#Postgresql

Last updated    - V7 (19-Dec-2025)

Key Concepts

S.No	Topic	Sub-Topics
1	PostgreSQL	PostgreSQL, Features, Advantages, Use cases, Editions
2	Installation & Setup	Installing on Windows/Linux/Mac, Configuration, pgAdmin setup, Connecting to DB, Environment setup
3	PostgreSQL Architecture	Processes, Memory management, Storage architecture, WAL, Transaction management
4	Databases, Schemas, and Tables	Creating databases, Schemas overview, Creating tables, Table types, Best practices
5	Data Types	Numeric, Character, Boolean, Date/Time, JSON/JSONB
6	Constraints	Primary key, Foreign key, Unique, Not null, Check constraints
7	SQL Basics	SELECT statements, WHERE clause, ORDER BY, GROUP BY, LIMIT/OFFSET
8	Joins	INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN, FULL OUTER JOIN, Self join
9	Subqueries	Single-row, Multi-row, Correlated subqueries, EXISTS, IN clause
10	Views	Creating views, Materialized views, Updating views, Security, Performance considerations
11	Indexes	B-Tree, Hash, GIN, GiST, BRIN
12	Sequences	Creating sequences, Using in tables, nextval, currval, Sequence options
13	Transactions	BEGIN, COMMIT, ROLLBACK, Savepoints, Isolation levels
14	Stored Procedures	Creating functions, PL/pgSQL, Parameters, RETURN values, Error handling
15	Triggers	Trigger types, BEFORE/AFTER triggers, Row-level, Statement-level, Trigger functions
16	Data Import & Export	psql COPY command, pg_dump, pg_restore, CSV import/export, Data migration
17	Full Text Search	tsvector, tsquery, Indexing, Ranking, Search functions
18	JSON & JSONB	Storing JSON, JSONB vs JSON, Querying JSON, Indexing JSONB, Functions & operators
19	Partitioning	Range partitioning, List partitioning, Hash partitioning, Creating partitions, Performance benefits
20	Replication	Streaming replication, Synchronous vs asynchronous, Hot standby, Failover, Configuration
21	Backup & Recovery	pg_dump, pg_restore, Continuous archiving, PITR, Best practices
22	Performance Tuning	Query optimization, EXPLAIN, Index tuning, VACUUM & ANALYZE, Connection pooling
23	Security	Authentication, Roles & privileges, GRANT & REVOKE, SSL/TLS, Row-level security
24	Monitoring	pg_stat_activity, Logging, Performance metrics, Tools (pgAdmin, Grafana), Alerts
25	Extensions	PostGIS, pg_trgm, citext, hstore, Custom extensions
26	Advanced Queries	Window functions, CTEs, Recursive queries, Set-returning functions, Advanced joins
27	Database Design	ER modeling, Normalization, Denormalization, Index strategy, Schema best practices
28	Cloud PostgreSQL	AWS RDS, Google Cloud SQL, Azure Database, Cloud backups, Scaling options
29	Testing & Mocking	Unit testing with SQL, Integration testing, Test data setup, pgTAP, Mock databases
30	Projects & Certification	Hands-on CRUD project, Performance tuning lab, Replication lab, Cloud deployment project, Certification prep

Interview question

Basic Level

1. What is PostgreSQL and how is it different from other RDBMS like MySQL or Oracle?
2. What are the main features of PostgreSQL?
3. Explain the architecture of PostgreSQL.
4. How do you install PostgreSQL on Linux and Windows?
5. What is psql in PostgreSQL?
6. How do you create a new database in PostgreSQL?
7. How do you list all databases in PostgreSQL?
8. What are schemas in PostgreSQL?
9. How do you connect to a PostgreSQL database using psql?
10. Explain the difference between CHAR, VARCHAR, and TEXT in PostgreSQL.
11. How do you create a table in PostgreSQL?
12. What are the different data types available in PostgreSQL?
13. How do you insert data into a PostgreSQL table?
14. How do you update and delete data in PostgreSQL?
15. What are sequences in PostgreSQL?
16. How do you create a sequence in PostgreSQL?
17. What is a primary key in PostgreSQL?
18. How do you define a foreign key in PostgreSQL?
19. What are indexes in PostgreSQL?
20. How do you create an index in PostgreSQL?
21. What is the difference between DELETE and TRUNCATE?
22. What is the purpose of the RETURNING clause in PostgreSQL?
23. How do you enable case-insensitive search in PostgreSQL?
24. Explain the difference between NULL and an empty string.
25. How do you backup and restore a PostgreSQL database?

---

Intermediate Level

1. What are PostgreSQL system catalogs?
2. How does PostgreSQL handle transactions?
3. Explain the concept of MVCC (Multi-Version Concurrency Control).
4. What is the difference between COMMIT and ROLLBACK?
5. How do you implement foreign key constraints with cascading actions?
6. What is a materialized view in PostgreSQL?
7. How do you refresh a materialized view?
8. Explain the difference between VIEW and MATERIALIZED VIEW.
9. What are window functions in PostgreSQL?
10. How do you use ROW_NUMBER(), RANK(), and DENSE_RANK()?
11. What are PostgreSQL extensions? Give examples.
12. What is the pgAdmin tool used for?
13. How do you monitor queries in PostgreSQL?
14. What is the EXPLAIN command used for?
15. How do you optimize queries in PostgreSQL?
16. Explain the difference between INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN, and FULL JOIN.
17. How do you implement recursive queries in PostgreSQL?
18. What is the difference between NOW() and CURRENT_DATE?
19. Explain COALESCE() function in PostgreSQL.
20. How do you use JSON and JSONB data types in PostgreSQL?
21. How do you create and query an array column in PostgreSQL?
22. What are PostgreSQL operators for pattern matching?
23. Explain IS DISTINCT FROM operator in PostgreSQL.
24. How do you grant and revoke privileges in PostgreSQL?
25. What is the role of pg_hba.conf?

---

Advanced Level

1. Explain Write-Ahead Logging (WAL) in PostgreSQL.
2. How does PostgreSQL ensure data consistency?
3. What are the different types of indexes in PostgreSQL?
4. When should you use GIN vs BTREE indexes?
5. Explain Partial Indexes in PostgreSQL.
6. What is a covering index in PostgreSQL?
7. How do you implement full-text search in PostgreSQL?
8. Explain the difference between TO_CHAR() and TO_DATE().
9. How does PostgreSQL handle concurrency and locking?
10. What are advisory locks in PostgreSQL?
11. How does VACUUM work in PostgreSQL?
12. What is the difference between VACUUM and VACUUM FULL?
13. What is ANALYZE used for?
14. How does PostgreSQL query planner work?
15. What are parallel queries in PostgreSQL?
16. Explain logical vs physical replication.
17. How do you configure replication in PostgreSQL?
18. What are hot standby servers in PostgreSQL?
19. Explain Point-In-Time Recovery (PITR) in PostgreSQL.
20. How do you implement partitioning in PostgreSQL?
21. Explain the difference between range and list partitioning.
22. What is a foreign data wrapper (FDW)?
23. How do you connect PostgreSQL with other databases using FDW?
24. What are stored procedures in PostgreSQL?
25. How do you write PL/pgSQL functions?

---

Expert Level

1. Explain PostgreSQL?s process architecture (postmaster, background workers, autovacuum).
2. How do you handle deadlocks in PostgreSQL?
3. What strategies can be used for PostgreSQL performance tuning?
4. How do you tune work_mem, shared_buffers, and effective_cache_size?
5. What are PostgreSQL tablespaces?
6. How do you create and use a tablespace?
7. What is sharding in PostgreSQL? How can it be implemented?
8. How does PostgreSQL differ from distributed databases like CockroachDB or Citus?
9. What is the difference between synchronous and asynchronous replication?
10. How do you set up synchronous replication?
11. How do you monitor replication lag in PostgreSQL?
12. How do you implement high availability (HA) in PostgreSQL?
13. Explain connection pooling in PostgreSQL.
14. What is PgBouncer and how is it used?
15. How do you implement partition pruning in PostgreSQL?
16. Explain JIT (Just-In-Time) compilation in PostgreSQL.
17. How do you debug performance issues in PostgreSQL queries?
18. What are generated columns in PostgreSQL?
19. How do you implement Row-Level Security (RLS)?
20. How do you use event triggers in PostgreSQL?
21. Explain logical decoding in PostgreSQL.
22. What is WAL archiving and how is it configured?
23. How does PostgreSQL handle large objects (LOBs)?
24. What are common PostgreSQL anti-patterns to avoid?
25. Compare PostgreSQL with NoSQL databases in terms of scalability and flexibility.

Related Topics

#CoreJava_08

Last updated    - V7 (19-Dec-2025)

Key Concepts

S.No	Topic	Sub-Topics
1	Java 8 Overview	Java 8 introduction, Why Java 8, Major enhancements, Backward compatibility, Java 8 use cases
2	Functional Programming	Functional programming basics, Pure functions, Immutability, Stateless behavior, Lambda-driven design
3	Lambda Expressions - Basics	Lambda syntax, Lambda parameters, Lambda body, Lambda vs anonymous class, Lambda advantages
4	Lambda Expressions - Advanced	Lambda with collections, Lambda with threads, Lambda with methods, Effectively final variables, Lambda limitations
5	Functional Interfaces	@FunctionalInterface , Single abstract method, Lambda compatibility, Custom functional interfaces
6	Built-in Functional Interfaces	Predicate, Function, Consumer, Supplier, Bi-functional interfaces
7	Predicate Interface	test() method, Predicate chaining, and(), or(), negate(), Real-time examples
8	Function Interface	apply() method, Function chaining, compose(), andThen(), Real-time use cases
9	Consumer Interface	accept() method, Consumer chaining, forEach usage, Logging examples, Printing data
10	Supplier Interface	get() method, Lazy value generation, Supplier vs Function, Factory usage, Random value generation
11	Method References	Static method reference, Instance method reference, Constructor reference, Syntax (::), Lambda replacement
12	Stream API - Introduction	What is stream, Stream vs collection, Stream pipeline, Intermediate operations, Terminal operations
13	Stream Creation	Stream from collection, Stream.of(), Arrays.stream(), Infinite streams, Empty streams
14	Stream Intermediate Operations	filter(), map(), flatMap(), distinct(), sorted()
15	Stream Terminal Operations	forEach(), collect(), reduce(), count(), findFirst()
16	Stream Collectors	Collectors.toList(), toSet(), toMap(), groupingBy(), partitioningBy()
17	Stream Reduction Operations	reduce() method, Identity value, Accumulator, Combiner, Aggregation examples
18	Parallel Streams	parallelStream(), ForkJoinPool, Performance benefits, Thread safety issues, When to use parallel streams
19	Optional Class	Optional creation, isPresent(), ifPresent(), orElse(), orElseThrow()
20	Default Methods in Interface	Default method syntax, Multiple inheritance resolution, Diamond problem, Overriding defaults, Use cases
21	Static Methods in Interface	Static method rules, Invocation syntax, Difference from default methods, Utility methods, Best practices
22	ForEach Method	Iterable forEach(), Lambda usage, Method reference usage, Internal iteration, Comparison with loops
23	Nashorn JavaScript Engine	Nashorn overview, JavaScript execution, ScriptEngine API, Java-JS interaction, Use cases
24	New Date & Time API - Basics	Problems with old Date API, LocalDate, LocalTime, LocalDateTime, Immutability
25	New Date & Time API - Advanced	ZonedDateTime, Period, Duration, DateTimeFormatter, Time zones
26	CompletableFuture	Future limitations, CompletableFuture basics, Async execution, thenApply(), thenAccept()
27	Collectors Grouping & Partitioning	groupingBy(), partitioningBy(), downstream collectors, Multi-level grouping, Real examples
28	Stream Performance	Lazy evaluation, Short-circuiting, Stream reuse rules, Avoiding side effects, Performance tuning
29	Java 8 Coding Patterns	Filter-map-reduce pattern, Functional pipelines, Optional usage patterns, Lambda best practices, Stream refactoring
30	Java 8 Revision & Interview Prep	Java 8 feature recap, Common interview questions, Coding scenarios, Performance discussions, Best practices

Interview question

Basic Level

1. What are the major features introduced in Java 8?
2. Why was Java 8 introduced?
3. What is functional programming in Java 8?
4. What is a lambda expression?
5. What problems do lambda expressions solve?
6. What is the syntax of a lambda expression?
7. Difference between lambda expression and anonymous class?
8. What is a functional interface?
9. What is @FunctionalInterface annotation?
10. Can a functional interface have default methods?
11. Can a functional interface have static methods?
12. What are built-in functional interfaces?
13. What is Predicate interface?
14. What is Function interface?
15. What is Consumer interface?
16. What is Supplier interface?
17. What is method reference?
18. Types of method references?
19. What is Stream API?
20. Why streams are introduced?
21. Difference between stream and collection?
22. What is stream pipeline?
23. What are intermediate operations?
24. What are terminal operations?
25. What is forEach() method?

Intermediate Level

26. How to create a stream?
27. What is filter() in streams?
28. What is map() in streams?
29. Difference between map() and flatMap()?
30. What is distinct()?
31. What is sorted()?
32. What is limit() and skip()?
33. What is collect()?
34. What is Collectors class?
35. What is Collectors.toList()?
36. What is Collectors.toSet()?
37. What is Collectors.toMap()?
38. What is groupingBy()?
39. What is partitioningBy()?
40. Difference between groupingBy and partitioningBy?
41. What is reduce() operation?
42. What is Optional class?
43. Why Optional was introduced?
44. How to create Optional?
45. Difference between orElse() and orElseGet()?
46. What is ifPresent()?
47. What are default methods?
48. Why default methods are introduced?
49. What is static method in interface?
50. Can we override default methods?

Advanced Level

51. How lambda expressions work internally?
52. What is effectively final variable?
53. Why local variables must be effectively final in lambda?
54. How streams process data internally?
55. What is lazy evaluation in streams?
56. What is short-circuiting in streams?
57. What is findFirst()?
58. What is findAny()?
59. Difference between findFirst and findAny?
60. What is anyMatch(), allMatch(), noneMatch()?
61. What are parallel streams?
62. Difference between stream() and parallelStream()?
63. When should we use parallel streams?
64. Problems with parallel streams?
65. What is ForkJoinPool?
66. How parallel stream uses ForkJoinPool?
67. What is Java 8 Date and Time API?
68. Problems with old Date API?
69. What is LocalDate?
70. What is LocalTime?
71. What is LocalDateTime?
72. What is ZonedDateTime?
73. What is Period?
74. What is Duration?
75. What is DateTimeFormatter?

Expert Level

76. How groupingBy works internally?
77. What are downstream collectors?
78. How to perform multi-level grouping?
79. How reduce() works internally?
80. Difference between reduce() and collect()?
81. How Optional avoids NullPointerException?
82. Anti-patterns of Optional?
83. Exception handling in lambda expressions?
84. Exception handling in streams?
85. How to debug stream pipelines?
86. Performance comparison: stream vs loop?
87. When streams should be avoided?
88. CompletableFuture introduction?
89. Difference between Future and CompletableFuture?
90. What is thenApply()?
91. What is thenAccept()?
92. What is thenCombine()?
93. What is async execution in Java 8?
94. What is Nashorn JavaScript engine?
95. Use cases of Nashorn?
96. Best practices for lambda expressions?
97. Best practices for Stream API?
98. Java 8 real-time project use cases?
99. Common Java 8 interview traps?
100. Java 8 coding round expectations?

Related Topics

Functional Interfaces

Lambda Expressions

Stream API

Built-in Functional Interfaces

Optional Class

Default Method

#Azure

Last updated    - V7 (19-Dec-2025)

Key Concepts

S.No	Topic	Sub-Topics
1	Introduction to Azure	What is Azure?, Azure architecture, Regions and Availability Zones, Key services overview, Use cases
2	Azure Subscriptions & Resource Groups	Creating subscriptions, Resource groups, Management groups, Tagging resources, Organizing resources
3	Azure Active Directory (AAD)	Users and groups, Roles and permissions, Conditional access, B2B and B2C, Integration with services
4	Azure Virtual Machines	VM types, Images, Networking, Storage options, Availability sets and zones
5	Azure App Services	Web Apps, Mobile Apps, App Service Plans, Scaling, Deployment slots
6	Azure Functions	Serverless overview, Trigger types, Deployment, Scaling, Integration with other services
7	Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS)	AKS overview, Clusters, Node pools, Deploying workloads, Autoscaling
8	Azure Storage	Blob Storage, File Storage, Queue Storage, Table Storage, Access control
9	Azure SQL Database	SQL Database overview, Elastic pools, Backup and restore, High availability, Security
10	Azure Cosmos DB	Global distribution, Consistency levels, Partitioning, API options, Scaling and performance
11	Azure Virtual Network (VNet)	VNet overview, Subnets, Network security groups, Route tables, VNet peering
12	Azure Load Balancer	Types of load balancers, Backend pools, Health probes, Rules, Autoscaling integration
13	Azure Application Gateway	Web application firewall, URL routing, SSL termination, Autoscaling, Integration with AKS
14	Azure DNS	DNS zones, Records, Traffic manager, Custom domains, Integration with services
15	Azure Content Delivery Network (CDN)	CDN overview, Caching rules, Edge locations, Integration with storage, Security
16	Azure Event Grid	Event routing, Event sources, Event handlers, Topics and subscriptions, Integration
17	Azure Event Hub	Streaming data, Partitions, Consumer groups, Event processing, Security
18	Azure Data Factory	ETL overview, Pipelines, Datasets, Activities, Monitoring
19	Azure Databricks	Workspace overview, Clusters, Notebooks, Jobs, Integration with storage
20	Azure Synapse Analytics	Data warehouses, SQL pools, Pipelines, Security, Monitoring
21	Azure Machine Learning	Workspace, Datasets, Models, Experimentation, Deployment
22	Azure Cognitive Services	Vision API, Language API, Speech services, Decision APIs, Integration with apps
23	Azure Bot Service	Bot framework, Channels, Deployment, Testing, Integration with cognitive services
24	Azure Monitoring & Logging	Azure Monitor, Log Analytics, Alerts, Dashboards, Integration with services
25	Azure Security & Compliance	Azure Security Center, Policies, Key Vault, Role-based access control, Compliance reports
26	Azure Resource Manager (ARM)	Templates, Deployments, Parameters, Automation, Versioning
27	Azure Cost Management	Budgets, Cost analysis, Alerts, Resource tagging, Optimization
28	Azure DevOps	Repos, Pipelines, Boards, Artifacts, Integration with GitHub
29	Azure CLI & PowerShell	Installation, Core commands, Scripting, Automation, Integration with services
30	Azure Labs & Projects	Hands-on labs, Multi-service projects, Deploy sample apps, Real-time scenarios, Certification preparation

Interview question

Basic Level

1. What is Microsoft Azure?
2. What are the main advantages of using Azure?
3. Explain the difference between IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS.
4. What are Azure Regions and Availability Zones?
5. What is Azure Resource Manager (ARM)?
6. What is an Azure Subscription?
7. What is the difference between Azure Tenant and Subscription?
8. What is Azure Virtual Machine (VM)?
9. What is the difference between VM Scale Sets and Availability Sets?
10. What are Azure App Services?
11. What is Azure Functions?
12. What is Azure Logic Apps?
13. What is Azure Blob Storage?
14. What are the storage tiers in Azure?
15. Difference between Blob, File, Queue, and Table storage.
16. What is an Azure Virtual Network (VNet)?
17. What are Network Security Groups (NSGs)?
18. What is Azure Load Balancer?
19. What is Application Gateway?
20. What is ExpressRoute?
21. What is Azure SQL Database?
22. What is the difference between SQL Database and Managed Instance?
23. What is Cosmos DB?
24. What is Azure Synapse Analytics?
25. What is Azure Active Directory (AAD)?
26. What is the difference between Azure AD and AD DS?
27. What is Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)?
28. What is Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) in Azure?
29. What is Azure Key Vault?
30. What is Azure Monitor?
31. What is Log Analytics in Azure?
32. What is Application Insights?
33. What is Azure Advisor?
34. What is Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS)?
35. What is Azure Container Registry (ACR)?
36. What are Azure Container Instances?
37. What is Azure Event Grid?
38. What is Azure Service Bus?
39. What is Azure DevOps?
40. What are Pipelines in Azure DevOps?
41. What are Repos and Artifacts in Azure DevOps?
42. What are Boards in Azure DevOps?
43. What is Cognitive Services in Azure?
44. What is Azure Machine Learning?
45. What is Azure Databricks?
46. What is Azure Data Factory?
47. What is Azure Arc?
48. What is Azure Stack HCI?
49. What is Azure Site Recovery?
50. What is Azure Migrate?

---

Intermediate Level

1. How does Azure VM Scale Sets provide scalability?
2. What are Availability Zones vs Availability Sets?
3. How do you secure Azure Virtual Machines?
4. How do you configure Azure Bastion?
5. What is Azure Application Gateway with WAF?
6. How does Azure Front Door work?
7. What is the difference between Azure Load Balancer and Front Door?
8. What is a VNet Peering?
9. Difference between VPN Gateway and ExpressRoute.
10. What is Private Link in Azure?
11. What is a Service Endpoint in Azure Networking?
12. How does Cosmos DB handle partitioning?
13. What are consistency levels in Cosmos DB?
14. How does Cosmos DB provide multi-region replication?
15. What is Synapse Analytics used for?
16. What is PolyBase in Synapse?
17. What is Azure Data Lake Storage Gen2?
18. What are Managed Identities in Azure?
19. What is Conditional Access in Azure AD?
20. What is Privileged Identity Management (PIM)?
21. How does Azure Key Vault integrate with applications?
22. What are Diagnostic Settings in Azure Monitor?
23. How does Log Analytics query language (KQL) work?
24. How does Application Insights help in distributed tracing?
25. What is Azure Policy?
26. What is the difference between Azure Monitor and Azure Security Center?
27. What is Azure Defender for Cloud?
28. What is AKS node pool?
29. How do you scale AKS clusters?
30. How do Helm charts work in AKS?
31. What is Azure Functions Consumption Plan?
32. What are Durable Functions in Azure?
33. How does Event Grid integrate with Logic Apps?
34. What is the difference between Event Hub and Service Bus?
35. How does Azure DevOps integrate with GitHub Actions?
36. What are YAML pipelines in Azure DevOps?
37. What are Deployment Groups?
38. What are Artifacts in Azure DevOps used for?
39. What is Azure Cognitive Search?
40. What are Prebuilt Models in Cognitive Services?
41. How does Azure Machine Learning handle model deployment?
42. What is Databricks Delta Lake?
43. How does Azure Data Factory perform ETL?
44. What is Azure Lighthouse?
45. How does Azure Arc help with hybrid management?
46. How does Site Recovery work for DR scenarios?
47. What is Database Migration Service (DMS)?
48. What is Azure Blueprints?
49. How does Cost Management + Billing work?
50. What is Azure Pricing Calculator?

---

Advanced Level

1. How to design a hub-and-spoke network topology in Azure?
2. How does Azure Firewall work?
3. Difference between Firewall and NSG.
4. How do you design a global VNet architecture?
5. How to implement ExpressRoute Global Reach?
6. How does Azure Traffic Manager work?
7. How do you configure load balancing across regions?
8. How does Cosmos DB scale elastically?
9. How to tune indexing policies in Cosmos DB?
10. How to design for strong consistency vs eventual consistency?
11. How to optimize Synapse pipelines for big data?
12. How to integrate Synapse with Power BI?
13. How does Data Lake Gen2 handle hierarchical namespace?
14. How to secure storage accounts with Private Endpoints?
15. How to rotate keys in Key Vault automatically?
16. How to implement Conditional Access policies for external users?
17. How does Azure Sentinel integrate with Security Center?
18. How to configure Just-In-Time (JIT) access to VMs?
19. How to enforce least privilege in RBAC at scale?
20. How to configure Azure Policy for compliance enforcement?
21. How to deploy multi-region AKS clusters?
22. How to secure AKS clusters using Azure AD integration?
23. How to configure network policies in AKS?
24. How does Azure Functions integrate with VNETs?
25. How to optimize cold start in Functions?
26. What is an Event-driven serverless architecture with Event Grid?
27. How does Durable Functions support fan-out/fan-in?
28. How to design enterprise DevOps pipelines in Azure?
29. How to implement approvals in multi-stage pipelines?
30. How to use service connections securely in Azure DevOps?
31. How does Azure ML pipeline work?
32. How to monitor ML models in production with Azure Monitor?
33. How to scale Databricks clusters dynamically?
34. How to optimize Data Factory performance for large ETL jobs?
35. How to configure monitoring with Application Insights at scale?
36. How to use Azure Blueprints for governance?
37. How to implement hybrid Kubernetes clusters with Azure Arc?
38. How does Lighthouse manage multiple tenants?
39. How to configure advanced disaster recovery with Site Recovery?
40. How to migrate enterprise SAP workloads to Azure?
41. How to integrate Azure AD with on-prem Active Directory?
42. How to implement passwordless authentication in Azure?
43. How to use Azure Privileged Identity Management at scale?
44. How to handle data residency and compliance in Azure?
45. How to secure multi-cloud with Azure Security Center?
46. How to enforce compliance using Azure Defender?
47. How to design FinOps practices in Azure?
48. How to implement tagging governance?
49. How to use Managed Grafana in Azure Monitor?
50. How to implement custom log ingestion into Log Analytics?

---

Expert Level

1. How to design enterprise-scale landing zones in Azure?
2. How to enforce governance using Azure Policy at enterprise scale?
3. How to design Zero Trust architecture in Azure?
4. How to implement enterprise-wide RBAC strategy?
5. How to secure multi-tenant SaaS applications in Azure?
6. How to manage hybrid cloud with Azure Arc across multiple clouds?
7. How to configure cross-region traffic routing with Traffic Manager + Front Door?
8. How to implement Azure ExpressRoute with MPLS?
9. How to integrate Azure Stack with on-prem data centers?
10. How to manage sovereignty and compliance with Azure Government cloud?
11. How to secure highly regulated workloads (HIPAA, GDPR) in Azure?
12. How to design Cosmos DB for financial-grade workloads?
13. How to implement multi-master replication in Cosmos DB?
14. How to optimize Synapse Analytics for enterprise data warehouses?
15. How to implement Data Mesh with Azure Data Lake + Synapse?
16. How to implement cross-region failover with Azure SQL Hyperscale?
17. How to optimize ML lifecycle with MLOps in Azure?
18. How to integrate Databricks with Synapse for real-time analytics?
19. How to implement advanced data governance in Azure Purview?
20. How to build enterprise-scale IoT solutions with Azure IoT Hub?
21. How to integrate IoT Hub with Event Grid and Stream Analytics?
22. How to secure IoT devices with Azure Defender for IoT?
23. How to build digital twins using Azure Digital Twins?
24. How to implement edge computing with Azure IoT Edge?
25. How to build 5G-enabled solutions with Azure Private MEC?
26. How to integrate Azure with AWS and GCP in a multi-cloud strategy?
27. How to manage cost governance across multi-cloud with Azure Cost Management?
28. How to use Lighthouse for managed service providers (MSPs)?
29. How to enforce enterprise-wide tagging compliance?
30. How to implement chaos engineering in Azure?
31. How to implement automated incident response with Logic Apps?
32. How to build self-healing systems with Azure Monitor + Automation?
33. How to design HA/DR for SAP on Azure?
34. How to secure Kubernetes workloads across multi-region AKS?
35. How to implement service mesh (Istio/Linkerd) in AKS?
36. How to secure CI/CD pipelines with Azure DevOps + Key Vault?
37. How to implement GitOps in AKS using Flux/ArgoCD?
38. How to implement enterprise blockchain solutions with Azure Blockchain Service?
39. How to design HPC clusters in Azure for research workloads?
40. How to optimize large-scale video streaming with Azure Media Services?
41. How to design AI at scale using Azure Cognitive Services?
42. How to build enterprise knowledge mining solutions with Cognitive Search?
43. How to integrate Azure Synapse with Power Platform at scale?
44. How to secure enterprise ML pipelines with Responsible AI?
45. How to use Azure Arc-enabled Kubernetes for hybrid governance?
46. How to implement DevSecOps pipelines in Azure?
47. How to enforce compliance with Azure Policy + Defender across 1000+ subscriptions?
48. How to implement disaster recovery for multi-cloud apps?
49. How to run confidential computing workloads with Azure Confidential VMs?
50. How to architect for 99.999% availability on Azure?

Related Topics

Azure_DevOps

#GraphQL

Last updated    - V7 (19-Jan-2026)

Key Concepts

S.No	Topic	Sub-Topics
1	GraphQL	What is GraphQL?, Features, Advantages, Use cases, REST vs GraphQL
2	GraphQL Architecture	Server, Client, Schema, Resolver, Type System
3	Setting Up GraphQL	Installation, Apollo Server, GraphQL Yoga, Express integration, Node.js setup
4	GraphQL Schema	Type definitions, Scalars, Object types, Enums, Interfaces
5	Queries	Basic queries, Nested queries, Arguments, Aliases, Fragments
6	Mutations	Creating mutations, Arguments, Input types, Payloads, Return values
7	Resolvers	Query resolvers, Mutation resolvers, Field resolvers, Parent and args, Context
8	GraphQL Types	Scalar types, Object types, Enum types, Union types, Input types
9	Variables	Query variables, Mutation variables, Default values, Validation, Security
10	Fragments	Reusable fragments, Fragment syntax, Nested fragments, Inline fragments, Best practices
11	Directives	@include, @skip, @deprecated, Custom directives, Use cases
12	GraphQL Playground & Tools	GraphiQL, Apollo Studio, Insomnia, Postman, Playground setup
13	Error Handling	Errors in resolvers, Formatting errors, Error codes, Logging, Best practices
14	Authentication & Authorization	JWT tokens, OAuth integration, Role-based access, Context handling, Securing endpoints
15	Pagination	Offset-based, Cursor-based, Relay style, Performance optimization, Best practices
16	Filtering & Sorting	Query filters, Logical operators, Sorting by fields, Nested filters, Best practices
17	GraphQL Subscriptions	Real-time updates, WebSockets, Setup with Apollo, Publish/Subscribe model, Use cases
18	Batching & Caching	DataLoader, Query batching, Response caching, Client-side caching, Server-side caching
19	Performance Optimization	Query complexity analysis, Caching, Persisted queries, Lazy loading, Resolver optimization
20	GraphQL with Databases	SQL integration, NoSQL integration, ORM usage, Query mapping, Data fetching strategies
21	GraphQL Federation	Microservices architecture, Apollo Federation, Schema stitching, Resolver delegation, Best practices
22	Schema Design Best Practices	Modular schemas, Naming conventions, Versioning, Documentation, Extensibility
23	Testing GraphQL APIs	Unit tests, Integration tests, Mocking resolvers, Jest, Apollo testing utilities
24	Security Best Practices	Query depth limiting, Query cost analysis, Authentication, Authorization, Input validation
25	GraphQL Clients	Apollo Client, Relay, URQL, React integration, Angular/ Vue integration
26	GraphQL Server Deployment	Hosting options, Docker deployment, Kubernetes, Scaling, Monitoring
27	Versioning & Maintenance	Schema evolution, Deprecating fields, Backward compatibility, Documentation, Change management
28	Advanced Features	Union types, Interfaces, Custom scalars, Schema stitching, Middleware
29	Hands-on Projects	CRUD API project, Real-time chat app, E-commerce API, Social media API, Analytics dashboard API
30	Certification & Career Path	GraphQL certification, Job roles, Portfolio projects, Learning resources, Career opportunities

Interview question

Basic

1. What is GraphQL?
2. Who developed GraphQL?
3. What are the main benefits of GraphQL over REST?
4. What is a GraphQL schema?
5. What are queries in GraphQL?
6. What are mutations in GraphQL?
7. What are subscriptions in GraphQL?
8. What is a resolver in GraphQL?
9. What is the difference between query and mutation?
10. What are GraphQL types?
11. What are scalar types in GraphQL?
12. What are enums in GraphQL?
13. What are lists in GraphQL?
14. What are non-null types in GraphQL?
15. What is introspection in GraphQL?
16. What is a fragment in GraphQL?
17. What are directives in GraphQL?
18. What is the default HTTP method for GraphQL requests?
19. How is GraphQL strongly typed?
20. What is the difference between GraphQL and SQL?
21. Can GraphQL work without a database?
22. What is the role of __typename in GraphQL?
23. What is batching in GraphQL?
24. What is the purpose of GraphQL variables?
25. What are the limitations of GraphQL?

---

Intermediate

1. What is the role of GraphQL schema definition language (SDL)?
2. How do you define custom scalar types in GraphQL?
3. Explain input types in GraphQL.
4. What are unions in GraphQL?
5. What are interfaces in GraphQL?
6. How do you validate GraphQL queries?
7. How does GraphQL handle versioning?
8. What are the best practices for naming in GraphQL schema?
9. What is query complexity analysis?
10. How does GraphQL handle over-fetching and under-fetching?
11. What are nested resolvers?
12. What is the N+1 problem in GraphQL?
13. How can you solve the N+1 problem in GraphQL?
14. What is DataLoader in GraphQL?
15. How does GraphQL handle error reporting?
16. What are partial responses in GraphQL?
17. How does GraphQL differ from gRPC?
18. How do you use variables with fragments in GraphQL?
19. How does caching work in GraphQL?
20. What is persisted queries in GraphQL?
21. What is GraphQL Playground?
22. What is Apollo Server?
23. What is Relay in GraphQL?
24. How do GraphQL subscriptions work with WebSockets?
25. What are the security concerns in GraphQL?

---

Advanced

1. What are GraphQL Federation and schema stitching?
2. What is Apollo Federation?
3. What is the difference between schema stitching and federation?
4. What is GraphQL Gateway?
5. How do you implement authentication in GraphQL?
6. How do you implement authorization in GraphQL?
7. What are GraphQL directives and how do you create custom ones?
8. How do you handle file uploads in GraphQL?
9. What is GraphQL mesh?
10. What are GraphQL unions vs interfaces?
11. How do you implement batching in GraphQL resolvers?
12. What are best practices for designing GraphQL mutations?
13. How do you handle pagination in GraphQL?
14. What are Relay-style pagination and connections?
15. How do you handle rate limiting in GraphQL APIs?
16. What is query depth limiting in GraphQL?
17. How does GraphQL handle subscriptions at scale?
18. How does GraphQL integrate with microservices?
19. How do you monitor GraphQL performance?
20. How do you trace GraphQL queries in production?
21. What is schema federation in Apollo?
22. What are schema delegation techniques in GraphQL?
23. How do you modularize large GraphQL schemas?
24. What is GraphQL schema stitching middleware?
25. What are GraphQL schema directives for logging and tracing?

---

Expert

1. How do you secure GraphQL APIs against DoS attacks?
2. What is query cost analysis in GraphQL?
3. How do you handle caching in GraphQL at scale?
4. How do you integrate GraphQL with REST APIs?
5. How do you integrate GraphQL with gRPC?
6. How do you optimize GraphQL queries in production?
7. What are advanced DataLoader patterns?
8. How do you implement GraphQL schema federation in microservices architecture?
9. How do you version GraphQL schemas in large organizations?
10. How does GraphQL fit into Event-Driven Architectures (EDA)?
11. How do you monitor and log GraphQL errors?
12. How do you integrate GraphQL with Kafka?
13. How do you handle real-time updates in GraphQL at scale?
14. What is Apollo Gateway architecture?
15. How do you build resilient GraphQL APIs?
16. What are GraphQL SDL limitations and solutions?
17. How do you implement GraphQL authorization at field level?
18. How do you manage breaking changes in GraphQL APIs?
19. What are GraphQL best practices for microfrontends?
20. How do you design GraphQL APIs for large-scale enterprise systems?
21. What is GraphQL-over-HTTP vs GraphQL-over-WebSockets?
22. How do you handle federation across multiple teams in GraphQL?
23. What are common GraphQL anti-patterns?
24. What is the future of GraphQL in API design?
25. Compare GraphQL, REST, gRPC, and OData for enterprise use cases.

Related Topics

#SonarQube

Last updated    - V7 (19-Dec-2025)

Key Concepts

S.No	Topic	Sub-Topics
1	Introduction to SonarQube	What is SonarQube, Purpose, Benefits, Overview of code quality, Use cases
2	SonarQube Architecture	SonarQube server, Database, Compute Engine, Web server, Scanner
3	Installation & Setup	Download SonarQube, Install on Linux/Windows, Configure database, Start server, Access web UI
4	SonarQube Editions	Community, Developer, Enterprise, Data Center, Features comparison
5	SonarQube Scanner	What is Scanner, Installation, Configuration, Running analysis, Integration with CI/CD
6	Analyzing Projects	Single project analysis, Multi-module projects, Language support, Scan report, Interpretation of results
7	Quality Gates	Definition, Default rules, Pass/Fail conditions, Custom rules, Integration with pipelines
8	Quality Profiles	Purpose, Language-specific profiles, Default vs Custom, Rule activation/deactivation, Assigning profiles to projects
9	Code Rules	Types of rules, Coding standards, Rule severity, Adding custom rules, Best practices
10	Code Smells	Definition, Common examples, Detection, Fixing strategies, Best practices
11	Bugs Detection	Definition, Types of bugs, Automatic detection, Prioritization, Resolving bugs
12	Vulnerabilities	Security vulnerabilities, Types, Detection methods, SonarQube rules, Remediation strategies
13	Duplications	Code duplication, Detection, Metrics, Reducing duplication, Refactoring
14	Test Coverage	Unit test coverage, Integration test coverage, Tools integration, Metrics, Improving coverage
15	Test Execution Reports	Integration with JUnit/TestNG, Import reports, Analysis of results, Coverage vs Execution, Reporting best practices
16	Code Metrics	Complexity, Lines of code, Duplications, Coverage, Maintainability, Reliability
17	Project Management	Project creation, Assigning quality profiles, Setting quality gates, Managing permissions, Project branching
18	User Management & Security	Users, Groups, Permissions, Authentication, Roles, Access control
19	Integrating with Version Control	Git, SVN, Branch analysis, Pull request decoration, SonarQube hooks
20	Integrating with CI/CD	Jenkins, GitLab CI, GitHub Actions, Pipeline setup, Automated analysis
21	Pull Request Analysis	Definition, Setting up PR analysis, Quality gates for PRs, Feedback on PRs, Best practices
22	Branch Analysis	Long-lived branches, Short-lived branches, Configuration, Metrics tracking, Reporting
23	Webhooks	Definition, Setup, Triggering external services, Notifications, Integration examples
24	SonarQube Plugins	Types of plugins, Installation, Marketplace, Custom plugins, Plugin management
25	Web UI Navigation	Dashboard, Projects, Measures, Issues, Activity, Administration panel
26	Notifications & Reporting	Email notifications, Weekly reports, Metrics export, PDF reports, Custom reporting
27	Backup & Restore	Database backup, SonarQube configuration backup, Restore process, Best practices, Disaster recovery
28	Performance Tuning	Database tuning, Scanner optimization, Parallel scans, Caching, Hardware recommendations
29	Best Practices	Code quality standards, CI/CD integration, Branch strategy, PR analysis, Security guidelines
30	Hands-on Project	Setup SonarQube, Analyze sample project, Apply quality gate, Fix issues, Generate reports

Interview question

📘 Basic Level

1. What is SonarQube and why is it used?
2. What are the key features of SonarQube?
3. Explain the difference between SonarQube Community and Enterprise editions.
4. What is a SonarQube Scanner?
5. What is a Quality Gate in SonarQube?
6. What is a Quality Profile in SonarQube?
7. What types of issues can SonarQube detect?
8. What is the difference between a bug, vulnerability, and code smell?
9. How do you install SonarQube on Linux/Windows?
10. What database backends are supported by SonarQube?
11. How do you create a new project in SonarQube?
12. What is the default port for SonarQube?
13. How do you run a SonarQube scan on a Java project?
14. What is SonarLint, and how is it related to SonarQube?
15. What is the difference between SonarScanner CLI and Maven/Gradle plugins?
16. How do you view the analysis report in SonarQube?
17. What is the role of the sonar-project.properties file?
18. How do you set up users and permissions in SonarQube?
19. How do you assign a Quality Profile to a project?
20. What are SonarQube rules?
21. How do you suppress false positives in SonarQube?
22. What is meant by code coverage in SonarQube?
23. What programming languages are supported in the Community edition?
24. What is meant by ?technical debt? in SonarQube?
25. What is the purpose of SonarQube dashboards?

---

📗 Intermediate Level

1. How do you integrate SonarQube with Jenkins?
2. How do you configure GitHub pull request decoration in SonarQube?
3. How do you integrate SonarQube with GitLab CI/CD?
4. What is branch analysis in SonarQube?
5. How do you configure SonarQube for multi-language projects?
6. What are hotspots in SonarQube?
7. How do you create a custom Quality Gate?
8. What are conditions in Quality Gates?
9. What is the role of Quality Profiles in enforcing coding standards?
10. How do you install and manage SonarQube plugins?
11. How do you configure email notifications in SonarQube?
12. How do you monitor project metrics such as coverage and duplications?
13. What are the default metrics tracked by SonarQube?
14. How do you perform incremental analysis with SonarQube?
15. How does SonarQube integrate with Azure DevOps pipelines?
16. What are portfolio dashboards in SonarQube Enterprise edition?
17. How do you migrate SonarQube to a new server?
18. How do you back up SonarQube?
19. What is SonarQube?s role in DevOps pipelines?
20. How do you enforce mandatory Quality Gates in CI/CD?
21. How do you configure role-based access control (RBAC) in SonarQube?
22. How do you use the Web API in SonarQube?
23. What are the differences between SonarLint and SonarQube?
24. How do you analyze a project with Gradle in SonarQube?
25. How do you handle authentication in SonarQube?

---

📕 Advanced Level

1. How does SonarQube measure maintainability?
2. Explain the architecture of SonarQube.
3. What are the roles of Elasticsearch in SonarQube?
4. How do you tune SonarQube performance for large codebases?
5. What are custom rules in SonarQube?
6. How do you write a custom rule for Java in SonarQube?
7. How do you configure advanced Quality Profiles?
8. How do you perform zero-downtime upgrades of SonarQube?
9. How do you handle branch analysis in Community vs Developer edition?
10. What are duplications in SonarQube, and how are they detected?
11. How do you configure SonarQube with PostgreSQL?
12. How do you enforce OWASP Top 10 checks in SonarQube?
13. How does SonarQube detect SQL injection vulnerabilities?
14. How do you configure LDAP or SAML authentication in SonarQube?
15. What are portfolio management features in SonarQube Enterprise?
16. How do you implement governance in SonarQube?
17. What are leak periods in SonarQube?
18. How do you integrate SonarQube with Bitbucket pipelines?
19. How do you manage multi-tenant projects in SonarQube?
20. How do you configure project tags and categories in SonarQube?
21. How do you automate SonarQube analysis in a pipeline?
22. How do you customize dashboards in SonarQube?
23. How do you manage rule inheritance in Quality Profiles?
24. What is differential analysis in SonarQube?
25. How do you monitor SonarQube with Prometheus and Grafana?

---

📓 Expert Level

1. How do you design a scalable SonarQube architecture for enterprise?
2. How do you configure horizontal scaling in SonarQube?
3. How do you secure SonarQube against OWASP vulnerabilities?
4. How do you optimize SonarQube for thousands of concurrent scans?
5. What are best practices for managing Quality Gates across 500+ projects?
6. How do you configure multi-region SonarQube deployments?
7. How do you develop a custom SonarQube plugin?
8. What are the internals of SonarQube?s rule engine?
9. How do you implement advanced CI/CD with SonarQube and Kubernetes?
10. How do you integrate SonarQube with service mesh environments?
11. How do you perform root-cause analysis on SonarQube performance issues?
12. How do you configure enterprise-grade RBAC across hundreds of teams?
13. How do you manage SonarQube in hybrid cloud setups?
14. How do you integrate SonarQube with enterprise SSO providers?
15. How do you secure secrets in SonarQube pipelines?
16. How do you configure compliance reports for financial regulations?
17. How do you monitor SonarQube logs at scale using ELK?
18. How do you implement zero trust security in SonarQube?
19. How do you manage petabyte-scale code analysis in SonarQube?
20. What are challenges in migrating from Fortify/Checkmarx to SonarQube?
21. How do you integrate SonarQube with AI/ML pipelines?
22. What is the future of SonarQube in the DevSecOps ecosystem?
23. How do you optimize rule sets for microservices architectures?
24. How do you manage SonarQube for 1000+ developers?
25. How do you enforce enterprise-wide technical debt reduction with SonarQube?

---

Related Topics

#Hibernate

Last updated    - V7 (19-Dec-2025)

Key Concepts

S.No	Topic	Sub-Topics
1	Introduction to Hibernate	What is Hibernate?, Features, Advantages, ORM concept, Use cases
2	Hibernate Architecture	Configuration, SessionFactory, Session, Transaction, Query Interface
3	Environment Setup	Hibernate installation, IDE setup, Database setup, Maven/Gradle dependencies, Configuration files
4	Hibernate Configuration	hibernate.cfg.xml, hibernate.properties, DataSource configuration, Dialects, Connection pooling
5	Entity Mapping	@Entity annotation, @Table annotation, @Id annotation, @Column annotation, Mapping strategies
6	Primary Key Generation	IDENTITY, SEQUENCE, TABLE, AUTO, Custom generators
7	Hibernate Session	Opening session, Closing session, SessionFactory, Session methods, Best practices
8	CRUD Operations	Save, Update, Delete, Load, Get
9	Hibernate Query Language (HQL)	Basics of HQL, SELECT queries, WHERE clause, JOINs, Aggregation functions
10	Criteria API	Creating Criteria, Restrictions, Projections, Ordering, Pagination
11	Native SQL Queries	Executing SQL, Result mapping, Named queries, Parameters, Pagination
12	Associations in Hibernate	One-to-One, One-to-Many, Many-to-One, Many-to-Many, Mapping strategies
13	Collection Mapping	List, Set, Map, Bag, Array mapping
14	Inheritance Mapping	Single Table strategy, Table per Class strategy, Joined strategy, Discriminator column, Annotations
15	Component Mapping	Embedded objects, @Embeddable, @Embedded annotation, Reusability, Nested components
16	Hibernate Caching	First-level cache, Second-level cache, Query cache, Cache providers, Configuration
17	Hibernate Transactions	Transaction API, ACID properties, Commit, Rollback, Transaction propagation
18	Lazy vs Eager Loading	Lazy loading, Eager loading, FetchType, Performance impact, Use cases
19	Hibernate Event Listeners	PreInsert, PostInsert, PreUpdate, PostUpdate, Configuration
20	Hibernate Interceptors	Session interceptor, Methods, Custom interceptors, Performance, Use cases
21	Hibernate Validator	Bean validation, @NotNull, @Size, Custom constraints, Integration
22	Hibernate Filters	Defining filters, Enabling filters, Parameters, Dynamic filtering, Use cases
23	Named Queries	Defining queries, Using @NamedQuery, Using @NamedNativeQuery, Parameters, Reusability
24	Batch Processing	Bulk insert, Bulk update, Stateless session, JDBC batch, Performance optimization
25	Optimistic & Pessimistic Locking	Optimistic locking, Pessimistic locking, Versioning, Lock modes, Concurrency control
26	Hibernate with Spring	Spring ORM, SessionFactory integration, Transaction management, DAO pattern, Configuration
27	Performance Tuning	Query optimization, Fetch strategies, Caching strategies, Connection pooling, Monitoring tools
28	Logging & Monitoring	Hibernate logging, SQL logging, Statistics, JMX monitoring, Tools
29	Projects & Hands-on Labs	CRUD project, Association mapping project, Inheritance mapping project, Caching project, Spring integration project
30	Certification & Career Path	Hibernate certification, Job roles, Learning resources, Real-time projects, Best practices

Interview question

Basic

1. What is Hibernate?
2. Difference between Hibernate and JDBC?
3. What are the advantages of Hibernate ORM?
4. What is JPA and how is it related to Hibernate?
5. Explain ORM in simple terms.
6. What is the role of hibernate.cfg.xml?
7. What is the use of SessionFactory?
8. What is the difference between Session and SessionFactory?
9. Explain the lifecycle of a Hibernate Session.
10. What are persistent objects in Hibernate?
11. What is the difference between transient, persistent, and detached objects?
12. Explain the role of @Entity annotation.
13. How do you map a table to a class in Hibernate?
14. What is @Id and @GeneratedValue annotation used for?
15. How do you configure database connection in Hibernate?
16. What is Hibernate Dialect?
17. Explain HQL (Hibernate Query Language).
18. What is the difference between HQL and SQL?
19. How do you perform CRUD operations in Hibernate?
20. What is the default fetching strategy in Hibernate?
21. Difference between get() and load() methods?
22. What are named queries in Hibernate?
23. Explain the role of @Table annotation.
24. What is the use of hibernate.properties file?
25. Explain the difference between save(), persist(), and saveOrUpdate().

---

Intermediate

1. What are the different types of entity mapping in Hibernate?
2. How do you implement one-to-one mapping in Hibernate?
3. How do you implement one-to-many mapping in Hibernate?
4. How do you implement many-to-many mapping in Hibernate?
5. Explain cascading in Hibernate.
6. What is lazy loading in Hibernate?
7. Difference between lazy and eager fetching?
8. What is the N+1 select problem?
9. How to solve N+1 problem in Hibernate?
10. What are embedded objects in Hibernate?
11. Explain inheritance mapping strategies in Hibernate.
12. Difference between Single Table and Joined strategy?
13. How do you configure table per class hierarchy?
14. What is the role of @Inheritance annotation?
15. Explain the role of @MappedSuperclass.
16. What are Hibernate annotations used for composite keys?
17. How do you handle versioning in Hibernate?
18. Explain optimistic and pessimistic locking.
19. What is Hibernate Criteria API?
20. Difference between HQL and Criteria API?
21. What are projections in Criteria API?
22. How do you add restrictions in Criteria API?
23. What is the use of CriteriaBuilder in JPA?
24. How do you perform pagination in Hibernate?
25. Difference between Query, TypedQuery, and CriteriaQuery?

---

Advanced

1. What is the role of Session.flush()?
2. What is the difference between flush() and commit()?
3. Explain clear() and evict() methods.
4. How do you detach an entity in Hibernate?
5. What is the use of merge() in Hibernate?
6. What is the difference between merge() and update()?
7. What is the first-level cache in Hibernate?
8. What is the second-level cache in Hibernate?
9. What cache providers can be used with Hibernate?
10. What is query-level cache in Hibernate?
11. How do you configure Ehcache in Hibernate?
12. Explain Hibernate?s integration with Spring.
13. What is the role of LocalSessionFactoryBean in Spring?
14. How do you configure transaction management in Spring + Hibernate?
15. Difference between programmatic and declarative transactions?
16. What are Interceptors in Hibernate?
17. Difference between Interceptor and EventListener?
18. Explain entity lifecycle events in Hibernate.
19. How do you use Hibernate with stored procedures?
20. How do you map native SQL queries in Hibernate?
21. What are named native queries?
22. How do you log SQL queries in Hibernate?
23. Explain batch processing in Hibernate.
24. How do you configure batch size in Hibernate?
25. What is StatelessSession in Hibernate?

---

Expert

1. What are best practices for Hibernate performance tuning?
2. How do you optimize Hibernate for large datasets?
3. How do you use Fetch Joins in Hibernate?
4. Explain DTO projection using Hibernate.
5. What is Hibernate Validator and how is it used?
6. What is JSR-303 Bean Validation in Hibernate?
7. How do you configure custom validators in Hibernate?
8. What is a proxy object in Hibernate?
9. What are bytecode enhancement techniques in Hibernate?
10. Explain dirty checking in Hibernate.
11. How does Hibernate detect changes in entities?
12. What is Hibernate Envers?
13. How do you implement auditing in Hibernate?
14. Explain multi-tenancy support in Hibernate.
15. Difference between schema, database, and discriminator-based multi-tenancy?
16. How does Hibernate integrate with NoSQL databases?
17. What is Hibernate OGM?
18. Explain Hibernate Search and its use cases.
19. How does Hibernate integrate with Elasticsearch?
20. Explain polyglot persistence with Hibernate.
21. How do you handle migration and versioning with Hibernate?
22. How do you integrate Hibernate with Flyway or Liquibase?
23. How do you debug Hibernate performance issues?
24. How does Hibernate differ from JPA, MyBatis, and EclipseLink?
25. Future of Hibernate: How does it fit into modern microservices and cloud-native architectures?

Related Topics

#Apache Spark

Last updated    - V7 (14-Jan-2026)

Key Concepts

S.No	Topic	Sub-Topics
1	Spark	Overview, Features, Spark vs Hadoop, Components, Use cases
2	Spark Architecture	Driver, Executors, Cluster Manager, DAG, Spark Context
3	RDD Basics	Resilient Distributed Dataset, Creation, Transformations, Actions, Persistence
4	RDD Advanced	Partitioning, Caching, Checkpointing, Narrow vs Wide transformations, lineage
5	DataFrames Basics	Creation, Schema, Columns, Show(), PrintSchema()
6	DataFrames Operations	Select, Filter, GroupBy, Aggregate, Join
7	DataFrames Advanced	UDF, Window Functions, Pivot, Explode, Sorting
8	Spark SQL	SQLContext, SparkSession, Running SQL Queries, Caching tables, tempView
9	Datasets Basics	Typed API, Creation, Transformations, Actions, Interoperability with DataFrames
10	Data Loading	CSV, JSON, Parquet, Avro, ORC
11	Data Writing	SaveAsTable, write.parquet, write.json, Overwrite, Append
12	Spark Streaming Basics	DStream, StreamingContext, Window operations, Input sources, Output operations
13	Spark Structured Streaming	SparkSession, readStream, writeStream, Triggers, Watermarking
14	Streaming Advanced	Stateful processing, Aggregations, Joins, Checkpointing, Fault tolerance
15	Spark MLlib Basics	Machine Learning Pipeline, Transformers, Estimators, Features, Label encoding
16	MLlib Algorithms	Linear Regression, Logistic Regression, Decision Trees, Random Forest, Clustering
17	MLlib Feature Engineering	StandardScaler, MinMaxScaler, OneHotEncoder, VectorAssembler, PCA
18	MLlib Model Evaluation	Train/Test Split, CrossValidation, Metrics (Accuracy, RMSE), ParamGrid, Evaluator
19	Spark GraphX Basics	Graphs, Vertices, Edges, Pregel, Graph operators
20	GraphX Advanced	PageRank, Connected Components, Triangle Count, Shortest Path, Graph Algorithms
21	Spark Performance Tuning	Partitioning, Caching, Serialization, Shuffle, Broadcast variables
22	Spark Deployment	Standalone Mode, YARN, Mesos, Kubernetes, Cluster configuration
23	Spark with Python (PySpark)	RDD, DataFrame API, UDF, MLlib, Integration with Pandas
24	Spark with Scala	RDD API, DataFrame API, Typed Datasets, MLlib, Spark SQL
25	Spark with Java	RDD API, DataFrame API, Datasets, MLlib, JavaRDD
26	Spark with R (SparkR)	DataFrames, SparkR SQL, Machine Learning, Integration with RStudio, Visualization
27	Debugging & Logging	Logs, Spark UI, DAG visualization, Event logs, Executors monitoring
28	Security in Spark	Authentication, Authorization, SSL, Encryption, Kerberos
29	Spark Ecosystem	Hive, HBase, Kafka, Cassandra, Hadoop integration
30	End-to-End Project	Data ingestion, Cleaning, Transformations, Machine Learning, Deployment

Interview question

Basic

1. What is Apache Spark?
2. Differences between Spark and Hadoop MapReduce.
3. What are the main features of Spark?
4. Explain Spark architecture.
5. What is RDD in Spark?
6. How to create RDDs?
7. Explain transformations and actions in RDD.
8. What is lazy evaluation?
9. What is a SparkContext?
10. Explain driver and executor in Spark.
11. What is DAG in Spark?
12. Difference between narrow and wide transformations.
13. What is persistence and caching?
14. How to check Spark version?
15. What is a partition?
16. How to create a DataFrame in Spark?
17. Difference between RDD and DataFrame.
18. What is SparkSession?
19. How to show schema of a DataFrame?
20. How to select columns in DataFrame?
21. How to filter rows in DataFrame?
22. How to perform groupBy operations?
23. What are Spark actions?
24. How to handle missing data?
25. How to sort data in Spark DataFrame?

Intermediate

1. What is Dataset in Spark?
2. Difference between DataFrame and Dataset.
3. Explain Spark SQL.
4. How to run SQL queries in Spark?
5. What is a tempView?
6. How to join DataFrames?
7. How to perform aggregations?
8. What is a window function in Spark?
9. Explain user-defined functions (UDF).
10. How to register UDF?
11. How to read data from CSV?
12. How to read data from JSON?
13. How to read data from Parquet?
14. How to write DataFrame to file?
15. How to cache and persist DataFrame?
16. How to monitor Spark jobs?
17. How to debug Spark applications?
18. Explain Spark UI.
19. What is Spark Streaming?
20. Difference between DStream and Structured Streaming.
21. How to create StreamingContext?
22. Explain window operations in streaming.
23. How to checkpoint in streaming?
24. How to handle late data?
25. Explain triggers in Structured Streaming.

Advanced

1. Explain Spark MLlib.
2. Difference between Transformers and Estimators.
3. Explain Pipelines in Spark ML.
4. How to split data into training and test sets?
5. How to evaluate models?
6. Explain cross-validation in Spark ML.
7. Explain Linear Regression in Spark ML.
8. Explain Logistic Regression in Spark ML.
9. Explain Decision Trees in Spark ML.
10. Explain Random Forests in Spark ML.
11. Explain Gradient-Boosted Trees.
12. How to handle categorical features?
13. How to normalize features?
14. Explain feature engineering in Spark ML.
15. How to use VectorAssembler?
16. How to use StringIndexer?
17. Explain OneHotEncoder.
18. Explain MLlib clustering algorithms.
19. Explain KMeans in Spark ML.
20. Explain PCA in Spark ML.
21. Explain GraphX in Spark.
22. How to create a graph in GraphX?
23. Explain Pregel API.
24. Explain Graph operations: PageRank, Connected Components.
25. How to debug Spark ML pipelines?

Expert

1. Explain Spark performance tuning.
2. How to optimize Spark jobs?
3. Explain partitioning strategies.
4. How to reduce shuffle operations?
5. How to use broadcast variables?
6. How to use accumulators?
7. How to handle skewed data?
8. How to configure Spark cluster?
9. Explain Spark deployment modes (Standalone, YARN, Mesos, Kubernetes).
10. How to integrate Spark with Hadoop?
11. How to integrate Spark with Hive?
12. How to integrate Spark with HBase?
13. How to integrate Spark with Cassandra?
14. Explain Spark with Python (PySpark).
15. Explain Spark with Scala.
16. Explain Spark with Java.
17. Explain SparkR.
18. How to implement end-to-end Spark project?
19. How to monitor and log Spark jobs?
20. How to secure Spark cluster (SSL, Kerberos)?
21. How to use checkpointing for fault tolerance?
22. How to implement streaming with Kafka?
23. How to implement Spark on cloud (AWS EMR, Databricks)?
24. Explain advanced GraphX algorithms.
25. Best practices for production-ready Spark applications.

Related Topics

Spark Architecture

RDD

DataFrames & Datasets

Spark SQL

SparkSession & SparkContext

Transformations & Actions

Joins & Aggregations

Spark Streaming

Hadoop vs Spark

#Spring_Cloud

Last updated    - V7 (19-Dec-2025)

Key Concepts

S.No	Topic	Sub-Topics
1	Introduction to Spring Cloud	Why Spring Cloud?, Microservices Concepts, CAP Theorem, Cloud Native Architecture, Monolith vs MS
2	Spring Cloud Architecture	Core Components, Service Discovery, Config Management, API Gateway, Circuit Breaker
3	Spring Cloud Dependencies	Starters, BOM, Spring Cloud Versions, Compatibility Matrix, Maven/Gradle Setup
4	Spring Cloud Config Server	Config Server Setup, Git Backend, application.yml, Encryption/Decryption, Refresh Scope
5	Spring Cloud Config Client	Bootstrap Config, @RefreshScope, Bus Refresh, Secrets Management, Multiple Profiles
6	Eureka Service Discovery	Eureka Server, Client Registration, Heartbeat, Instance Status, Self Preservation
7	Load Balancing with Eureka	Client Side LB, Round Robin, Retry, Cache, Health Checks
8	API Gateway Concepts	What is Gateway?, Filters, Routing, Global Filters, Path Rewrites
9	Spring Cloud Gateway	Route Definitions, Predicates, Filters, CORS, Custom Filter
10	Feign Client	Declarative REST, @FeignClient, Load Balancing, Error Decoders, Retry
11	Communication Patterns	Sync vs Async, REST vs Messaging, Pub/Sub, gRPC Integration, Event Driven MS
12	Spring Cloud Bus	Refresh Events, Kafka Backend, RabbitMQ Backend, Event Broadcasting, Config Sync
13	Circuit Breaker Concepts	Fail Fast, Graceful Degradation, Bulkhead, Retry, Timeout
14	Resilience4j	CircuitBreaker, Retry, TimeLimiter, Bulkhead, Dashboard
15	Spring Cloud Sleuth	Tracing, Trace IDs, Span IDs, Correlation, Zipkin Integration
16	Distributed Logging & Zipkin	Zipkin Setup, Collector, Query UI, Service Map, Correlation
17	Spring Cloud Security	OAuth2, Keycloak Integration, JWT Propagation, Gateway Security, Token Exchange
18	Distributed Messaging	Kafka, RabbitMQ, Topics, Partitions, Consumer Groups
19	Event Driven Microservices	Events, CDC, Outbox Pattern, Sagas, Event Sourcing
20	Spring Cloud Stream	Bindings, Channel, Functional Model, Kafka Streams, Error Handler
21	Data Management	Database per MS, Shared DB Problems, CQRS, Read Replicas, Caching
22	Distributed Transactions	2PC, Saga Pattern, Compensation, Message Relay, Outbox Table
23	Cloud Observability	Metrics, Micrometer, Grafana, Prometheus, Alerts
24	Testing Microservices	Testcontainers, Contract Testing, Mock Server, Unit Test, Integration Testing
25	Docker & Spring Cloud	docker-compose, Multi Service Network, Local Cloud, Volumes, Logs
26	CI/CD for Microservices	Pipeline, GitHub Actions, Jenkins, Canary, Blue-Green
27	Kubernetes for Microservices	Pods, Deployment, Services, Ingress, ConfigMap & Secrets
28	Helm for Deployment	Charts, Values.yaml, Templating, Release Version, Rollback
29	Production Hardening	Scaling, Caching Strategy, TLS, Zero Downtime, Canary Testing
30	Final Project	Microservices Suite, Eureka, Config Server, Gateway, Resilience4j

Interview question

Basic Level

1. What is Spring Cloud and why do we use it?
2. Difference between Spring Boot and Spring Cloud.
3. What is a microservice in Spring Cloud context?
4. Explain service discovery in Spring Cloud.
5. What is Eureka Server?
6. What is Eureka Client?
7. How does client-side load balancing work in Spring Cloud?
8. What is Ribbon in Spring Cloud?
9. Difference between Ribbon and LoadBalancerClient.
10. What is Hystrix? Why is it used?
11. Explain the Circuit Breaker pattern.
12. What is Spring Cloud Config Server?
13. How does centralized configuration help in microservices?
14. What is Spring Cloud Bus?
15. Explain the difference between Spring Cloud Gateway and Zuul.
16. What is Feign Client in Spring Cloud?
17. How do you enable Feign in a Spring Cloud project?
18. What is a fallback method in Hystrix?
19. Explain service registration and discovery flow.
20. What is Spring Cloud Sleuth?
21. What is Zipkin? How does it integrate with Spring Cloud?
22. Difference between synchronous and asynchronous communication in microservices.
23. What are profiles in Spring Cloud Config?
24. How do you define routes in Spring Cloud Gateway?
25. What is distributed tracing in Spring Cloud?

---

Intermediate Level

1. How does Eureka handle service registration and deregistration?
2. What is self-preservation mode in Eureka?
3. Difference between Eureka, Zookeeper, and Consul.
4. How to secure Spring Cloud Config Server?
5. How to refresh properties dynamically in Spring Cloud Config?
6. What is Spring Cloud Stream?
7. What are binders in Spring Cloud Stream?
8. What is the role of Spring Cloud Bus with Kafka/RabbitMQ?
9. How does Spring Cloud Sleuth assign trace and span IDs?
10. Explain distributed logging in Spring Cloud.
11. What are retry mechanisms in Spring Cloud?
12. How to implement API Gateway authentication and authorization?
13. How does Spring Cloud Gateway handle rate limiting?
14. What is service-to-service communication in Spring Cloud?
15. How to use Feign Client for inter-service calls?
16. What is load balancing in Feign Client?
17. How to monitor microservices in Spring Cloud?
18. Explain Hystrix dashboard and Turbine.
19. How does Spring Cloud integrate with Kubernetes service discovery?
20. What are config labels and branches in Spring Cloud Config?
21. Explain Spring Cloud Contract for microservice testing.
22. What are refresh scopes in Spring Cloud?
23. How do you secure service-to-service communication?
24. What is the role of Zuul filters?
25. How does Spring Cloud Gateway support WebSockets?

---

Advanced Level

1. How does Spring Cloud handle scalability in microservices?
2. Explain the working of Resilience4j vs Hystrix.
3. How do you implement bulkhead patterns in Spring Cloud?
4. What is the difference between retry and circuit breaker?
5. How do you secure communication with OAuth2 in Spring Cloud?
6. How does Spring Cloud Config handle high availability?
7. What is Spring Cloud Consul and how is it used?
8. How do you implement blue-green deployment using Spring Cloud?
9. What is canary release strategy in Spring Cloud?
10. Explain distributed sessions with Spring Cloud.
11. How to implement event-driven architecture using Spring Cloud Stream?
12. What message brokers are supported by Spring Cloud Stream?
13. How to achieve fault tolerance in Spring Cloud microservices?
14. How to perform chaos testing in Spring Cloud applications?
15. What is Spring Cloud Data Flow?
16. Explain batch processing vs stream processing in Spring Cloud Data Flow.
17. How do you configure multiple environments in Config Server?
18. What is configuration encryption in Spring Cloud Config?
19. How do you integrate Spring Cloud with Vault?
20. How do you monitor circuit breakers at scale?
21. Explain reactive microservices with Spring Cloud.
22. How to achieve graceful degradation in Spring Cloud?
23. What are challenges in scaling Eureka Server?
24. How to design a resilient API Gateway?
25. How to handle failover in distributed microservices?

---

Expert Level

1. How do you design a large-scale system using Spring Cloud microservices?
2. Explain CAP theorem in the context of Spring Cloud services.
3. How does Spring Cloud achieve eventual consistency?
4. How to migrate from a monolith to Spring Cloud microservices?
5. How to implement multi-tenancy in Spring Cloud applications?
6. How to integrate Spring Cloud with Istio (service mesh)?
7. What is the Saga pattern? How do you implement it in Spring Cloud?
8. Explain choreography vs orchestration in distributed transactions.
9. How do you achieve zero-downtime deployment in Spring Cloud?
10. What is API composition pattern in microservices?
11. How to handle schema evolution in Spring Cloud microservices?
12. Explain distributed caching in Spring Cloud.
13. How do you integrate Spring Cloud with Kafka for event sourcing?
14. How do you ensure observability with Micrometer + Prometheus + Grafana?
15. How to build resilient CI/CD pipelines for Spring Cloud applications?
16. How does Spring Cloud handle network partitions?
17. How to design a fault-tolerant ecosystem with Spring Cloud?
18. What is polyglot persistence in microservices? How to manage it with Spring Cloud?
19. How do you implement advanced security (mTLS) in Spring Cloud?
20. How do you handle cross-cutting concerns (logging, tracing, metrics)?
21. What are best practices for managing secrets in Spring Cloud?
22. How do you perform chaos engineering in Spring Cloud?
23. Explain the role of Spring Cloud in hybrid cloud deployments.
24. How does Spring Cloud integrate with AWS/GCP/Azure?
25. How do you combine Spring Cloud with Domain-Driven Design (DDD)?

Related Topics

Config_Mgmt

Service Discovery

Load Balancing

API Gateway

Circuit Breaker

Service Mesh

Distributed Tracing

#Spring_MVC

Last updated    - V7 (19-Dec-2025)

Key Concepts

S.No	Topic	Sub-Topics
1	Introduction to MVC	MVC Pattern, Model View Controller, DispatcherServlet, Front Controller, Request Flow
2	Spring MVC Architecture	DispatcherServlet, HandlerMapping, Controller, ViewResolver, HandlerAdapter
3	Spring MVC Setup	Maven Dependencies, web.xml Config, Spring Boot Setup, @SpringBootApplication, Application Properties
4	DispatcherServlet	Initialization, URL Mapping, Request Processing, Handler Resolution, Response Rendering
5	Controllers	@Controller, @RestController, Handler Methods, RequestMapping, ResponseBody
6	Request Mapping	@RequestMapping, @GetMapping, @PostMapping, Path Variables, Query Params
7	Data Binding	BindingResult, @ModelAttribute, Form Data Binding, Conversion Service, Validation
8	Views	JSP, Thymeleaf, FreeMarker, Velocity, Html Templates
9	View Resolver	InternalResourceViewResolver, ThymeleafViewResolver, Suffix Prefix Config, Content Negotiation, JSP Rendering
10	Model	Model Object, ModelMap, ModelAndView, Attributes, Session Attributes
11	Form Handling	HTML Forms, POST Request, Form Validation, Form Submission, Binding
12	Validation	@Valid, JSR303, Custom Validators, BindingResult, Error Display
13	Exception Handling	@ExceptionHandler, @ControllerAdvice, Global Error Handling, Error Pages, Custom Responses
14	Interceptors	HandlerInterceptor, preHandle, postHandle, afterCompletion, Cross-Cutting Logic
15	Filters	Servlet Filters, FilterChain, Authentication Filters, Logging Filters, CORS Filters
16	REST API Development	@RestController, JSON Response, HttpStatus, RequestBody, ResponseEntity
17	RequestBody and ResponseBody	Payload Binding, Jackson, MessageConverters, JSON Mapping, XML Mapping
18	Session Management	Session Attributes, Cookies, HttpSession, Token Storage, Timeout
19	File Upload	MultipartFile, Upload Config, Storage Service, File Validation, Error Handling
20	Security Integration	Spring Security, Login Form, Session Auth, CSRF Protection, Authorization
21	Internationalization	ResourceBundle, LocaleResolver, MessageSource, Language Switch, UI Translations
22	Logging	SLF4J, Logback, Request Logging, Log Format, Debugging
23	Testing Spring MVC	MockMVC, Controller Test, Slice Test, Response Validation, RestTemplate Test
24	Database Integration	Spring Data JPA, Repositories, Entity Mapping, Transaction, CRUD
25	Pagination and Sorting	PageRequest, Pageable, PageableHandlerMethodArgumentResolver, Sorting Parameter, REST Pagination
26	Thymeleaf Deep Dive	Template Expressions, Iterations, Layouts, Fragments, Form Binding
27	Async MVC	Callable, DeferredResult, WebAsyncTask, Async Request Handling, Thread Pool
28	Caching	Spring Cache, Cacheable, CacheEvict, CacheManager, EhCache
29	API Documentation	Swagger, OpenAPI, UI Config, API Validation, Schema Generation
30	Interview Preparation	Architecture Questions, Coding Tasks, Common Patterns, Debugging Skills, Best Practices

Interview question

Basic

1. What is Spring MVC?
2. Explain the MVC architecture.
3. What is DispatcherServlet?
4. What is the role of HandlerMapping in Spring MVC?
5. Explain Front Controller design pattern.
6. What is @Controller annotation?
7. What is @RestController annotation?
8. What is @RequestMapping used for?
9. Difference between @GetMapping and @PostMapping.
10. How do you use @PathVariable in a controller?
11. How do you use @RequestParam in a controller?
12. How do you use @RequestHeader?
13. What is a Model in Spring MVC?
14. How do you use @ModelAttribute?
15. What is the purpose of @InitBinder?
16. Explain the role of ViewResolver.
17. What is InternalResourceViewResolver?
18. How do you return a JSP view from a controller?
19. How do you return a Thymeleaf view?
20. How do you pass data from Controller to View?
21. What is BindingResult used for?
22. What is @Valid annotation?
23. What is HttpSession in Spring MVC?
24. What is a FlashAttribute?
25. How do you handle form submissions in Spring MVC?

Intermediate

1. Explain validation in Spring MVC.
2. Difference between global and local validation.
3. What is HandlerInterceptor?
4. What is WebRequestInterceptor?
5. How do you handle exceptions in Spring MVC?
6. What is @ExceptionHandler?
7. What is @ControllerAdvice?
8. What is ResponseStatusException?
9. Explain JSON response using @ResponseBody.
10. What is MessageConverter?
11. What is Content Negotiation?
12. Explain versioning strategies for REST APIs.
13. How do you implement HATEOAS in Spring MVC?
14. How do you upload files in Spring MVC?
15. What is MultipartFile?
16. What is CommonsMultipartResolver?
17. How do you handle session attributes using @SessionAttributes?
18. Explain cookies handling in Spring MVC.
19. How do you implement internationalization (i18n)?
20. What is MessageSource?
21. What is LocaleResolver?
22. What is LocaleChangeInterceptor?
23. How do you use DeferredResult for async processing?
24. How do you use Callable for async processing?
25. What is @Async in Spring MVC?

Advanced

1. Difference between synchronous and asynchronous controllers.
2. How do you configure a Filter in Spring MVC?
3. How do you implement a custom HandlerInterceptor?
4. How do you implement a custom ViewResolver?
5. How do you implement a custom MessageConverter?
6. How do you secure Spring MVC applications using Spring Security?
7. What is CSRF and how is it handled in Spring MVC?
8. How do you implement authentication in Spring MVC?
9. How do you implement authorization in Spring MVC?
10. How do you implement role-based access control?
11. How do you test controllers using MockMvc?
12. How do you test a Spring MVC application with @WebMvcTest?
13. How do you handle exceptions globally with @ControllerAdvice?
14. How do you handle validation errors in REST APIs?
15. How do you implement RESTful services in Spring MVC?
16. How do you handle JSON and XML requests/responses?
17. How do you implement cross-origin requests (CORS)?
18. How do you implement caching in Spring MVC?
19. How do you implement ETag for resources?
20. How do you optimize resource handling in Spring MVC?
21. How do you implement content compression in Spring MVC?
22. How do you implement conditional GET requests?
23. How do you integrate Spring MVC with Thymeleaf templates?
24. How do you implement dynamic view resolution?
25. How do you handle large file uploads efficiently?

Expert

1. How do you implement distributed session management?
2. How do you implement asynchronous REST API calls?
3. How do you implement streaming large responses?
4. How do you handle backpressure in async requests?
5. How do you debug complex Spring MVC request mappings?
6. How do you optimize memory usage in controllers?
7. How do you implement advanced exception handling strategies?
8. How do you implement rate limiting in Spring MVC?
9. How do you implement throttling for APIs?
10. How do you integrate Spring MVC with WebSockets?
11. How do you implement server-sent events (SSE)?
12. How do you implement dynamic content negotiation?
13. How do you implement versioned APIs with media types?
14. How do you implement advanced security with OAuth2/JWT?
15. How do you integrate Spring MVC with reactive programming (Spring WebFlux)?
16. How do you handle cross-service communication in microservices?
17. How do you monitor Spring MVC applications in production?
18. How do you implement custom interceptors for logging and metrics?
19. How do you implement advanced testing strategies for controllers?
20. How do you implement dynamic handler mapping?
21. How do you implement high-performance REST endpoints?
22. How do you migrate legacy Spring MVC applications to Spring Boot?
23. How do you implement API gateways with Spring MVC microservices?
24. How do you implement advanced exception mapping for REST APIs?
25. What are best practices for enterprise-grade Spring MVC applications?

Related Topics