20 October 2020

#Kubernete

#Kubernetes

Key Concepts


Topic Sub-Topic (comma separated) Basic Intermediate Advanced Expert
Kubernetes Basics Architecture, Components, API Server, etcd, Scheduler, Controller Manager, Kubelet, Kube-Proxy, Pods ✔️ ✔️ ✔️ ✔️
Pods & Workloads Pods, ReplicaSets, Deployments, DaemonSets, StatefulSets, Jobs, CronJobs ✔️ ✔️ ✔️ ✔️
Services & Networking ClusterIP, NodePort, LoadBalancer, Ingress, DNS, Network Policies, CNI ✔️ ✔️ ✔️ ✔️
Storage & Volumes Volumes, Persistent Volumes, Persistent Volume Claims, Storage Classes, CSI Drivers ✔️ ✔️ ✔️ ✔️
Config & Secrets Management ConfigMaps, Secrets, Environment Variables, Downward API ✔️ ✔️ ✔️ ✔️
Scaling & Autohealing Horizontal Pod Autoscaler, Vertical Pod Autoscaler, Cluster Autoscaler, Readiness & Liveness Probes ✔️ ✔️ ✔️ ✔️
Security & RBAC Authentication, Authorization, RBAC, Pod Security, Network Policies, Secrets Encryption ✔️ ✔️ ✔️ ✔️
Observability & Logging Logging, Metrics, Tracing, Monitoring, Health Probes, Prometheus, Grafana, EFK Stack ✔️ ✔️ ✔️ ✔️
Helm & Operators Helm Charts, Templating, Custom Helm Charts, Operator Framework, CRDs ✔️ ✔️ ✔️ ✔️
Cluster Management Cluster Setup, Minikube, kubeadm, Managed Kubernetes (EKS, GKE, AKS), Upgrades ✔️ ✔️ ✔️ ✔️
CI/CD & GitOps CI/CD Integration, Jenkins X, ArgoCD, FluxCD, GitOps pipelines ✔️ ✔️ ✔️ ✔️
Troubleshooting Debugging Pods, Events, Logs, CrashLoopBackOff, Networking Issues, DNS Failures ✔️ ✔️ ✔️ ✔️
Advanced Workloads Sidecars, Init Containers, Multi-container Pods, Service Mesh (Istio, Linkerd) ✔️ ✔️ ✔️ ✔️
Cloud & Hybrid Deployments On-Prem Kubernetes, Cloud Kubernetes (EKS/GKE/AKS), Hybrid Cloud, Multi-Cloud ✔️ ✔️ ✔️ ✔️
Kubernetes API & Extensibility Kubernetes API, Custom Resource Definitions, Admission Controllers, Webhooks, Operators ✔️ ✔️ ✔️ ✔️

Interview question

1. Kubernetes Basics

  1. What is Kubernetes and why is it used?
  2. Explain the main features of Kubernetes.
  3. What are the core components of Kubernetes architecture?
  4. What is a Pod in Kubernetes?
  5. What is a Node in Kubernetes?
  6. Difference between Master Node and Worker Node?
  7. What is etcd and why is it important?
  8. Explain the role of the API Server in Kubernetes.
  9. What is the function of the Kubelet?
  10. What is the function of the Kube-Proxy?
  11. How do you check the status of a Kubernetes cluster?
  12. What is the role of the Controller Manager?
  13. What is the difference between Kubernetes and Docker Swarm?
  14. What is the difference between Kubernetes and OpenShift?
  15. Explain the role of namespaces in Kubernetes.
  16. How do you list all resources in a namespace?
  17. What is the difference between minikube and kubeadm?
  18. What are labels in Kubernetes?
  19. What are annotations in Kubernetes?
  20. What is the difference between labels and annotations?

2. Pods & Workloads

  1. What is the lifecycle of a Pod?
  2. How do you create a Pod in Kubernetes?
  3. What is a ReplicaSet in Kubernetes?
  4. Difference between a Pod and ReplicaSet?
  5. What is a Deployment in Kubernetes?
  6. How do you scale a Deployment?
  7. Difference between Deployment and StatefulSet?
  8. What is a DaemonSet and its use case?
  9. What is a Job in Kubernetes?
  10. What is a CronJob?
  11. How do you delete a Pod in Kubernetes?
  12. How do you perform a rolling update on a Deployment?
  13. What is a rollout in Kubernetes?
  14. How do you rollback a Deployment?
  15. What is the difference between rolling update and recreate strategy?
  16. What is an Init Container?
  17. What is a Sidecar container?
  18. How do you run multiple containers inside a Pod?
  19. What are multi-container Pods used for?
  20. How do you debug a failing Pod?

3. Services & Networking

  1. What is a Service in Kubernetes?
  2. Explain ClusterIP service type.
  3. Explain NodePort service type.
  4. Explain LoadBalancer service type.
  5. What is an Ingress in Kubernetes?
  6. Difference between Service and Ingress?
  7. What is kube-dns in Kubernetes?
  8. How does Kubernetes service discovery work?
  9. What are Network Policies?
  10. How do you restrict pod-to-pod communication?
  11. What is a CNI plugin in Kubernetes?
  12. Difference between Flannel and Calico?
  13. What is the default DNS service in Kubernetes?
  14. How do you expose a Pod externally?
  15. What is port-forwarding in Kubernetes?
  16. How do you access logs of a Pod behind a service?
  17. How do you troubleshoot service connectivity issues?
  18. What is service mesh in Kubernetes?
  19. Difference between Istio and Linkerd?
  20. How do you secure Kubernetes networking?

4. Storage & Volumes

  1. What is a Volume in Kubernetes?
  2. Difference between emptyDir and hostPath?
  3. What is a Persistent Volume (PV)?
  4. What is a Persistent Volume Claim (PVC)?
  5. What is the relationship between PV and PVC?
  6. What is a StorageClass?
  7. What is dynamic provisioning of storage?
  8. How do you mount a ConfigMap as a volume?
  9. How do you mount a Secret as a volume?
  10. What is CSI in Kubernetes?
  11. How do you expand a Persistent Volume?
  12. How do you delete a PVC without deleting data?
  13. What is the difference between Retain and Delete reclaim policies?
  14. What are ReadWriteOnce, ReadOnlyMany, ReadWriteMany modes?
  15. How do you back up Kubernetes persistent volumes?
  16. How do you use NFS with Kubernetes?
  17. How do you troubleshoot storage provisioning issues?
  18. What is ephemeral storage in Kubernetes?
  19. How do you integrate cloud storage with Kubernetes?
  20. How do you configure StatefulSet with persistent storage?

5. Config & Secrets Management

  1. What is a ConfigMap in Kubernetes?
  2. How do you create a ConfigMap?
  3. How do you inject ConfigMap values into a Pod?
  4. What is a Secret in Kubernetes?
  5. Difference between ConfigMap and Secret?
  6. How do you create a Secret?
  7. What are the types of Secrets?
  8. How do you mount a Secret in a Pod?
  9. How do you inject environment variables from a ConfigMap?
  10. How do you inject environment variables from a Secret?
  11. What is the Downward API in Kubernetes?
  12. How do you pass Pod metadata as environment variables?
  13. How do you encrypt Kubernetes Secrets at rest?
  14. What is Sealed Secrets?
  15. How do you use HashiCorp Vault with Kubernetes?
  16. How do you restrict access to Secrets using RBAC?
  17. How do you update a ConfigMap used by running Pods?
  18. How do you reload Pods when ConfigMap changes?
  19. What is a projected volume in Kubernetes?
  20. How do you audit access to Secrets?

6. Scaling & Autohealing

  1. What is Horizontal Pod Autoscaler (HPA)?
  2. How do you configure HPA?
  3. What metrics are used by HPA?
  4. What is Vertical Pod Autoscaler (VPA)?
  5. What is Cluster Autoscaler?
  6. How do you configure Cluster Autoscaler?
  7. What is the difference between HPA and VPA?
  8. How do you use custom metrics in HPA?
  9. What is the difference between CPU and memory-based scaling?
  10. How do you troubleshoot HPA issues?
  11. What is Pod Disruption Budget (PDB)?
  12. How do you configure a PDB?
  13. How do you ensure zero downtime during scaling?
  14. What is self-healing in Kubernetes?
  15. How does Kubernetes detect unhealthy Pods?
  16. What are liveness probes?
  17. What are readiness probes?
  18. What are startup probes?
  19. Difference between liveness and readiness probes?
  20. How do you troubleshoot probe failures?

7. Security & RBAC

  1. How does authentication work in Kubernetes?
  2. What is RBAC in Kubernetes?
  3. Difference between Role and ClusterRole?
  4. Difference between RoleBinding and ClusterRoleBinding?
  5. How do you create a service account?
  6. How do you assign a role to a service account?
  7. How do you check current RBAC permissions?
  8. What is Pod Security Admission (PSA)?
  9. What is PodSecurityPolicy (deprecated)?
  10. What is the least privilege principle in RBAC?
  11. How do you enable audit logging in Kubernetes?
  12. What are Network Policies in Kubernetes?
  13. How do you restrict pod-to-pod traffic using Network Policy?
  14. What is kube-bench?
  15. What is kube-hunter?
  16. How do you enable TLS between Kubernetes components?
  17. How do you rotate Kubernetes certificates?
  18. What is OPA Gatekeeper?
  19. What is Kyverno?
  20. How do you secure Kubernetes Secrets?

8. Observability & Logging

  1. How do you view logs of a Pod?
  2. How do you stream logs of a Pod?
  3. How do you view logs of a container inside a Pod?
  4. How do you check Kubernetes events?
  5. How do you monitor resource usage in Kubernetes?
  6. What is the metrics-server?
  7. What is Prometheus?
  8. How do you set up Prometheus with Kubernetes?
  9. What is Grafana?
  10. How do you visualize metrics with Grafana?
  11. What is the EFK stack?
  12. How do you configure Fluentd in Kubernetes?
  13. What is Loki?
  14. How do you troubleshoot a failing Pod using logs?
  15. What is distributed tracing?
  16. How do you set up Jaeger with Kubernetes?
  17. What is OpenTelemetry?
  18. How do you monitor API server metrics?
  19. How do you monitor etcd metrics?
  20. How do you monitor kubelet metrics?

9. Helm & Operators

  1. What is Helm in Kubernetes?
  2. What is a Helm Chart?
  3. How do you install a Helm Chart?
  4. What is the structure of a Helm Chart?
  5. What is values.yaml in Helm?
  6. How do you override Helm values?
  7. How do you upgrade a Helm release?
  8. How do you rollback a Helm release?
  9. How do you delete a Helm release?
  10. What is Helm templating?
  11. Difference between helm install and helm upgrade --install?
  12. What is Helm repository?
  13. How do you add a Helm repo?
  14. How do you search for a Helm Chart?
  15. How do you package a custom Helm Chart?
  16. What are Helm hooks?
  17. What are Helm test hooks?
  18. What is an Operator in Kubernetes?
  19. What is the Operator SDK?
  20. What is the difference between Helm and Operators?

10. Cluster Management

  1. How do you install Kubernetes using kubeadm?
  2. How do you reset a kubeadm cluster?
  3. What is the difference between kubeadm, minikube, and kind?
  4. How do you upgrade a Kubernetes cluster?
  5. How do you back up etcd?
  6. How do you restore etcd from backup?
  7. How do you drain a node in Kubernetes?
  8. How do you cordon a node in Kubernetes?
  9. What is the difference between cordon and drain?
  10. How do you add a new worker node to a cluster?
  11. How do you remove a node from a cluster?
  12. How do you configure high availability in Kubernetes?
  13. What is cluster federation?
  14. How do you monitor node health in Kubernetes?
  15. How do you check cluster-wide resources?
  16. How do you troubleshoot cluster startup issues?
  17. What is kubeconfig file?
  18. How do you configure multiple clusters with kubeconfig?
  19. How do you switch contexts in kubeconfig?
  20. What are the main differences between EKS, GKE, and AKS?

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