04 November 2020

#Python

#Python

Key Concepts


Topic Sub-Topics Basic Intermediate Advanced Expert
Python Basics Syntax, Variables, Data Types, Operators, Input/Output, Indentation ✅
Control Flow If-else, Loops (for, while), break, continue, pass ✅ ✅
Functions Defining functions, Arguments, Default values, Lambda, Recursion ✅ ✅
Data Structures Lists, Tuples, Sets, Dictionaries, Comprehensions ✅ ✅ ✅
Strings String methods, Slicing, Formatting, f-strings, Regex ✅ ✅ ✅
Modules & Packages Import, __name__, Standard Library, Virtual Environments, pip ✅ ✅ ✅
File Handling (I/O) Open/Close files, Read/Write, Context Manager, CSV/JSON ✅ ✅ ✅
OOP in Python Classes, Objects, Inheritance, Polymorphism, Encapsulation ✅ ✅ ✅
Exception Handling try-except, finally, else, raise, Custom Exceptions ✅ ✅
Iterators & Generators __iter__, __next__, yield, Generator expressions ✅ ✅ ✅
Decorators & Context Managers Function decorators, Class decorators, with statement ✅ ✅
Typing & Annotations Type hints, typing module, mypy, dataclasses ✅ ✅
Multithreading & Multiprocessing threading, multiprocessing, GIL, async/await ✅ ✅
Asynchronous Programming asyncio, async/await, Event loop, aiohttp ✅ ✅
Memory Management Garbage Collection, Reference Counting, Weak References ✅ ✅
Python Internals Bytecode, CPython, PyPy, JIT, Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) ✅
Testing unittest, pytest, mock, coverage ✅ ✅
Debugging & Profiling pdb, logging, timeit, cProfile, tracemalloc ✅ ✅ ✅
Data Science & Libraries NumPy, Pandas, Matplotlib, Seaborn ✅ ✅
Web Development Flask, Django, FastAPI, Jinja2, REST APIs ✅ ✅
Networking sockets, requests, urllib, REST/HTTP APIs ✅ ✅ ✅
Database Interaction SQLite, SQLAlchemy, ORM, NoSQL integration ✅ ✅ ✅
Automation & Scripting OS module, subprocess, argparse, schedulers ✅ ✅ ✅
Packaging & Distribution setup.py, setuptools, wheel, pip, Poetry ✅ ✅
Version Control & CI/CD Git with Python, tox, CI/CD integration ✅ ✅ ✅
Cloud & Deployment Docker, Kubernetes, Serverless (AWS Lambda, GCP Functions) ✅ ✅
Machine Learning scikit-learn, TensorFlow, PyTorch, Transformers ✅ ✅
Data Engineering ETL, Apache Spark with PySpark, Airflow ✅ ✅
Security Cryptography, Hashing, SSL/TLS, Authentication, Secrets ✅ ✅
Best Practices PEP8, Code readability, Design Patterns in Python ✅ ✅ ✅ ✅

Interview question

1. Python Basics & Syntax

  1. What are Python?s key features that differentiate it from other languages?
  2. Explain Python?s dynamic typing and its advantages.
  3. What are Python?s built-in data types?
  4. Difference between is and == in Python?
  5. How does Python handle memory management?
  6. What are Python?s reserved keywords? Give examples.
  7. What is Python?s indentation rule and why is it important?
  8. What are Python?s mutable and immutable types?
  9. Explain Python?s id() function.
  10. How does Python internally manage variables?

2. Control Flow & Functions

  1. What are Python?s conditional statements? Provide examples.
  2. Difference between for and while loops in Python?
  3. What is the purpose of break, continue, and pass?
  4. How do Python?s for-else and while-else loops work?
  5. What is recursion in Python? Provide an example.
  6. Difference between normal functions and lambda functions.
  7. Explain variable-length arguments (*args, **kwargs) in Python.
  8. What are Python?s default function arguments?
  9. Explain the concept of closures in Python.
  10. What is a higher-order function? Give examples.

3. Data Structures

  1. Difference between list, tuple, set, and dictionary in Python.
  2. How do list comprehensions work in Python?
  3. Explain dictionary comprehensions with an example.
  4. What are Python?s built-in functions for list manipulation?
  5. Difference between shallow copy and deep copy in Python.
  6. Explain Python?s set operations (union, intersection, difference).
  7. How do you implement a stack and queue in Python?
  8. What are namedtuples and when are they used?
  9. Explain the difference between arrays and lists in Python.
  10. How to sort a dictionary by keys and values?

4. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

  1. What are Python?s OOP principles (encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism)?
  2. Difference between class and instance variables.
  3. How does Python handle multiple inheritance?
  4. What are Python?s magic methods? Explain with examples.
  5. Difference between @staticmethod, @classmethod, and instance methods.
  6. Explain method resolution order (MRO) in Python.
  7. What is the difference between __new__ and __init__?
  8. How does Python support operator overloading?
  9. What are abstract base classes in Python?
  10. How do mixins work in Python?

5. Modules & Packages

  1. Difference between a Python module and a package.
  2. Explain the role of __init__.py.
  3. What is the purpose of __name__ == "__main__"?
  4. How does Python?s import system work?
  5. Explain absolute vs relative imports.
  6. How do virtual environments work in Python?
  7. Difference between pip and conda.
  8. What is Python?s site-packages directory?
  9. How do you build a custom Python package?
  10. What are wheels (.whl) in Python packaging?

6. File Handling & Exceptions

  1. How do you read/write files in Python?
  2. Difference between text and binary file handling.
  3. How does the with statement help in file handling?
  4. Explain file modes (r, w, a, rb, wb).
  5. What are JSON and CSV handling libraries in Python?
  6. How do you pickle and unpickle objects in Python?
  7. Difference between exceptions and errors.
  8. How do you create custom exceptions?
  9. Explain the purpose of finally in try-except blocks.
  10. How does exception chaining (raise from) work?

7. Iterators, Generators & Decorators

  1. Difference between iterable, iterator, and generator in Python.
  2. How does the __iter__ and __next__ protocol work?
  3. What are generator expressions in Python?
  4. Difference between yield and return.
  5. What are Python?s built-in iterators?
  6. How does itertools module enhance iteration?
  7. What is a decorator in Python? Give examples.
  8. Difference between function and class decorators.
  9. How do you chain multiple decorators?
  10. Explain the use of functools.wraps.

8. Multithreading, Multiprocessing & Async

  1. Difference between multithreading and multiprocessing in Python.
  2. What is Python?s Global Interpreter Lock (GIL)?
  3. When to use threading vs multiprocessing?
  4. How does Python handle concurrent execution?
  5. What are Python?s synchronization primitives (Lock, Semaphore, Event)?
  6. Difference between process and thread in Python.
  7. Explain async/await in Python.
  8. How does the asyncio event loop work?
  9. Difference between coroutines and generators.
  10. What are concurrent.futures in Python?

9. Advanced Python (Memory, Internals, Best Practices)

  1. How does Python?s garbage collection work?
  2. Explain reference counting in Python.
  3. What are weak references?
  4. Difference between shallow and deep copy.
  5. How does Python compile to bytecode?
  6. What is the role of the .pyc files?
  7. Explain CPython, PyPy, and Jython.
  8. What are Python?s built-in design patterns?
  9. How does duck typing work in Python?
  10. What are Python?s PEPs? Explain PEP8.

10. Popular Libraries (Data, Web, ML)

  1. What are NumPy arrays and how are they different from lists?
  2. Explain broadcasting in NumPy.
  3. How do you handle missing data in Pandas?
  4. What are groupby operations in Pandas?
  5. Difference between loc and iloc in Pandas.
  6. How do you plot using Matplotlib?
  7. What are Flask?s key components?
  8. Difference between Flask and Django.
  9. What is FastAPI and why is it popular?
  10. How do you build REST APIs in Django REST Framework?
  11. What is TensorFlow and how does it work?
  12. Difference between TensorFlow and PyTorch.
  13. What are Python?s ML model serialization techniques?
  14. What are transformers in NLP?
  15. How do you deploy ML models using Flask/FastAPI?
  16. What are Jupyter notebooks and why are they used?
  17. Explain seaborn vs matplotlib.
  18. How does SQLAlchemy ORM work?
  19. What is Celery in Python?
  20. How to integrate Python with Apache Spark (PySpark)?

Extended Questions (111?200)

Python Basics & Syntax

  1. What are Python?s built-in numeric types?
  2. How do you check the type of a variable in Python?
  3. What is the difference between Python 2 and Python 3?
  4. Explain Python?s dynamic binding with an example.
  5. How do you swap two variables without using a third variable in Python?
  6. What is the difference between shallow comparison and deep comparison?
  7. What is Python?s help() function used for?
  8. How do you format strings in Python using format() and f-strings?
  9. How do you convert a string to a number in Python?
  10. Explain the difference between None, 0, and False.

Control Flow & Functions

  1. How do you implement nested loops in Python?
  2. What is the difference between positional and keyword arguments?
  3. What happens when you pass mutable objects as function arguments?
  4. How do Python?s anonymous functions work?
  5. How do you prevent a function from modifying mutable arguments?
  6. What is function memoization?
  7. How do you implement recursion limits in Python?
  8. What are Python?s built-in higher-order functions (map, filter, reduce)?
  9. How does Python implement tail recursion optimization?
  10. Explain the difference between shallow copy and deepcopy in functions.

Data Structures

  1. What is the difference between append() and extend() in lists?
  2. How do you remove duplicates from a list in Python?
  3. How do you merge two dictionaries in Python 3.9+?
  4. What are frozensets in Python?
  5. How do you check if a key exists in a dictionary?
  6. How do you implement a priority queue in Python?
  7. What are ordered dictionaries (OrderedDict)?
  8. Difference between del and remove() in lists.
  9. How do you reverse a list in Python?
  10. What are Python?s array module and its uses?

OOP

  1. What is encapsulation in Python?
  2. How do you achieve polymorphism in Python?
  3. What is the use of super() in Python classes?
  4. How does Python handle private variables?
  5. What are dataclasses in Python?
  6. Difference between composition and inheritance in Python OOP.
  7. How do Python descriptors work?
  8. What is metaclass in Python?
  9. How to implement singleton pattern in Python?
  10. Difference between old-style and new-style classes.

Modules & Packages

  1. How do you reload a module in Python?
  2. What is monkey patching in Python modules?
  3. Difference between import module and from module import?
  4. How do you resolve circular imports in Python?
  5. What are namespace packages?
  6. How do you distribute Python code using setuptools?
  7. Difference between conda environment and virtualenv.
  8. How do you upgrade pip to the latest version?
  9. What is the role of sys.path in Python imports?
  10. How do you freeze requirements in Python?

File Handling & Exceptions

  1. How do you read large files efficiently in Python?
  2. Difference between readline(), readlines(), and read().
  3. How do you check if a file exists in Python?
  4. How do you delete a file in Python?
  5. What are file descriptors in Python?
  6. How do you handle Unicode in file operations?
  7. How does Python handle file buffering?
  8. What are OS-level exceptions in Python?
  9. How do you log exceptions in Python?
  10. What is traceback in Python exception handling?

Iterators, Generators & Decorators

  1. How do you implement a custom iterator in Python?
  2. What is the use of send() method in generators?
  3. Difference between generator function and generator expression.
  4. How do you chain iterators using itertools.chain?
  5. How do you create infinite iterators in Python?
  6. What is caching with decorators?
  7. How do you time the execution of a function using decorators?
  8. What is the difference between property decorators and function decorators?
  9. How do class-based decorators work?
  10. How do you pass arguments to decorators?

Multithreading, Multiprocessing & Async

  1. How do you share data between processes in Python?
  2. What is the difference between threading.local() and global variables?
  3. How do you prevent race conditions in Python multithreading?
  4. What are multiprocessing queues and pipes?
  5. How does Python?s asyncio.gather() work?
  6. How do you cancel tasks in asyncio?
  7. Difference between synchronous and asynchronous file I/O.
  8. What is event-driven programming in Python?
  9. How do you use ThreadPoolExecutor in Python?
  10. How do you debug deadlocks in Python threads?

Advanced Python

  1. How do you use memoryview in Python?
  2. What is interning in Python strings?
  3. What are Python slots (__slots__) and why are they used?
  4. How do you profile memory usage in Python?
  5. How do you inspect bytecode in Python?
  6. What is monkey patching in Python classes?
  7. Difference between duck typing and static typing.
  8. How does Python handle context switching?
  9. What is the purpose of gc module in Python?
  10. How do you optimize Python code for performance?

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