin API, Table API Consistency Levels Strong, Bounded Staleness, Session, Consistent Prefix, Eventual Partitioning Basics Logical partition, Partition key selection, Partition strategies Provisioned Throughput Request Units (RU/s), Autoscale, Manual throughput Cosmos DB Account Types Standard vs Free Tier, Multi-region write accounts Query Basics SELECT statements, Filtering, ORDER BY Cosmos DB Tools Azure Portal, Data Explorer, SDKs Intermediate Indexing Automatic indexing, Custom indexing policies, Composite indexes TTL (Time to Live) Setting TTL, Use cases, Expired document deletion Change Feed Monitoring changes, Event-driven architecture Multi-region Replication Read regions, Write regions, Failover priority Stored Procedures & Triggers Writing server-side logic, Triggers, Stored procedures UDFs (User Defined Functions) Creating functions, Using in queries Query Performance Index utilization, Query metrics, Optimizing queries SDKs & Integration .NET, Java, Python, Node.js SDKs Security Basics Authentication, Authorization, Role-based access control Backup & Restore Automated backup, Restore points Advanced Global Distribution Multi-master replication, Conflict resolution Consistency Tuning Choosing the right consistency level Throughput Optimization RU/s optimization, Request patterns Partitioning Advanced Hot partitions, Cross-partition queries Performance Monitoring Metrics, Diagnostics, Alerts Data Modeling Best Practices Modeling hierarchical data, Reference vs Embedding Transactions ACID transactions with stored procedures Large-scale Data Management Bulk operations, Bulk executor library Cosmos DB SLAs Availability, Latency, Consistency guarantees Integration with Azure Services Event Grid, Functions, Logic Apps, Synapse Expert Advanced Security Encryption at rest, Customer-managed keys, Network security Operational Best Practices Indexing strategy, Partitioning strategy, Throughput planning Advanced Querying LINQ, Aggregation, JOINs, CROSS APPLY Cosmos DB Emulator Local development, Testing scenarios Conflict Resolution Strategies Last-write wins, Custom conflict handlers Scaling Strategies Horizontal scaling, Vertical scaling considerations Real-time Analytics Integration Integration with Spark, Synapse Analytics Advanced Monitoring & Alerts Custom metrics, Diagnostic logs, Alerting policies Disaster Recovery Regional failover, Backup restoration Future Trends & Best Practices Serverless architecture, Multi-model optimizations, AI/ML integration

1. Fundamentals

1. What is Azure Cosmos DB and what are its main features?
2. What are the advantages of using Cosmos DB over traditional databases?
3. Explain multi-model support in Cosmos DB.
4. What are the different APIs provided by Cosmos DB?
5. What is the difference between SQL API and MongoDB API in Cosmos DB?
6. What are containers in Cosmos DB?
7. What is a logical partition in Cosmos DB?
8. What are items in Cosmos DB?
9. Explain partition keys and their importance.
10. What are the consistency levels in Cosmos DB?
11. What is the difference between strong and eventual consistency?
12. How does Cosmos DB ensure global distribution?
13. What is RU/s (Request Units per second) in Cosmos DB?
14. Explain provisioned throughput vs autoscale throughput.
15. What is the role of Cosmos DB SDKs?
16. What are Cosmos DB accounts and their types?
17. How do you query documents in Cosmos DB?
18. What is the Cosmos DB Data Explorer?
19. What are the limitations of Cosmos DB?
20. How does Cosmos DB handle large datasets?
21. What is TTL (Time to Live) in Cosmos DB?
22. How do you handle schema in Cosmos DB?
23. What is multi-master replication?
24. Explain the difference between single-region and multi-region accounts.
25. How does Cosmos DB handle failover and disaster recovery?

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2. CRUD & Querying

1. How do you insert a document into Cosmos DB?
2. How do you update documents in Cosmos DB?
3. How do you delete documents in Cosmos DB?
4. Explain querying with SQL API in Cosmos DB.
5. What is the use of SELECT and WHERE clauses in Cosmos DB queries?
6. How do you use the ORDER BY clause in queries?
7. How do you perform aggregation in Cosmos DB?
8. What is the difference between point reads and query reads?
9. How do you implement pagination in Cosmos DB queries?
10. How do you query nested documents in Cosmos DB?
11. What is the difference between cross-partition and single-partition queries?
12. Explain the use of OFFSET and LIMIT in Cosmos DB.
13. What are stored procedures in Cosmos DB?
14. How do you call stored procedures in Cosmos DB?
15. What are triggers in Cosmos DB?
16. What are User Defined Functions (UDFs) in Cosmos DB?
17. How do you filter documents using array operators?
18. Explain the use of JOINs in Cosmos DB.
19. How do you use aggregate functions in queries?
20. What is the use of DISTINCT keyword in Cosmos DB queries?
21. How do you handle query performance for large datasets?
22. How do you optimize queries in Cosmos DB?
23. What are common query anti-patterns?
24. How do you handle cross-region queries in Cosmos DB?
25. How do you use the Cosmos DB SDK to query documents programmatically?

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3. Indexing & Aggregation

1. What is automatic indexing in Cosmos DB?
2. How do you create custom indexes in Cosmos DB?
3. What is a composite index?
4. What are spatial indexes?
5. How do indexes improve query performance in Cosmos DB?
6. What is the indexing policy in Cosmos DB?
7. How do you exclude properties from indexing?
8. What is the impact of indexing on RU consumption?
9. How do you use the $filter operator in aggregation queries?
10. What is the difference between aggregate and group queries?
11. How do you use COUNT, SUM, AVG in Cosmos DB queries?
12. Explain the use of TOP keyword in queries.
13. How do you optimize indexing for large datasets?
14. What is the role of partitioning in aggregation performance?
15. How do you use JOINs for aggregating data across nested objects?
16. How do composite indexes improve multi-property queries?
17. What are best practices for indexing strategies?
18. How do you use the EXPLAIN plan to optimize queries?
19. What is the difference between range and equality indexes?
20. How do you handle analytical queries in Cosmos DB?
21. How do you perform aggregation across partitions?
22. How do you create spatial queries in Cosmos DB?
23. How do you implement TTL-based data purging?
24. How do indexing and partitioning affect throughput consumption?
25. How do you monitor index usage in Cosmos DB?

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4. Data Modeling

1. How do you model hierarchical data in Cosmos DB?
2. When should you embed vs reference documents?
3. What is the best practice for choosing partition keys?
4. How do you model one-to-many relationships?
5. How do you model many-to-many relationships?
6. What are the challenges of cross-partition joins?
7. How do you handle large arrays in a document?
8. What is the outlier pattern in Cosmos DB modeling?
9. How do you handle schema evolution in Cosmos DB?
10. How do you model time-series data in Cosmos DB?
11. How do you handle read-heavy workloads in data modeling?
12. How do you handle write-heavy workloads?
13. How do you design for scalability?
14. How do you design for multi-region access?
15. What is the computed property pattern?
16. How do you model reference data efficiently?
17. How do you minimize RU consumption in data modeling?
18. What is the role of denormalization in Cosmos DB?
19. How do you model immutable data?
20. How do you model transactional data?
21. What are common modeling anti-patterns?
22. How do you handle large documents?
23. How do you implement versioning in documents?
24. How do you manage cascading deletes?
25. How do you model for analytical workloads?

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5. Replication & Consistency

1. What are Cosmos DB consistency levels?
2. How do you choose the appropriate consistency level?
3. What is strong consistency in Cosmos DB?
4. What is bounded staleness consistency?
5. What is session consistency?
6. What is consistent prefix consistency?
7. What is eventual consistency?
8. How does multi-region replication work?
9. How do you configure multi-region writes?
10. How does Cosmos DB handle conflict resolution?
11. What is last-write-wins conflict resolution?
12. How do you implement custom conflict resolution?
13. How do read regions affect latency?
14. How do write regions affect throughput?
15. How does Cosmos DB failover work?
16. What is multi-master replication?
17. How does replication impact RU consumption?
18. How do you monitor replication health?
19. How do you test consistency in Cosmos DB?
20. How do you ensure high availability in Cosmos DB?
21. How do replication and partitioning interact?
22. What is the impact of network latency on consistency?
23. How does Cosmos DB guarantee SLA for latency?
24. What is the effect of region failover on active sessions?
25. How do you design for disaster recovery?

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6. Security & Administration

1. How do you authenticate users in Cosmos DB?
2. What is role-based access control (RBAC) in Cosmos DB?
3. How do you assign permissions to users and roles?
4. How do you implement encryption at rest?
5. How do you implement client-side encryption?
6. What is IP firewall and virtual network integration?
7. How do you monitor activity using audit logs?
8. How do you rotate keys and secrets in Cosmos DB?
9. What is Azure AD integration with Cosmos DB?
10. How do you configure private endpoints?
11. How do you manage users and roles programmatically?
12. How do you enforce compliance (e.g., GDPR)?
13. How do you use diagnostic logging?
14. How do you manage backups?
15. How do you restore data from backups?
16. How do you implement automated failover policies?
17. How do you secure Cosmos DB endpoints?
18. What are threat detection capabilities?
19. How do you manage multi-region security policies?
20. How do you monitor network traffic?
21. How do you implement alerting for security events?
22. How do you audit database operations?
23. How do you protect sensitive data in queries?
24. How do you enforce access control for stored procedures?
25. How do you comply with industry regulations?

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7. Performance & Advanced

1. How do you monitor performance metrics in Cosmos DB?
2. What are RU/s and how do they impact performance?
3. How do you optimize throughput for high-traffic workloads?
4. How do you handle hot partitions?
5. How do you scale Cosmos DB horizontally?
6. How do you scale Cosmos DB vertically?
7. How do you reduce RU consumption in queries?
8. How do you use bulk operations to improve performance?
9. How do you implement caching for Cosmos DB?
10. How do you profile slow queries?
11. What is the Cosmos DB metrics dashboard?
12. How do you use partitioning to improve performance?
13. How do you handle write-heavy workloads efficiently?
14. How do you handle read-heavy workloads efficiently?
15. What are best practices for indexing to optimize performance?
16. How do you monitor latency across regions?
17. How do you use the SDK for performance tuning?
18. How do you handle large-scale analytics in Cosmos DB?
19. How do you integrate Cosmos DB with Azure Synapse?
20. How do you implement serverless Cosmos DB for dynamic workloads?
21. How do you monitor SLA compliance?
22. How do you implement batch processing?
23. How do you monitor throughput consumption?
24. How do you troubleshoot performance bottlenecks?
25. What are future trends and features in Cosmos DB?

#SQL_Server

Question count -     Last updated    - V4 (03-Sep-2025)

Level Topic Subtopics Basic SQL Server Introduction Editions, Features, Architecture, Services, Tools Database Design Basics Tables, Primary Key, Foreign Key, Constraints, Normalization Data Types Numeric, String, Date/Time, Binary, User-defined Basic SQL Queries SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, Aliases, Clauses Joins INNER, LEFT, RIGHT, FULL, CROSS Index Basics Clustered, Non-clustered, Unique, Composite, Covering Views Creating views, Updating through views, Indexed views Stored Procedures Creation, Parameters, Execution, Advantages, Limitations Functions Scalar, Inline, Multi-statement, Built-in, Deterministic Transactions & ACID BEGIN, COMMIT, ROLLBACK, Savepoints, Consistency Intermediate Triggers AFTER, INSTEAD OF, DDL, Nested, Recursive Subqueries Correlated, Nested, EXISTS, IN, Derived tables CTEs (Common Table Expressions) Recursive CTEs, Anchor, Hierarchical queries Window Functions ROW_NUMBER, RANK, DENSE_RANK, NTILE, LEAD/LAG Error Handling TRY?CATCH, THROW, RAISERROR, Custom errors Dynamic SQL sp_executesql, EXEC, SQL Injection risks SQL Server Security Basics Logins, Users, Roles, Schemas, Permissions Backup & Restore Full, Differential, Transaction log, Tail-log, Restore options SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS) Query editor, Object explorer, Templates, Activity Monitor Temp Tables & Table Variables #Temp, ##Global Temp, Table Variables, Performance Advanced Index Optimization Fill factor, Fragmentation, Rebuild, Reorganize, Index usage stats Query Execution Plans Estimated, Actual, Operators, Cost-based optimization Performance Tuning Statistics, Hints, SET options, Blocking vs Deadlocks Partitioning Table partitioning, Index partitioning, Schemes, Functions Advanced Security TDE, Always Encrypted, Row-level security, Dynamic data masking Service Broker Message types, Contracts, Queues, Activation, Conversation Replication Snapshot, Transactional, Merge, Peer-to-peer High Availability & Disaster Recovery Log shipping, Database mirroring, AlwaysOn AG, Failover clustering SQL Server Agent & Jobs Job creation, Scheduling, Alerts, Operators CLR Integration Writing CLR functions, Security, Deployment, Performance Expert In-Memory OLTP (Hekaton) Memory-optimized tables, Natively compiled SPs, Checkpoints Columnstore Indexes Clustered, Non-clustered, Batch mode, Updates, Analytics Big Data & PolyBase External tables, Hadoop, Azure Blob, Data virtualization Temporal Tables System-versioned, History tables, Querying versions Advanced Monitoring Extended Events, DMVs, Profiler, Query Store Cloud Integration (Azure SQL) Managed instances, Elastic pools, Geo-replication Security Auditing Audit specification, C2 auditing, GDPR compliance JSON & XML Support OPENJSON, FOR JSON, Nodes, Querying XML, Indexing XML Machine Learning Services R, Python integration, Predictive analytics, Scripts Best Practices & Future Trends DevOps with SQL Server, CI/CD, Performance tuning automation, AI features

1. SQL Server Basics & Architecture

1. What are the different editions of SQL Server?
2. Explain the basic architecture of SQL Server.
3. What are system databases in SQL Server?
4. Difference between SQL Server Express, Standard, and Enterprise editions?
5. What is the role of the SQL Server Database Engine?
6. Explain SQL Server services (SQL Server Agent, SSIS, SSRS, SSAS).
7. What is the purpose of tempdb?
8. Explain the difference between OLTP and OLAP systems.
9. What are the limitations of SQL Server Express edition?
10. Explain the concept of schemas in SQL Server.
11. What is the difference between a login and a user in SQL Server?
12. Explain SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS).
13. What are system stored procedures?
14. What is the purpose of master database?
15. What is the difference between clustered and non-clustered indexes?
16. How do you find the SQL Server version and build?
17. What is the role of SQL Server Configuration Manager?
18. Explain SQL Server data types.
19. What are DDL, DML, DCL, and TCL statements?
20. What is an execution plan?
21. How do you check the uptime of SQL Server?
22. What are system views?
23. Explain SQL Server licensing models.
24. What is collation in SQL Server?
25. How do you check active connections in SQL Server?

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2. Database Design & Modeling

1. What is normalization?
2. Explain different normal forms (1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF).
3. What is denormalization and when do you use it?
4. What are primary and foreign keys?
5. What is a composite key?
6. Difference between candidate key and surrogate key?
7. What is a unique constraint?
8. What is referential integrity?
9. How do you enforce one-to-many relationships in SQL Server?
10. What is the difference between schema and database?
11. Explain advantages of partitioning tables.
12. What are indexed views?
13. Difference between temporary tables and table variables?
14. What are sequences in SQL Server?
15. Explain CHECK constraints.
16. What are computed columns?
17. What is a covering index?
18. What is the difference between heap and clustered table?
19. Explain cascade delete and cascade update.
20. What are synonyms in SQL Server?
21. What is a default constraint?
22. Difference between UNION and UNION ALL?
23. How do you implement many-to-many relationships?
24. Explain advantages of surrogate keys over natural keys.
25. What is the difference between a schema-bound view and normal view?

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3. Querying & Programming (T-SQL)

1. What is T-SQL and how is it different from standard SQL?
2. Difference between subquery and CTE?
3. What is a correlated subquery?
4. Explain different types of joins.
5. Difference between CROSS JOIN and FULL JOIN?
6. What is a window function?
7. Explain ROW_NUMBER(), RANK(), and DENSE_RANK().
8. What is the difference between EXISTS and IN?
9. What is a pivot table in SQL Server?
10. Explain MERGE statement.
11. What is the difference between DELETE and TRUNCATE?
12. How do you use OUTPUT clause in SQL Server?
13. Explain TRY?CATCH in T-SQL.
14. What is THROW vs RAISERROR?
15. How do you use dynamic SQL?
16. What is sp_executesql?
17. Explain APPLY operator (CROSS APPLY vs OUTER APPLY).
18. How do you use COALESCE() function?
19. Difference between ISNULL() and COALESCE()?
20. Explain CASE expressions with examples.
21. What are stored procedures?
22. Difference between deterministic and non-deterministic functions?
23. What are triggers in SQL Server?
24. What is the difference between AFTER and INSTEAD OF triggers?
25. How do you handle transactions in T-SQL?

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4. Indexing & Performance Tuning

1. What is the difference between clustered and non-clustered index?
2. Explain unique indexes.
3. What are included columns in indexes?
4. What is index fragmentation?
5. Difference between rebuild and reorganize index?
6. What is fill factor in indexing?
7. Explain statistics in SQL Server.
8. How do you update statistics?
9. What is parameter sniffing?
10. How do you eliminate parameter sniffing issues?
11. Explain query optimizer in SQL Server.
12. How do you identify slow queries?
13. What are DMVs in SQL Server?
14. What is the Query Store?
15. How do you use execution plans for tuning queries?
16. What are index hints?
17. Explain filtered indexes.
18. What are covering indexes?
19. What is a bookmark lookup?
20. How do you use SET STATISTICS IO and TIME?
21. What is a deadlock?
22. How do you detect and resolve deadlocks?
23. What is blocking in SQL Server?
24. Explain lock escalation.
25. What are wait statistics in SQL Server?

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5. Security & Administration

1. What is authentication vs authorization in SQL Server?
2. Difference between SQL Authentication and Windows Authentication?
3. What are roles in SQL Server?
4. Difference between server roles and database roles?
5. What is contained database?
6. Explain Transparent Data Encryption (TDE).
7. What is Always Encrypted in SQL Server?
8. What is row-level security?
9. Explain dynamic data masking.
10. How do you implement auditing in SQL Server?
11. What is SQL injection?
12. How do you prevent SQL injection?
13. What is login auditing?
14. What are linked servers in SQL Server?
15. How do you configure Kerberos authentication?
16. What is endpoint in SQL Server?
17. How do you manage service accounts in SQL Server?
18. Explain difference between sysadmin and db_owner roles.
19. What is schema ownership?
20. How do you enforce least privilege principle?
21. What is C2 auditing mode?
22. Explain SQL Server certificates.
23. What is contained user authentication?
24. How do you rotate encryption keys?
25. What is the difference between symmetric and asymmetric encryption?

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6. Backup, Recovery & High Availability

1. What are different types of backups in SQL Server?
2. Difference between full backup and differential backup?
3. What is a transaction log backup?
4. What is a tail-log backup?
5. How do you restore a database with NORECOVERY option?
6. Explain point-in-time recovery.
7. What is log shipping?
8. What is database mirroring?
9. Difference between synchronous and asynchronous mirroring?
10. What is AlwaysOn Availability Groups?
11. How do you configure AlwaysOn?
12. What is failover clustering?
13. Difference between active-active and active-passive clustering?
14. How do you test database recovery?
15. What is differential restore?
16. What is copy-only backup?
17. How do you monitor backup and restore progress?
18. What is backup compression?
19. Difference between piecemeal restore and partial restore?
20. What is database snapshot?
21. How do you revert a database to a snapshot?
22. What is recovery model in SQL Server?
23. Difference between full, bulk-logged, and simple recovery models?
24. How do you check backup history?
25. What is page-level restore?

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7. Advanced Features & Tools

1. What is SQL Server Integration Services (SSIS)?
2. What are the use cases of SSIS?
3. What is SQL Server Reporting Services (SSRS)?
4. What is SQL Server Analysis Services (SSAS)?
5. What is a cube in SSAS?
6. Explain OLAP operations (Rollup, Drilldown, Slice, Dice).
7. What is PolyBase in SQL Server?
8. What is Hadoop integration with SQL Server?
9. What is a columnstore index?
10. Difference between clustered and non-clustered columnstore index?
11. What is temporal table in SQL Server?
12. How do you use JSON in SQL Server?
13. Difference between JSON and XML support in SQL Server?
14. What is FOR JSON clause?
15. What is OPENJSON?
16. What is CLR integration in SQL Server?
17. How do you write and deploy CLR stored procedures?
18. What is Service Broker in SQL Server?
19. How do you configure message queues in Service Broker?
20. What is Elastic Database Pool in Azure SQL?
21. Difference between Azure SQL Database and SQL Server on-premises?
22. What is SQL Server Machine Learning Services?
23. How do you run R/Python scripts in SQL Server?
24. What are Extended Events?
25. What are future trends in SQL Server (cloud-native, AI integration)?

#SQL

Question count - 0     Last updated    - V4 (02-Jan-2025)

Write sql query to get the second highest salary among all employees?

There are multiple ways to get the second highest salary among all employees.

How can we retrieve alternate records from a table in oracle?

Write sql query to find max salary and department name from each department.

Write sql query to find records in table a that are not in table b without using not in operator.

What is the result of following query?

Write sql query to find employees that have same name and email.

Write sql query to find max salary from each department.

Write sql query to get the nth highest salary among all employees.

How can you find 10 employees with odd number as employee id?

Write sql query to get the names of employees whose date of birth is between 01/01/1990 to 31/12/2000.

Write sql query to get the quarter from date.

Write query to find employees with duplicate email.

Write a query to find all employee whose name contains the word "rich", regardless of case.

Is it safe to use rowid to locate a record in oracle sql queries?

What is a pseudoпїЅolumn?

What are the reasons for denormalizing the data?

What is the feature in sql for writing if and else statements?

What is the difference between delete and truncate in sql?

What is the difference between ddl and dml commands in sql?

Why do we use escape characters in sql queries?

What is the difference between primary key and unique key in sql?

What is the difference between inner join and outer join in sql?

What is the difference between left outer join and right outer join?

What is the datatype of rowid?

What is the difference between where clause and having clause?

How will you calculate the number of days between two dates in mysql?

What are the different types of triggers in mysql?

What are the differences between heap table and temporary table in mysql?

What is a heap table in mysql?

What is the difference between blob and text data type in mysql?

What will happen when auto increme on an integer column reaches max value in mysql?

What are the advantages of mysql as compared with oracle db?

What are the disadvantages of mysql?

What is the difference between char and varchar datatype in mysql?

What is the use of i am a dummy flag in mysql?

How can we get current date and time in mysql?

What is the difference between timestamp in unix and mysql?

How will you limit a mysql query to display only top 10 rows?

What is automatic initialization and updating for timestamp in a mysql table?

How can we get the list of all the indexes on a table?

What is savepoint in mysql?

What is the difference between rollback to savepoint and release savepoint?

How will you search for a string in mysql column?

How can we find the version of the mysql server and the name of the current database by select query?

What is the use of ifnull operator in mysql?

How will you check if a table exists in mysql?

How will you see the structure of a table in mysql?

What are the objects that can be created by create statement in mysql?

How will you see the current user logged into mysql connection?

What is the difference between batch and interactive modes of mysql?

How can we get a random number between 1 and 100 in mysql?

What does sql in mysql stand for?

What does a mysql database contain?

How can you interact with mysql?

What is mysql database queries?

What are some common mysql commands?

How do you create a database in mysql?

How do you create a table using mysql?

How do you insert data into mysql?

How do you remove a column from a database?

How to create an index in mysql?

How to delete data from a mysql table?

How do you view a database in mysql?

What are the numeric data types in mysql?

What are the string data types in mysql?

What are the temporal data types in mysql?

What is blob in mysql?

How to add users in mysql?

What is mysql views?

How do you create and execute views in mysql?

What is mysql triggers?

How many triggers are possible in mysql?

What is the mysql server?

What are the mysql clients and utilities?

Can you explain the logical architecture of mysql?

What is scaling in mysql?

What is sharding in sql?

What are transaction storage engines in mysql?

What is mysql?

What are some advantages of using mysql?

What do you mean by databases?

Query to find second highest marks of a student?

Query to find duplicate rows in table?

What is the query to fetch first record from student table?

What is the query to fetch last record from student table?

What is query to display first 4 records from student table?

What is query to display last 3 records from student table?

What is query to display nth record from student table?

How to get 3 highest marks from student table?

How to display odd rows in student table?

How to display even rows in student table?

How can i create table with same structure of student table?

Select all records from student table whose name is a and b.

What is ddl and dml and dcl?

How do you get the number of rows affected by query?

If the value in the column is repeatable and how do you find out unique values?

How do you return hundred books starting from 25th?

You wrote search engine that should retrieve 10 results at a time but at the same time you do like to know how many rows there are total.

How would you write a query to select all teams that won either 2 and 4 and 6 or 8 games?

How would you select all users whose phone number is null?

How do you find out which auto increment was assigned on the last insert?

On executing delete statement i keep getting the error about foreign key constraint failing so what do i do?

When would you use order by in delete statement?

How can you see all indexes defined for a table?

How would you delete column?

How would you change a table to innodb?

How do you concatenate strings in mysql?

How do you get a portion of string?

What is the difference between char length and length?

How do you convert string to utf-8?

How do you get month from timestamp?

How do you offload the time and date handling to mysql?

How do you add three minutes to a date?

What"s the difference between unix timestamps and mysql timestamps?

How do you convert between unix timestamps and mysql timestamps?

What are enums used for in mysql?

How are enums and sets represented internally?

How do you start and stop mysql on windows?

How do you start mysql on linux?

Explain the difference between mysql and mysql interfaces in php?

What"s the default port for mysql server?

What does tee command do in mysql?

Can you save your connection settings to a conf file?

How do you change a password for an existing user via mysqladmin?

Use mysqldump to create a copy of the database?

Have you ever used mysql administrator and mysql query browser?

What are some good ideas regarding user security in mysql?

Explain the difference between myisam static and myisam dynamic?

What does myisamchk do?

Explain advantages of innodb over myisam?

Explain advantages of myisam over innodb?

What are heap tables in mysql?

How do you control the max size of a heap table?

What are csv tables?

Explain federated tables?

What is serial data type in mysql?

What happens when the column is set to auto increment and you reach the maximum value for that table?

Explain the difference between bool, tinyint and bit?

Explain the difference between float, double and real?

What happens if a table has one column defined as timestamp?

But what if you really want to store the timestamp data, such as the publication date of the article?

Explain data type timestamp default current_timestamp on update current_timestamp?

What does timestamp on update current_timestamp data type do?

If i created a column with data type varchar(3), what would i expect to see in mysql table?

General information about mysql.

Why use mysql?

How mysql optimizes distinct?

How mysql optimizes limit?

Mysql speed of delete queries ?

What is the difference between mysql_fetch_array and mysql_fetch_object?

What are the different table present in mysql?

What is primary key?

What is foreign key?

What is index?

What is join?

What is union?

What is isam?

What is innodb?

What is bdb berkeleydb?

What is csv?

What is transaction?

What is commit?

What is rollback?

How many groups of data types?

What is the differences between char and nchar?

How to escape special characters in sql statements?

How to concatenate two character strings?

How to enter characters as hex numbers?

How to enter boolean values in sql statements?

How to convert numeric values to character strings?

How to use in conditions?

How to use like conditions?

How to present a past time in hours and minutes and seconds?

How to add a new column to an existing table in mysql?

How to delete an existing column in a table?

How to rename an existing column in a table?

How to rename an existing table in mysql?

How to create a table index in mvsql?

How to get a list of indexes of an existing table?

How to drop an existing index in mysql?

How to drop an existing view in mysql?

How to create a new view in mysql?

How to increment dates by 1111 mysql?

Explain what is a database?

Explain what is dbms?

Explain what is rdbms?

What are the popular database management systems in it industry?

Explain what is sql?

Explain what is table in a database?

Explain what is a field in a database and record in a database?

What is the use of nvl function?

Explain what is a column in a table?

What are the different types of sql commands?

What are the different ddl commands in sql?

What are the different dml commands in sql?

What are the different dcl commands in sql?

What are the different tcl commands in sql?

Explain what is an index?

Explain what is a view?

Explain what is a subquery ?

What is the difference between rename and alias?

What is a join?

What are the different types of joins?

What are sql constraints?

What are the constraints available in sql?

What is a unique key and primary key and foreign key?

What is the difference between unique and primary key constraints?

What is a null value?

What is normalization?

What is stored procedure?

What is a trigger?

List out the acid properties and explain?

What is the difference between delete, truncate and drop command?

What is the difference between having and where clause?

What are aggregate functions in sql?

What are string functions in sql?

Explain the working of sql privileges?

How many types of privileges are available in sql?

What is sql injection?

What is the difference between clustered and non-clustered indexes?

What is relationship and how many types of relationship are there?

What is collation?

What is database white box testing and black box testing?

What are the advantages of views?

What is schema?

What is the difference between sql and mysql?

What is sql sandbox in sql server?

What are the steps to take to improve performance of a poor performing query?

What is a deadlock and what is a live lock?

What is blocking and how would you troubleshoot it?

Explain the different types of backups available in sql server.

What is database isolation in sql server?

What is a schema in sql server 2005? explain how to create a new schema in a database?

Explain how to create a scrollable cursor with the scroll option.

Explain how to create a dynamic cursor with the dynamic option?

What are database files and filegroups?

Describe in brief databases and sql server databases architecture.

What are the steps to improve the performance of a query?

How would you use the sp_ functions to identify the blocking problems?

What are the different types of backups?

What are the different levels of isolation?

How can you start the sql server in the single user mode and the minimal configuration mode?

How can you know that statistics should be updated?

What is replication in sql server?

Can we initiate a external com object from within sql?

What is a schema? how is it useful in sql servers?

What is write ahead log?

What is the use of check points in the transaction logs?

What is a column with identity?

What are scrollable cursors? how are they created?

What is raid and how does it help storage of databases?

How can you identify the version number of the sql server installed?

What is the use of cascade constraints?

What is the function of a odbc manager ?

What are the different types of indexes available in sql server?

What is the difference between clustered and non-clustered index?

What are the high-availability solutions in sql server?

What is denormalization and when would you go for it?

How do you implement one-to-one, one-to-many and many-to-many relationships while designing tables?

What is the difference between a primary key and a unique key?

What are user defined datatypes and when you should go for them?

What is bit datatype and what is the information that can be stored inside a bit column?

Define candidate key and alternate key and composite key.

What is a transaction and what are acid properties?

Explain different isolation levels?

What type of index will get created after executing the above statement?

Differences between active and active or active and passive cluster configurations?

What is lock escalation?

What is the difference between delete table and truncate table commands?

What are constraints?

Whar is an index and what are the types of indexes and how many clustered indexes can be created on a table?

How to restart sql server in single user mode and how to start sql server in minimal configuration mode?

What are statistics under what circumstances they go out of date and how do you update them?

If there is significant change in the key values in the index?

What is database replicaion and what are the different types of replication you can set up in sql server?

What are the components of physical database structure of oracle database?

What are the components of logical database structure of oracle database?

What is a tablespace?

What is system tablespace and when is it created?

Explain the relationship among database and tablespace and data file.

What is schema?

What are schema objects?

Can objects of the same schema reside in different tablespaces?

Can a tablespace hold objects from different schemes?

What is oracle table?

What is an oracle view?

What is partial backup?

What is mirrored on line redo log?

What is full backup?

Can a view based on another view?

Can a tablespace hold objects from different schemes?

Can objects of the same schema reside in different tablespaces?

What is the use of control file?

Do view contain data?

What are the referential actions supported by foreign key integrity constraint?

What are the type of synonyms?

What is an index segment?

What are the different type of segments?

What are clusters?

What is an integrity constrains?

What is an index?

What is an extent?

What is a view?

What is table?

Can a view based on another view?

What are the advantages of views?

What is an oracle sequence?

What is a synonym?

What are the types of synonyms?

What is a private synonym?

What is a public synonym?

What are synonyms used for?

What is an oracle index?

How are the index updates?

What is rollback segment?

What are the characteristics of data files?

How to define data block size?

What does a control file contain?

What is difference between unique constraint and primary key constraint?

What is index cluster?

When does a transaction end?

How does one create a new database?

What database block size should i use?

What are the different approaches used by optimizer in choosing an execution plan?

What does rollback do?

What is cost based approach to optimization?

What does commit do?

Define transaction?

What is read only transaction?

What is a deadlock?

What is a schema?

What is a cluster key?

What is parallel server?

What is cluster?

What is an index and how it is implemented in oracle database?

What is a database instance?

What is the use of analyze command?

What is default tablespace?

What are the system resources that can be controlled through profile?

What is tablespace quota?

What are the different levels of auditing?

What is statement auditing?

What are the database administrators utilities avaliable?

How can you enable automatic archiving?

What are roles and how can we implement roles?

What are roles?

What are the uses of roles?

What is privilege auditing?

What is object auditing?

What is auditing?

Where are my tempfiles?

How do i find used or free space in a temporary tablespace?

What is a profile?

How will you enforce security using stored procedures?

How does one get the view definition of fixed views or tables?

What are the dictionary tables used to monitor a database spaces?

What is user account in oracle database?

What is dynamic data replication?

What is two phase commit?

How can you enforce referential integrity in snapshots?

What is a snapshot?

What is the mechanism provided by oracle for table replication?

What are the various type of snapshots?

Describe two phases of two phase commit?

What is snapshot log?

What are the benefits of distributed options in databases?

What are the options available to refresh snapshots?

What is a snapshot log?

What is distributed database?

How can we reduce the network traffic?

Differentiate simple and complex and snapshots?

What are the built-ins used for sending parameters to forms?

Is the after report trigger fired if the report execution fails?

Does a before form trigger fire when the parameter form is suppressed?

What is sga?

What is a shared pool?

What is mean by program global area?

What is a data segment?

What are the factors causing the reparsing of sql statements in sga?

Does a view contain data?

What is trigger associated with the timer?

What are the triggers associated with image items?

What are the different windows events activated at runtimes?

When do you use data parameter type?

What is difference between open_form and call_form?

What is new_form built in?

What is the difference when flex mode is mode on and when it is off?

What is the difference when confine mode is on and when it is off?

What are visual attributes?

What are the vbx controls?

What is the use of transactional triggers?

How do you create a new session while open a new form?

What are the ways to monitor the performance of the report?

Explain about horizontal and vertical tool bar canvas views?

What is the purpose of the product order option in the column property sheet?

What is the use of image_zoom built-in?

What is a timer?

What are the two phases of block coordination?

What are most common types of complex master-detail relationships?

What is a text list?

What is term?

What is use of term?

What is pop list?

What is the maximum no. of chars the parameter can store?

What are the default extensions of the files created by library module?

How do you display console on a window?

What are the coordination properties in a master-detail relationship?

What are the different parameter types?

What are the types of calculated columns available?

Explain about stacked canvas views?

What is the difference between show_editor and edit_textitem?

What are the different file extensions that are created by oracle reports?

What is the basic data structure that is required for creating an lov?

What is the maximum allowed length of record group column?

Which parameter can be used to set read level consistency across multiple queries?

What are the different types of record groups?

From which designation is it preferred to send the output to the printed?

What is difference between post database commit and post-form commit?

With which function of summary item is the compute at options required?

What are parameters?

What are the three types of user exits available?

How many windows in a form can have console?

Is it possible to modify an external query in a report which contains it?

Does a grouping done for objects in the layout editor affect the grouping done in the data model editor?

If a break order is set on a column would it affect columns which are under the column?

Can you pass data parameters to forms?

Is it possible to link two groups inside a cross products after the cross products group has been created?

What are the different modals of windows?

What are modal windows?

What is the advantage of the library?

What is lexical reference? how can it be created?

What is system.coordination_operation?

What is synchronize?

What use of command line parameter cmd file?

What is a text_io package?

What is forms_ddl?

What are the built-ins used for processing rows?

What are the built-ins used for getting cell values?

At least how many set of data must a data model have before a data model can be based on it?

To execute row from being displayed that still use column in the row which property can be used?

What is the remove on exit property?

What is a difference between pre-select and pre-query?

What are the built-ins used for finding object id function?

Any attempt to navigate programmatically to disabled form in a call_form stack is allowed?

How can a break order be created on a column in an existing group? what are the various sub events a mouse double click event involves?

What is the use of place holder column? what are the various sub events a mouse double click event involves?

What are the built-ins used for creating and deleting groups?

What are the different types of delete details we can establish in master-details?

Where is the external query executed at the client or the server?

Where is a procedure return in an external pl/sql library executed at the client or at the server?

What is coordination event?

What is the difference between ole server & ole container?

What is an object group?

What is the difference between the conventional and direct path loader?

How does one load multi-line records?

Why is where clause faster than group filter or format trigger?

Difference between substr and instr?

What is rman?

What are two parts of procedure?

What are the datatypes available in plsql?

What is overloading of procedures?

What is master detail relationship?

How many number of columns a record group can have?

What is RDBMS?

What is SQL?

What is a Database?

What are tables and Fields?

What do you mean by data manipulation language - DML?

What is a primary key?

What is a unique key?

What is a foreign key?

What is a join?

What are the types of join and explain each?

What is normalization?

What is Denormalization?

What are all the different normalizations?

What is a View?

What is an Index?

What are all the different types of indexes?

What is a Cursor?

What is a relationship and what are they?

What is a query?

What is subquery?

What are the types of subquery?

What is a stored procedure?

What is a trigger?

What is the difference between DELETE and TRUNCATE commands?

What are local and global variables and their differences?

What is a constraint?

What is data Integrity?

What is SQL comments?

What is Auto Increment?

What is Datawarehouse?

What is the difference between SQL and PL/SQL?

What is the difference between SQL and MySQL?

What is the difference between Cluster and Non-Cluster Index?

What is Self-Join?

What is Cross-Join?

What is user defined functions?

What are all types of user defined functions?

What is collation?

What are all different types of collation sensitivity?

Advantages and Disadvantages of Stored Procedure.

What is Online Transaction Processing (OLTP)?

What is CLAUSE?

What is recursive stored procedure?

What is Union, minus and Interact commands?

Which TCP/IP port does SQL Server run?

What is an ALIAS command?

What is the difference between TRUNCATE and DROP statements?

What are aggregate and scalar functions?

Which operator is used in query for pattern matching?

How to select unique records from a table?

List and explain each of the ACID properties that collectively guarantee that database transactions are processed reliably.

What is the main difference between ?BETWEEN? and ?IN? condition operators?

Why are SQL functions used?

What is the need for MERGE statement?

List the ways in which Dynamic SQL can be executed?

List some case manipulation functions in SQL.

What is a Non-correlated subquery?

What is a SYSTEM Privilege?

What are Object Privileges?

What does the BCP command do?

Does the data stored in the stored procedure increase access time or execution time? Explain

Can a Stored Procedure contain a return value?

Can a View be active if the Base table is dropped?

What is the difference between the RANK() and DENSE_RANK() functions? Provide an example.

What is the difference between char and varchar2?

What is CTE?

Does View contain Data?

Define a temp table.

What is Referential Integrity?

What do you mean by query optimization?

What is Database Black Box Testing?

What do we need to check in Database Testing?

What are Nested Triggers?

What is SQL Sandbox in SQL Server?

What is SQL Injection?

What is returned by the cursor attribute SQL%NOTFOUND?

What do you understand by explicit cursors?

What is Deadlocking?

How can you say that Database testing is different from that of GUI testing?

How to prevent SQL Injection Attacks?

What types of Join do you know

What is the difference between Having and Where

What is a ?performance?, View, and why it is used

What is a ?temporary table?, for which it is used

What is a ?performance?, View, and why it is used

What is a ?temporary table?, for which it is used

What does NULL mean in SQL

What are the SQL operators

What is a cursor in a relational database

What are triggers in a relational database

What Merge does

What is the ORDER BY operator used for

What is the difference between Count (*) and Count ({column})

What is operators: in, Between, Like

What are the differences between Primary and Unique restrictions

What is the difference between Delete and Truncate operators

What is the purpose of Pivot and Unpivot operators in Transact-SQL

What are restrictions in SQL

What are stored procedures and what method of calling through JDBC

What is Join

What Merge does

What are triggers in a relational database

What is a cursor in a relational database

What are the SQL operators

What does NULL mean in SQL

What is a ?temporary table?, for which it is used

What is a ?performance?, View, and why it is used

Why is SQL HAVING

Why are Intersect operators used, Except in Transact-SQL

How Group by processes Null value

How to create an index

When the keyword UNION is used

SQL Introduction | What is SQL?

What is RDBMS? | What Is Relational Database Management System?

What are database tables?

How to use SQL Select Statement?

How to use SQL Select Distinct Statement?

How to use the SQL WHERE clause?

How to use SQL AND Operator?

How to use SQL OR Operator?

How to use SQL NOT Operator?

How to combine AND, OR, and NOT Operators?

How to use the ORDER BY keyword?

How to use INSERT INTO Statement?

What is NULL values in SQL?

How to use SQL Update Statement?

How to use SQL DELETE Statement?

How to use the SQL TOP, LIMIT, or ROWNUM clause?

How to use SQL MIN() and MAX() functions?

How to use SQL COUNT(), AVG(), and SUM() functions?

How to use SQL LIKE Operator?

How to use the SQL IN Operator?

How to use the SQL BETWEEN Operator?

What is SQL aliases and how to use the SQL aliases?

How to use the SQL GROUP BY Statement?

How to use the SQL HAVING Clause?

What is One to Many relationship?

What is SQL Join and how to use the SQL Join?

What are the different types of SQL Joins?

What is SQL Inner Join and how to use the SQL Inner Join?

What is SQL LEFT Join and how to use the SQL LEFT Join?

What is SQL RIGHT Join and how to use the SQL RIGHT Join?

What is SQL FULL OUTER Join and how to use the SQL FULL OUTER Join?

What is SQL UNION Operator and how to use the SQL UNION Operator?

What is SQL Comments?

What is SQL CASE Statement and how to use the SQL CASE Statement?

What is SQL EXISTS Operator and how to use the SQL EXISTS Operator?

What is Null functions in SQL and how to use the Null functions?

What is SQL ANY Operator and how to use the SQL ANY Operator?

What is SQL ALL Operator and how to use the SQL ALL Operator?

How to use the CREATE TABLE --- SELECT Syntax in SQL?

How to use the CREATE DATABASE Statement in SQL?

How to use the INSERT INTO SELECT Statement in SQL?

What is Stored procedures in SQL? and how to use the Stored procedures?

How to use the CREATE TABLE Statement in SQL?

How to use the DROP TABLE Statement in SQL?

How to use the DROP DATABASE Statement in SQL?

How to use the ALTER TABLE Statement in SQL?

What is SQL Constraints? and how to use the Constraints in SQL?

How to use the NOT NULL Constraint in SQL?

How to use the UNIQUE Constraint in SQL?

How to use the Primary key Constraint in SQL?

How to use the Foreign key Constraint in SQL?

How to use the Check Constraint in SQL?

How to use the Default Constraint in SQL?

How to use the CREATE INDEX Statement in SQL?

How to use the Auto-Increment Field in SQL?

How to use Dates in SQL?

What are SQL Views and how to use SQL Views?

What is SQL Injection and how to avoid SQL Injection?

What is SQL Hosting?

Constraints - Not-null, Check, Default, Unique, Index, Primary-key, Foreign-key Join and types Indexes - Unique and Non Unique index Query, Sub Query Union vs intersect Cursor Alias & View Normalization, Denormalization TRUNCATE, DELETE and DROP Stored procedure

Trigger Clustered VS Non-clustered index Subqueries - Correlated Subqueries, Non-Correlated Subqueries Common Table Expressions (CTEs) Window Functions Pivoting and Unpivoting Indexes - Composite Index, Unique Index, Full-text Index, Spatial Index Views - Materialized Views Partitioning - Range Partitioning, List Partitioning, Hash Partitioning:, Composite Partitioning Concurrency Control - Locking, Isolation Levels

Replication Sharding JSON and XML Data Handling Recursive Queries Temporal Tables JSONB Data Type (PostgreSQL) User-Defined Functions (UDFs) Database Security

SQL_Optimization

#Google Cloud Spanner

Question count - 0     Last updated    - V2 (09-Feb-2024)

#PL-SQL

Question count - 0     Last updated    - V2 (19-Nov-2023)

How are multi line comments defined in PL SQL?

How many types of triggers are there in PL SQL?

What are exceptions in PL SQL?

What are parameter modes in PL SQL functions and procedures?

What are the difference between syntax and runtime errors in pl/sql?

What are the differences between stored procedure and functions?

What is attribute indicator in PL SQL?

What is delimiter in PL SQL?

What is difference between commit and rollback?

What is function overloading in PL SQL?

What is PGA and UGA?

What is Savepoint in PL SQL?

What is scalar data type in PL SQL?

What is the difference between Case and decode?

What is the difference between constraints and triggers?

What is the difference between SQL and PL SQL?

Why do we need cursor in PL SQL?

Why do we use Rowtype in PL SQL?

Why indexing is used in PL SQL?

Why packages are used in PL SQL?

#Oracle

Last updated    - V4 (03-Sep-2025)

Level Topic Subtopics Basic Oracle Overview Features of Oracle DB, Oracle Editions, Oracle Architecture Overview, Tablespaces, Datafiles, Control Files, Redo Log Files, Oracle Instance, Memory Structures (SGA, PGA), User & Schema Concepts Basic SQL Basics CREATE TABLE, INSERT, SELECT, UPDATE, DELETE, WHERE Clause, ORDER BY, GROUP BY, HAVING, Aliases Basic Data Types NUMBER, VARCHAR2, CHAR, DATE, TIMESTAMP, CLOB, BLOB, RAW, LONG, Boolean Basic Constraints Primary Key, Foreign Key, Unique, Not Null, Check Constraint, Default Values, ON DELETE CASCADE, Deferrable Constraints, Referential Integrity Basic Indexes B-Tree Index, Bitmap Index, Unique Index, Function-Based Index, Composite Index, Reverse Key Index, Invisible Index, Index Monitoring, Global vs Local Index, Index Best Practices Intermediate Joins & Queries INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN, FULL JOIN, CROSS JOIN, SELF JOIN, Subqueries, EXISTS vs IN, Correlated Subqueries, Inline Views Intermediate PL/SQL Basics Anonymous Block, Variables, Constants, Control Structures, Cursors, Procedures, Functions, Packages, Exception Handling, Scope of Variables Intermediate Transactions COMMIT, ROLLBACK, SAVEPOINT, Implicit Transactions, Explicit Transactions, Read Consistency, Deadlocks, Locks, Isolation Levels, Flashback Transaction Intermediate Views & Synonyms Creating Views, Updating Views, WITH CHECK OPTION, Materialized Views, Refresh Options, Private vs Public Synonyms, Dropping Views, Security with Views, Indexed Views, Limitations Intermediate Security Basics Users & Roles, Privileges (System/Object), GRANT/REVOKE, Profiles, Password Policies, VPD (Virtual Private Database), Fine-Grained Access Control, Auditing Basics, Data Masking, Row-Level Security Advanced Performance Tuning EXPLAIN PLAN, Hints, Optimizer Statistics, SQL Trace, TKPROF, AWR Reports, ADDM, SQL Plan Baselines, Index Tuning, Partitioning Advanced Partitioning Range Partitioning, List Partitioning, Hash Partitioning, Composite Partitioning, Reference Partitioning, Interval Partitioning, Partition Pruning, Partition Exchange, Partition Maintenance, Best Practices Advanced Advanced PL/SQL Bulk Collect, FORALL, Collections, Records, Object Types, Pipelined Functions, Autonomous Transactions, Native Compilation, Result Cache, Optimizing PL/SQL Advanced Advanced Security Transparent Data Encryption (TDE), Data Redaction, Database Vault, Label Security, Fine-Grained Auditing, Privilege Analysis, Network Encryption, Wallets & Keystores, Security Patches, GDPR Compliance Advanced Backup & Recovery RMAN Basics, RMAN Backup Types, RMAN Catalog, RMAN Restore/Recover, Flashback Database, Point-in-Time Recovery, Data Pump Export/Import, Transportable Tablespaces, Cold vs Hot Backup, Archivelog Mode Expert Oracle RAC RAC Architecture, Cache Fusion, RAC Configuration, RAC Administration, RAC Backup/Recovery, Services in RAC, Global Cache, Interconnect, High Availability, Performance in RAC Expert Data Guard Physical Standby, Logical Standby, Snapshot Standby, Switchover, Failover, Data Guard Broker, Redo Transport Services, Fast-Start Failover, Monitoring, Best Practices Expert Oracle ASM ASM Basics, Disk Groups, ASM Instances, ASM Files, Redundancy Types, Rebalancing, ASM Performance, ASM Migration, Exadata ASM, Best Practices Expert Oracle Exadata Exadata Architecture, Smart Scan, Storage Indexes, Hybrid Columnar Compression, Resource Management, IORM, Exadata Patching, Monitoring Exadata, High Availability in Exadata, Best Practices Expert Oracle Cloud (OCI) Autonomous Database, Oracle Cloud Infrastructure, DB Systems, Exadata Cloud Service, Cloud Security, Backup & Restore in Cloud, Migration to Cloud, Scaling in Cloud, Monitoring Cloud DB, Pricing Models Expert Oracle Advanced Features Edition-Based Redefinition, In-Memory Database, Advanced Queuing, Sharding, GoldenGate Replication, Advanced Compression, Parallel Query, In-Memory Aggregation, XML DB, JSON in Oracle

1. Oracle Architecture

1. Explain the main components of Oracle architecture.
2. What is the role of the System Global Area (SGA)?
3. Define Program Global Area (PGA).
4. What are background processes in Oracle?
5. Explain Oracle instance vs database.
6. What is a data block in Oracle?
7. Difference between tablespace and datafile?
8. Explain redo log files and their purpose.
9. What is an Oracle control file?
10. How is memory structured in Oracle?
11. What is an Oracle listener?
12. Difference between dedicated and shared server processes?
13. What is Oracle ASM (Automatic Storage Management)?
14. How does Oracle achieve concurrency control?
15. Explain Oracle checkpoint process.
16. What are SCNs (System Change Numbers)?
17. What is the role of redo log buffer?
18. How does Oracle handle crash recovery?
19. Explain Oracle background processes (DBWR, LGWR, CKPT, SMON, PMON).
20. What is an Oracle alert log file?
21. How does Oracle manage multitenant architecture (CDB & PDB)?
22. What is Oracle RAC architecture?
23. How are undo segments managed in Oracle?
24. Explain Oracle buffer cache.
25. What is Oracle data dictionary?

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2. SQL and PL/SQL

1. Difference between SQL and PL/SQL.
2. What are PL/SQL blocks?
3. Explain cursors and their types.
4. Difference between explicit and implicit cursors.
5. What are PL/SQL packages?
6. How do functions differ from procedures?
7. What are triggers in Oracle?
8. Difference between BEFORE and AFTER triggers.
9. What are autonomous transactions?
10. How does exception handling work in PL/SQL?
11. What is a stored procedure?
12. What are bulk collect and forall in PL/SQL?
13. How does dynamic SQL work in PL/SQL?
14. What is pragma autonomous_transaction?
15. How do you debug PL/SQL programs?
16. What is cursor FOR loop in PL/SQL?
17. How do you manage packages specification and body?
18. What is a ref cursor in Oracle?
19. Difference between strong and weak ref cursors.
20. How does PL/SQL support object-oriented programming?
21. What are PL/SQL collections?
22. How to use associative arrays in PL/SQL?
23. Difference between function overloading and procedure overloading.
24. How do you improve PL/SQL performance?
25. What are PL/SQL compiler warnings?

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3. Performance Tuning

1. What is Oracle Optimizer?
2. Difference between Rule-based and Cost-based optimizer.
3. Explain query execution plan in Oracle.
4. What is Oracle SQL Trace?
5. Explain tkprof utility.
6. What are bind variables?
7. How does Oracle handle indexing for performance?
8. Difference between B-tree and Bitmap indexes.
9. What are optimizer hints?
10. How do statistics affect query performance?
11. How to gather statistics in Oracle?
12. What is partition pruning in Oracle?
13. Difference between hash join, merge join, and nested loop join.
14. How do you tune a slow query?
15. What is Oracle Automatic Workload Repository (AWR)?
16. What are ADDM reports?
17. How does Oracle use execution plans?
18. What is SQL baseline?
19. What is adaptive query optimization in Oracle?
20. How do indexes impact performance?
21. What are histograms in Oracle statistics?
22. How to identify expensive queries in Oracle?
23. Explain Oracle Database In-Memory.
24. What is parallel query execution?
25. How does Oracle Resource Manager help in performance tuning?

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4. Backup and Recovery

1. What is RMAN in Oracle?
2. Difference between user-managed and RMAN backups.
3. What is Oracle archive log mode?
4. How to perform full and incremental backups in RMAN?
5. What is control file backup?
6. How to recover from media failure in Oracle?
7. Explain RMAN catalog vs control file repository.
8. What are backup sets and image copies in RMAN?
9. How to recover a lost datafile?
10. Explain point-in-time recovery in Oracle.
11. What is flashback database?
12. How does Oracle Data Guard assist in recovery?
13. What is guaranteed restore point?
14. What is FRA (Fast Recovery Area)?
15. How to clone a database using RMAN?
16. Explain tablespace point-in-time recovery.
17. How to recover dropped tables in Oracle?
18. Difference between RMAN duplicate and restore.
19. What is block-level recovery?
20. What is backup compression in RMAN?
21. How to check backup status in RMAN?
22. What is Oracle Zero Data Loss Recovery Appliance?
23. What are incremental merge backups?
24. How does Oracle Cloud support backup?
25. Explain RMAN retention policies.

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5. Indexes and Partitioning

6. Transactions and Concurrency Control

7. Oracle Security

8. High Availability (RAC, Data Guard)

9. Oracle Cloud and Autonomous Database

10. Oracle Advanced Features (Materialized Views, Advanced Queuing, XML DB, JSON, etc.)

#Cassandra

Question count - 0     Last updated    - V2 (20-Jul-2024)

What is the replication factor?

What is node?

What are keywords?

What is commit log.

What is composite key.

What is term Cluster.

What is logging in Cassandra.

What is Cassandra

What is NoSQL Database.

What is Memtable

What is SSTable.

What is Column Families.

Why is Cassandra popular? Clarify.

Difference - Cassandra vs Hadoop.

Difference - Cassandra vs HBase.

Difference - Cassandra vs MySQL

Difference - Cassandra vs DynamoDB

Difference - Cassandra vs redis

Difference - Cassandra vs elasticsearch

Elaborate on Identifiers.

Is HDFS utilized in Cassandra? If yes, where?

Query language is executed in Cassandra database. Clarify.

Specify Cassandra?s importance on Facebook.

There seem to be certain management tools in Cassandra. What are they?

Tunable consistency is supported by Cassandra. Explain.

#My-SQL

Question count - 0     Last updated    - V2 (16-May-2021)

What is the major purpose of SQL?

What is a VIEW in SQL language?

What command is used to remove a table from a database?

What are the string types used for columns?

What is the way to display the top 50 rows?

What is a TEXT in MYSQL?

What is BLOB?

What is a candidate key?

What is the query used to concatenate strings?

What is the numeric limit on indexed columns creation to a table?

What is Index

What is Data Warehousing

What is MySql

What is SQL WHERE clause

What is federated tables

What is ISAM

What is save point concept in MySql

What is Primary key

What is DML in MYSQL

What is DCL

What is foreign key

What is rollback concept

What are 4 types of BLOB in MYSQL

What are aggregate functions in MySQL?

What are Storage Engines in Mysql?

What are the advantages of MySQL?

What are the difference between and MyISAM and InnoDB?

What are the difference between char_length and length in MySQL?

What are the difference between MongoDB and MySQL?

What are the difference between NOW and CURRENT_DATE in MySQL?

What are the different ways to optimize a MySQL query?

What are the drivers in MySQL?

What are the stored procedures in MySQL? Also, write an example.

What is cardinality in MySQL?

What is constraints? Also explain the different types of constraints?

What is DDL, DML and DCL in MySQL?

What is difference between function and procedure in MySQL?

What is federated tables in MySQL?

What is heap table in MySQL?

What is indexing and how do you create an index in MySQL?

What is regex in MySQL?

What is slow query log in MySQL?

What is temporary table in MySQL?

What is the default port for MySQL and how it can change?

What is the degree of a table in MySQL?

What is the difference between BETWEEN and IN operators in Mysql?

What is the difference between CHAR and VARCHAR in MySQL?

What is the difference between delete, drop and truncate?

What is the difference between having and where clause in Mysql? Explain

What is the difference between IS NULL & IS NOT NULL?

What is the difference between MyISAM dynamic and MyISAM static in MySQL?

What is the difference between the primary and unique key in Mysql?

What is the difference between timestamp and datetime in MySQL?

What is the use of CONCAT() in Mysql?

What is the use of enum in MySQL? How it is different from set?

What is TRIGGERS and how it can be used in MySQL?

What is view in MySQL?

Write a query to display even rows in student table using MySQL?

Write a query to fetch common records between two tables using MySQL?

Write a query to fetch duplicate records from a table using MySQL?

Write a query to find duplicate rows In table?

Explain the difference between primary key and candidate key in Mysql?

Why use triggers in MySQL?

Which command is used to add a row in a database?

Which command is used to remove rows from a table ‘SAMPLE’?

Which is considered as an effective SQL query for an Index?

Which is the default port available in MYSQL?

How to login to MySql through Unix shell?

How to regulate the maximum size of a HEAP table?

How a user can get the current version of MYSQL application?

How can I see all indexes on a table in MySQL Database?

How do I count the number of records in a MySQL query?

How do I import database through command line?

How do you create view in MySQL?

How to change the database engine in MySQL?

How to control the max size of a HEAP table?

How to convert a string to utf 8 in MySQL?

How to create case insensitive query in MySQL?

How to display odd rows in Employee table in Mysql?

How to display top 10 rows in Mysql?

How to make a copy values from one column to another in Mysql?

How to retrieve the current version of a MySQL?

How to save images in MySQL?

How to store binary data in MySQL?

How to upload a large file through phpmyadmin in MySQL?

How to use GROUP_CONCAT with different SEPARATOR in MySQL?

How to write an optimized query in MySQL?

How we can get the current date in MySQL?

How would you select all the users whose phone is null MySQL?

When compared with Oracle, what are the advantages of MySql?

Difference - temporary table vs heap table

In Mysql, what is joins? Explain

In Mysql, what is the default storage engine?

Can a primary key be dropped in MySQL? If yes, how?

Give a few examples of Numeric data types used in MYSQL

Give a few examples of String data types used in MYSQL

Give the SQL command to retrieve indexes from a table named ‘employee’

Is MySQL case-sensitive?

Is Mysql is a programming language?

List out the benefits of MySql

List the column comparison operators used in MYSQL

List the available drivers in the database

List some common functionalities with MYSQL

List some comparisons operators used in Mysql?

Mention different table types available in MySql

Mention the triggers used in MYSQL Table

Mention the nonstandard string types

Mention any 2 advantages of MYSQL to Oracle

Mention the query used to get current date in MYSQL

Mention the groups of data types available in MYSQL

Mention Time and Date data types available

Mention a way to drop existing View

Mention the advantage of ENUM in a database

Mention OLAP storage models available

Using CREATE command, what are the objects can be created

What's new in MySQL 8?

• SQL - FAQ

• Constraints - Not-null, Check, Default, Unique, Index, Primary-key, Foreign-key 

• Join and types

• Indexes - Unique and Non Unique index

• Query, Sub Query

• Union vs intersect

• Cursor

• Alias & View

• Normalization, Denormalization

• TRUNCATE, DELETE and DROP

• Stored procedure

• Trigger

• Clustered VS Non-clustered index