# Agentic / Autonomous Agents

Last updated    - V7 (19-Dec-2025)

Key Concepts

S.No	Topic	Sub-Topics
1	Introduction to Autonomous Agents	Definition, Types, Applications, Benefits, Industry trends
2	Agentic AI Overview	Definition, Difference from traditional AI, Capabilities, Use cases, Examples
3	Multi-Agent Systems	Definition, Coordination, Communication, Cooperation, Competition
4	Agent Architectures	Reactive agents, Deliberative agents, Hybrid agents, Layered architectures, Examples
5	Environment Modeling	State representation, Dynamics, Reward functions, Sensors, Actuators
6	Perception in Autonomous Agents	Data acquisition, Feature extraction, Object detection, Sensor fusion, Challenges
7	Decision Making & Planning	Search algorithms, Planning strategies, Utility functions, Heuristics, Optimization
8	Reinforcement Learning for Agents	Q-learning, Policy gradients, Reward shaping, Exploration vs exploitation, Applications
9	Goal-Oriented Behavior	Goal representation, Hierarchical planning, Task decomposition, Prioritization, Monitoring
10	Autonomous Navigation	Path planning, Obstacle avoidance, SLAM, Localization, Motion control
11	Communication & Coordination	Message passing, Protocols, Distributed planning, Consensus, Collaboration
12	Learning & Adaptation	Online learning, Transfer learning, Continual learning, Self-improvement, Feedback loops
13	Simulation Environments	Gazebo, Unity ML-Agents, OpenAI Gym, Custom simulators, Evaluation
14	Human-Agent Interaction	User interface, Feedback, Trust, Explainability, Collaboration
15	Task Automation & Robotics	Robotic process automation, Physical robots, Task scheduling, Workflow integration, Examples
16	Safety & Reliability	Fault tolerance, Error recovery, Risk assessment, Robustness, Monitoring
17	Ethics & Responsible AI	Decision accountability, Bias mitigation, Fairness, Transparency, Regulatory compliance
18	Energy & Resource Management	Efficiency optimization, Power management, Resource allocation, Scalability, Constraints
19	Swarm Intelligence	Flocking behavior, Distributed control, Self-organization, Collective decision making, Applications
20	Planning under Uncertainty	Probabilistic planning, POMDPs, Risk analysis, Decision making, Examples
21	Autonomous Agents for NLP	Conversational agents, Chatbots, Task automation, Information retrieval, Language understanding
22	Autonomous Agents for Vision	Perception, Object recognition, Scene understanding, Navigation, Robotics applications
23	Autonomous Agents in Finance	Trading agents, Portfolio management, Risk assessment, Fraud detection, Strategy automation
24	Autonomous Agents in Healthcare	Diagnosis, Treatment planning, Patient monitoring, Robotics, Drug discovery
25	Tools & Frameworks	LangChain, AutoGPT, Ray, Unity ML-Agents, OpenAI Gym
26	Evaluation Metrics	Task success rate, Efficiency, Accuracy, Robustness, Adaptability
27	Integration with Cloud Platforms	AWS, Azure, GCP, Deployment, Scaling, Monitoring
28	Emerging Trends	Generative agents, Self-improving AI, Multi-modal agents, Autonomous decision making, Research directions
29	Challenges & Limitations	Computational cost, Safety, Scalability, Generalization, Ethical concerns
30	Career Path & Opportunities	AI researcher, Robotics engineer, Autonomous systems developer, Skill development, Industry demand

Interview question

Basic Level

1. What is an agent in Artificial Intelligence?
2. What is an autonomous agent?
3. What is agentic AI?
4. How is an agent different from a traditional AI model?
5. What are the core components of an intelligent agent?
6. What is an environment in agent-based systems?
7. What are percepts and actions?
8. What is a rational agent?
9. What is an agent function?
10. What is an agent program?
11. What are the types of agents in AI?
12. What is a simple reflex agent?
13. What is a model-based agent?
14. What is a goal-based agent?
15. What is a utility-based agent?
16. What is a learning agent?
17. What is autonomy in AI agents?
18. What is the difference between reactive and proactive agents?
19. What is an agent policy?
20. What is the PEAS framework?
21. What does PEAS stand for?
22. What is an episodic environment?
23. What is a sequential environment?
24. What is a deterministic environment?
25. What is a stochastic environment?

Intermediate Level

26. What is the difference between autonomous agents and rule-based systems?
27. How do agents handle partial observability?
28. What is the role of memory in autonomous agents?
29. What is agent planning?
30. What is the difference between planning and execution?
31. What is a multi-agent system (MAS)?
32. What are cooperative agents?
33. What are competitive agents?
34. What is agent communication?
35. What is an agent protocol?
36. What is belief-desire-intention (BDI) architecture?
37. What are beliefs in BDI agents?
38. What are desires and intentions in BDI?
39. What is reinforcement learning in agent systems?
40. How does Q-learning apply to autonomous agents?
41. What is exploration vs exploitation?
42. What is reward shaping?
43. What is a policy-based agent?
44. What is a value-based agent?
45. What is agent self-adaptation?
46. What is agent self-reflection?
47. What is tool usage in agentic systems?
48. What are LLM-based agents?
49. What is prompt chaining in agents?
50. What is task decomposition in agentic AI?

Advanced Level

51. How do autonomous agents reason under uncertainty?
52. What is POMDP and its role in agent design?
53. How do agents perform long-horizon planning?
54. What is hierarchical agent architecture?
55. What is a planner-executor loop?
56. How do agents manage state and context?
57. What is agent memory (short-term vs long-term)?
58. What is vector memory in LLM agents?
59. How do agents use external tools and APIs?
60. What is function calling in agent frameworks?
61. How do agents handle failures and retries?
62. What is agent orchestration?
63. What is the difference between agents and workflows?
64. What is multi-agent coordination?
65. How do agents negotiate and collaborate?
66. What is emergent behavior in multi-agent systems?
67. What is agent alignment?
68. What are safety risks in autonomous agents?
69. What is sandboxing for agents?
70. What is human-in-the-loop for agent systems?
71. What is agent observability and logging?
72. How do agents evaluate their own outputs?
73. What is agent benchmarking?
74. What is tool hallucination in agents?
75. How do agents ensure consistency over long tasks?

Expert Level

76. How do agentic systems differ from AGI?
77. What are the architectural trade-offs in agent design?
78. How do you design scalable multi-agent systems?
79. What is decentralized vs centralized agent control?
80. How do agents handle conflicting goals?
81. What is game theory?s role in multi-agent AI?
82. How do autonomous agents learn from each other?
83. What is agent self-improvement?
84. What is recursive self-reflection in agents?
85. How do agents manage cost and latency?
86. What is agent governance?
87. How do you prevent runaway autonomous behavior?
88. What is alignment drift in long-running agents?
89. How do agents maintain ethical constraints?
90. What is evaluation strategy for agentic workflows?
91. How do you test autonomous agents in production?
92. What is fault tolerance in agent systems?
93. How do agents operate in real-time environments?
94. What is agentic AI?s role in enterprise automation?
95. How do agents integrate with data pipelines?
96. What is the future of autonomous agents?
97. How do agent frameworks like AutoGPT differ from LangGraph?
98. What are limitations of current agentic systems?
99. How do regulations impact autonomous agents?
100. How would you design a fully autonomous enterprise agent?

Related Topics

LangGraph

AutoGen

CrewAI

#Azure_Cosmos_DB

Last updated    - V7 (19-Dec-2025)

Key Concepts

S.No	Topic	Sub-Topics
1	Introduction to Azure Cosmos DB	What is Cosmos DB?, Features, Advantages, Global distribution, Use cases
2	Cosmos DB Architecture	Database account, Containers, Partitioning, Replication, Consistency models
3	Cosmos DB APIs	SQL API, MongoDB API, Cassandra API, Gremlin API, Table API
4	Setting Up Cosmos DB	Creating account, Configuring database, Creating containers, Keys and connection strings, Portal overview
5	Data Modeling	Document structure, JSON schema, Container design, Partition key selection, Best practices
6	CRUD Operations	Create item, Read item, Update item, Delete item, Bulk operations
7	Querying Data	SQL queries, Parameterized queries, Filtering, Sorting, Pagination
8	Partitioning	Logical partitions, Physical partitions, Partition key design, Performance impact, Repartitioning
9	Indexing	Automatic indexing, Custom indexing policies, Composite indexes, Spatial indexes, Indexing best practices
10	Consistency Models	Strong, Bounded staleness, Session, Consistent prefix, Eventual consistency
11	Throughput & Request Units	Provisioned throughput, Autoscale, RU calculation, Scaling, Monitoring RU consumption
12	Change Feed	Overview, Enabling change feed, Event processing, Azure Functions integration, Use cases
13	Cosmos DB SDKs	.NET SDK, Java SDK, Python SDK, Node.js SDK, CRUD operations
14	Transactional Batch	Batch operations, ACID transactions, Atomicity, Limitations, Use cases
15	Stored Procedures	Creating stored procedures, JavaScript support, Parameters, Error handling, Execution
16	Triggers	Pre-triggers, Post-triggers, JavaScript triggers, Execution order, Use cases
17	User Defined Functions (UDFs)	Creating UDFs, JavaScript functions, Query integration, Return types, Use cases
18	Security & Authentication	Access keys, Role-based access control, Managed identities, IP firewalls, Encryption
19	Backup & Restore	Automatic backups, Point-in-time restore, Geo-backup, Recovery options, Best practices
20	Monitoring & Metrics	Azure Monitor, Metrics, Logs, Alerts, Performance tracking
21	Scaling & Performance	Horizontal scaling, Vertical scaling, Partitioning impact, Throughput tuning, Latency optimization
22	Multi-region Distribution	Global distribution, Read regions, Write regions, Failover policies, Replication latency
23	Cosmos DB Emulator	Installation, Local development, API support, Testing, Limitations
24	Data Migration	Azure Data Factory, BCP tool, Migration from MongoDB, CSV/JSON import, Bulk import
25	Integration with Azure Services	Azure Functions, Logic Apps, Event Grid, Synapse Analytics, Stream Analytics
26	Cosmos DB & Microservices	Event sourcing, CQRS pattern, Cache integration, Messaging, Real-time processing
27	Cost Management	Estimating RUs, Autoscale costs, Reserved capacity, Cost monitoring, Optimization
28	Troubleshooting	Common errors, Connectivity issues, Query performance, Partition issues, Logging
29	Best Practices	Partition key selection, Indexing strategy, Throughput optimization, Global distribution, Security practices
30	Projects & Labs	CRUD project, Change feed project, Global distribution lab, Cosmos DB + Functions, Performance testing lab

Interview question

📘 Basic Level

1. What is Azure Cosmos DB?
2. What are the key features of Cosmos DB?
3. What is a multi-model database?
4. How is Cosmos DB different from traditional SQL databases?
5. What are the supported APIs in Cosmos DB?
6. What is a database account in Cosmos DB?
7. What is a container in Cosmos DB?
8. What is an item/document in Cosmos DB?
9. What is a partition key?
10. What is logical partition vs physical partition?
11. What is Request Unit (RU)?
12. What are the consistency levels supported in Cosmos DB?
13. What is strong consistency?
14. What is eventual consistency?
15. What is session consistency?
16. What is bounded staleness consistency?
17. What is consistent prefix consistency?
18. How do you create a database in Cosmos DB?
19. How do you create a container in Cosmos DB?
20. What are Cosmos DB throughput models?
21. What is serverless mode in Cosmos DB?
22. What is provisioned throughput in Cosmos DB?
23. What is automatic indexing?
24. How do you query documents using SQL API?
25. What SDKs are supported by Cosmos DB?

---

📗 Intermediate Level

1. How does Cosmos DB handle global distribution?
2. How do you add a region to Cosmos DB account?
3. How does multi-master replication work?
4. What is a composite index in Cosmos DB?
5. What is a spatial index in Cosmos DB?
6. How do you optimize RU usage?
7. What are stored procedures in Cosmos DB?
8. How do triggers work in Cosmos DB?
9. What is a User Defined Function (UDF)?
10. How do transactions work in Cosmos DB?
11. How does Cosmos DB handle large data volumes?
12. What is the change feed in Cosmos DB?
13. How do you use change feed processor?
14. How does Cosmos DB ensure low latency?
15. What is the difference between single-region and multi-region writes?
16. What is failover priority in Cosmos DB?
17. How do you monitor Cosmos DB performance?
18. How do you set alerts in Cosmos DB?
19. What is indexing policy in Cosmos DB?
20. How do you handle TTL (Time-to-Live) in Cosmos DB?
21. How do you delete data using TTL?
22. How do you handle large queries in Cosmos DB?
23. How do you use LINQ queries with Cosmos DB SDK?
24. How do you migrate data into Cosmos DB?
25. How do you handle conflicts in multi-master Cosmos DB?

---

📕 Advanced Level

1. How do you design partition strategy for high-scale workloads?
2. How do you optimize queries for RU efficiency?
3. How do you design globally distributed applications with Cosmos DB?
4. How does Cosmos DB handle multi-region replication conflicts?
5. What is analytical store in Cosmos DB?
6. How does Cosmos DB Synapse Link work?
7. How do you perform bulk import/export in Cosmos DB?
8. How do you manage throughput across multiple containers?
9. How do you implement geo-redundancy in Cosmos DB?
10. What are the trade-offs between single-region and multi-region writes?
11. How do you configure consistency level at query time?
12. How do you implement change data capture using change feed?
13. How do you handle schema evolution in Cosmos DB?
14. How do you use Cosmos DB for real-time analytics?
15. How do you design Cosmos DB for IoT workloads?
16. How do you implement pagination in Cosmos DB queries?
17. How do you monitor indexing metrics?
18. How do you handle hot partitions in Cosmos DB?
19. How do you optimize container design for high write workloads?
20. How do you implement security using resource tokens?
21. How do you use managed identities with Cosmos DB?
22. How do you handle backups and restores in Cosmos DB?
23. How do you implement auditing and logging in Cosmos DB?
24. How do you scale Cosmos DB throughput dynamically?
25. How do you tune queries for multi-region applications?

---

📓 Expert Level

1. How do you design multi-tenant Cosmos DB architecture?
2. How do you design Cosmos DB for mission-critical SLA compliance?
3. How do you optimize cost while maintaining high availability?
4. How do you implement distributed transactions across multiple containers?
5. How do you design Cosmos DB for AI/ML pipelines?
6. How do you optimize Cosmos DB for microservices architecture?
7. How do you implement cross-region failover testing?
8. How do you monitor Cosmos DB at enterprise scale?
9. How do you handle disaster recovery in Cosmos DB?
10. How do you implement schema-less data modeling best practices?
11. How do you optimize Cosmos DB queries for heavy analytical workloads?
12. How do you integrate Cosmos DB with Azure Event Hub and Functions?
13. How do you implement real-time streaming using Cosmos DB change feed?
14. How do you implement vector search in Cosmos DB?
15. How do you manage RU sharing across multiple applications?
16. How do you implement advanced security policies for sensitive data?
17. How do you use Cosmos DB with Synapse Analytics for BI reporting?
18. How do you implement caching strategies with Cosmos DB?
19. How do you handle eventual consistency in critical applications?
20. How do you implement cross-region data synchronization?
21. How do you optimize Cosmos DB for hybrid cloud scenarios?
22. How do you monitor and tune multi-master write conflicts?
23. How do you design Cosmos DB for high-frequency IoT ingestion?
24. How do you implement AI-based recommendations using Cosmos DB?
25. What are emerging features and best practices for future-proof Cosmos DB architecture?

Related Topics

#TensorFlow

Last updated    - V7 (19-Dec-2025)

Key Concepts

S.No	Topic	Sub-Topics
1	Introduction	Install TF, CPU vs GPU, Eager mode, Tensor basics
2	Tensor Operations	Tensor creation, slicing, reshaping, broadcasting
3	Computation Graph	Graph vs Eager, tf.function, autograph
4	Matrix Operations	MatMul, transpose, reduce ops
5	Datasets Basics	tf.data, map, batch, shuffle
6	TFRecords	Create TFRecords, serialize, parse
7	Keras Basics	Sequential model, compile, fit, evaluate
8	Functional API	Custom architectures, merging layers, multi-input models
9	Layer Types	Dense, Conv, RNN, Embedding, Flatten
10	Optimizers	Adam, SGD, RMSProp, custom optimizer
11	Loss Functions	MSE, CrossEntropy, Huber loss, custom loss
12	Callbacks	ModelCheckpoint, EarlyStopping, TensorBoard
13	Computer Vision Basics	Image preprocessing, CNN, Conv2D
14	Advanced CNN	ResNet, Inception, MobileNet, Fine-tuning
15	Data Augmentation	ImageDataGenerator, tf.image operations
16	NLP Basics	Text preprocessing, Tokenizer, Embedding
17	RNN Models	LSTM, GRU, Bi-LSTM
18	Transformers	Attention, BERT, Encoder-Decoder
19	Custom Layers	Layer subclassing, call(), build()
20	Custom Training Loop	GradientTape, train_step(), metrics
21	Model Saving & Loading	SavedModel, checkpoints, export
22	Performance Optimization	Mixed precision, profiling, XLA
23	Distributed Training	MirroredStrategy, Multi-GPU training
24	TPU & Cloud Training	TPU setup, strategy, distributed datasets
25	TensorFlow Serving	REST API, Docker deployment
26	TensorFlow Lite	Quantization, TFLite conversion, mobile deployment
27	Object Detection	TFOD API, SSD, Faster R-CNN
28	Image Segmentation	U-Net, Mask R-CNN, FCN
29	AutoML + KerasTuner	Hyperparameter tuning, search strategies
30	MLOps Pipeline	CI/CD, model registry, orchestration
31	End-to-End Project	Data → Training → Evaluation → Serving deployment

Interview question

Basic

1. What is TensorFlow?
2. Explain Tensors in TensorFlow.
3. Difference between TensorFlow 1.x and 2.x.
4. What is eager execution?
5. What are variables and constants in TensorFlow?
6. Explain tf.constant().
7. Explain tf.Variable().
8. What is a computational graph?
9. What is a session in TensorFlow 1.x?
10. How do you execute operations in eager mode?
11. What are placeholders in TensorFlow?
12. Explain tf.function.
13. Difference between TensorFlow and NumPy arrays.
14. What is broadcasting in TensorFlow?
15. How do you install TensorFlow?
16. Difference between tf.Tensor and tf.Variable.
17. How to check TensorFlow version?
18. How to create a 1D tensor?
19. How to create a 2D tensor?
20. Explain basic tensor operations (add, multiply).
21. What is the shape of a tensor?
22. How to reshape a tensor?
23. How to slice a tensor?
24. Explain tf.zeros() and tf.ones().
25. What are TensorFlow datasets?

Intermediate

1. What is tf.data.Dataset?
2. How to batch a dataset in TensorFlow?
3. How to shuffle a dataset?
4. Explain map() function in tf.data.
5. What are optimizers in TensorFlow?
6. Explain GradientTape.
7. How do you compute gradients?
8. Difference between model.fit and custom training loop.
9. What is tf.keras.Model?
10. What is tf.keras.layers.Layer?
11. Explain Sequential API.
12. Difference between Sequential and Functional API.
13. How to add layers to a model?
14. What is compile() in Keras?
15. Explain loss functions.
16. Explain metrics in TensorFlow.
17. How to use callbacks?
18. What is EarlyStopping callback?
19. What is ModelCheckpoint callback?
20. Explain TensorBoard.
21. What is data normalization?
22. How to preprocess images in TensorFlow?
23. How to handle categorical data?
24. Difference between fit() and evaluate().
25. How to save and load a model?

Advanced

1. Explain Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) in TensorFlow.
2. Explain layers: Conv2D, MaxPooling2D, Flatten, Dense.
3. What is Transfer Learning?
4. How to fine-tune a pre-trained model?
5. Explain data augmentation techniques.
6. Explain Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN).
7. Explain LSTM and GRU layers.
8. How to implement Bidirectional RNN?
9. What is attention mechanism?
10. Explain embeddings in TensorFlow.
11. How to implement a custom layer?
12. How to implement a custom model subclassing tf.keras.Model?
13. How to implement a custom loss function?
14. How to implement a custom metric?
15. Explain TensorFlow Serving.
16. What is TensorFlow Lite?
17. How to deploy a model on mobile using TFLite?
18. Explain TensorFlow.js.
19. How to deploy a model in a browser using TensorFlow.js?
20. Explain tf.function and autograph.
21. How to optimize model performance with mixed precision?
22. How to use GPU for training?
23. How to profile TensorFlow models?
24. Explain distribution strategies (MirroredStrategy, MultiWorkerMirroredStrategy).
25. Explain saving models in SavedModel format vs HDF5 format.

Expert

1. How to implement custom training loops using GradientTape?
2. How to implement reinforcement learning in TensorFlow?
3. How to implement GANs in TensorFlow?
4. How to implement autoencoders?
5. How to implement seq2seq models?
6. How to handle large datasets with tf.data pipelines?
7. Explain TFRecord format and how to use it.
8. How to use tf.lookup for vocab and embeddings?
9. How to debug TensorFlow models?
10. Explain model quantization techniques.
11. How to implement pruning in TensorFlow?
12. How to implement distributed training on TPUs?
13. Explain checkpointing and restoring models.
14. How to implement multi-task learning in TensorFlow?
15. How to implement custom callbacks?
16. Explain TensorFlow Hub and how to use pretrained modules.
17. How to implement BERT using TensorFlow?
18. How to implement Transformers using TensorFlow?
19. How to implement attention layers manually?
20. How to implement multi-GPU training?
21. How to debug performance bottlenecks?
22. How to deploy models using TensorFlow Serving with REST API?
23. Explain pruning, quantization, and model optimization for production.
24. How to integrate TensorFlow with Keras preprocessing layers?
25. Best practices for building production-ready TensorFlow models.

Related Topics

#GO

Last updated    - V7 (19-Dec-2025)

Key Concepts

S.No	Topic	Sub-Topics
1	Introduction to Go	Overview of Go, History, Features, Go vs Other Languages, Use Cases
2	Environment Setup	Install Go, Configure GOPATH, Configure GOROOT, Setup IDE, Hello World program
3	Go Basics	Variables, Constants, Data Types, Operators, Input/Output
4	Control Structures	If-Else, Switch-Case, For Loop, Break/Continue, Nested Loops
5	Functions	Function Declaration, Parameters, Return Values, Multiple Returns, Variadic Functions
6	Packages & Modules	Package Declaration, Importing Packages, Creating Modules, go.mod, Standard Library Overview
7	Arrays & Slices	Array Declaration, Slice Creation, Append, Copy, Multi-dimensional Arrays
8	Maps	Map Declaration, Adding/Updating, Deleting Keys, Iterating Maps, Nested Maps
9	Structs	Struct Definition, Struct Literals, Nested Structs, Methods with Structs, Tags
10	Pointers	Pointer Basics, Dereferencing, Pointer to Struct, Pointer vs Value, Memory Allocation
11	Interfaces	Interface Definition, Implementing Interfaces, Type Assertion, Empty Interface, Polymorphism
12	Methods	Method Declaration, Receiver Types, Pointer vs Value Receiver, Method Sets, Struct Embedding
13	Error Handling	Error Type, Custom Errors, Panic & Recover, Logging, Best Practices
14	Goroutines	Concurrent Execution, Creating Goroutines, Goroutine Lifecycle, Synchronization, Examples
15	Channels	Channel Basics, Buffered vs Unbuffered, Send/Receive, Close Channel, Select Statement
16	Channel Patterns	Fan-in, Fan-out, Pipelines, Worker Pools, Timeout/Cancel
17	Concurrency Patterns	Mutex, WaitGroup, Atomic Operations, Context, Thread-Safe Data Structures
18	Go Concurrency Best Practices	Avoid Deadlocks, Avoid Race Conditions, Proper Channel Closing, Worker Pools, Context Cancellation
19	Go Standard Library	fmt, os, io, strings, strconv, time, math/rand, encoding/json
20	File Handling	Reading Files, Writing Files, File Modes, Buffered I/O, Error Handling
21	Testing in Go	Test Functions, go test Command, Table-Driven Tests, Benchmarking, Mocking
22	Go Modules & Dependency Management	go mod init, go get, go mod tidy, Versioning, Vendoring
23	JSON Handling	Marshal, Unmarshal, Struct Tags, Encoding/Decoding, Nested JSON
24	HTTP & Web Services	net/http Package, HTTP Server, HTTP Client, Routing, JSON API
25	REST API Development	Create REST Endpoints, GET/POST/PUT/DELETE, JSON Response, Query Parameters, Error Handling
26	Middleware in Go	Middleware Concept, Logging, Authentication, Error Handling, Chaining Handlers
27	Database Connectivity	database/sql Package, MySQL/PostgreSQL Driver, CRUD Operations, Connection Pooling, Transactions
28	Go Templates	text/template, html/template, Variables, Loops, Conditional Rendering
29	Go Project Structure	Folder Organization, main Package, internal Package, cmd Folder, Best Practices
30	Hands-on Project	Build CLI/REST API App, Use Goroutines, Connect DB, JSON Handling, Implement Tests

Interview question

Basic Level

1. What is Go (Golang) and why was it created?
2. List key features of Go.
3. Difference between Go and other languages like Java or Python.
4. What is a package in Go?
5. What is the difference between GOPATH and GOROOT?
6. How do you install Go on your system?
7. How to run a Go program?
8. What are variables and constants in Go?
9. Explain Go data types.
10. Difference between arrays and slices.
11. How do you declare and initialize a slice?
12. How do you declare a map in Go?
13. What is a struct in Go?
14. How do you define and call a function in Go?
15. What is the zero value in Go?
16. Explain Go?s control structures: if, for, switch.
17. Difference between break and continue.
18. What is defer in Go?
19. How do you write comments in Go?
20. Explain Go?s operators.
21. What is a pointer in Go?
22. How do you print output in Go?
23. How do you read input in Go?
24. Explain basic error handling using error type.
25. What is the difference between var and := syntax?

---

Intermediate Level

1. Explain Go modules and go.mod file.
2. How to import a package in Go?
3. Difference between value and pointer receivers in methods.
4. How do interfaces work in Go?
5. What is an empty interface?
6. How do you implement polymorphism in Go?
7. How do you use type assertion?
8. How to handle multiple return values?
9. Explain variadic functions in Go.
10. What are goroutines?
11. How do you create a goroutine?
12. What are channels in Go?
13. Difference between buffered and unbuffered channels.
14. How do you use select statement with channels?
15. Explain context package and cancellation.
16. How to handle race conditions in Go?
17. What is sync.WaitGroup and how to use it?
18. Explain mutex in Go.
19. How do you implement worker pools?
20. How do you handle JSON encoding and decoding?
21. How do you read and write files in Go?
22. Difference between pointer and value types.
23. Explain slice internals (capacity, length, underlying array).
24. What is panic and recover?
25. How to use Go?s standard library effectively?

---

Advanced Level

1. How do you create and use custom errors in Go?
2. How do you implement logging in Go?
3. How do you create REST APIs using net/http?
4. Explain routing using Gorilla Mux or similar frameworks.
5. How do you connect to a database in Go?
6. How do you handle transactions in Go?
7. Explain prepared statements.
8. How do you implement middleware in Go?
9. How do you implement authentication in Go web apps?
10. How do you implement JWT in Go?
11. Explain Go?s template package.
12. How do you render HTML templates in Go?
13. How do you implement caching in Go applications?
14. How to use go routines and channels for concurrent web requests?
15. Explain Go memory management and garbage collection.
16. How do you profile a Go program?
17. Explain Go?s race detector tool.
18. How do you handle signal interruptions?
19. How do you build a CLI tool in Go?
20. How to handle JSON schema validation in Go?
21. How to implement API versioning in Go?
22. How to implement rate limiting in Go web services?
23. How to implement a TCP/UDP server in Go?
24. How to handle WebSocket connections in Go?
25. How do you structure a large Go project?

---

Expert Level

1. How do you implement microservices architecture in Go?
2. How to implement event-driven architecture in Go?
3. How to use gRPC in Go?
4. How to use Protocol Buffers in Go?
5. How to handle streaming APIs in Go?
6. How to implement advanced caching strategies?
7. How do you perform load balancing in Go services?
8. How to implement health checks in Go applications?
9. How do you implement distributed tracing in Go?
10. How to integrate Go with Kubernetes?
11. How to implement zero-downtime deployments in Go services?
12. How to optimize Go programs for high performance?
13. How to implement message queues (Kafka/RabbitMQ) in Go?
14. How to integrate Go services with cloud platforms (AWS/GCP/Azure)?
15. How to implement authentication/authorization with OAuth2 in Go?
16. How to implement background jobs in Go?
17. How to use context for timeouts and deadlines effectively?
18. How do you implement graceful shutdown for Go services?
19. How to handle large JSON payloads efficiently?
20. How to implement circuit breakers in Go?
21. How to implement rate limiting using Redis or in-memory?
22. How to implement secure Go services (TLS, cert management)?
23. How to monitor Go applications (Prometheus, Grafana)?
24. How to perform integration testing for Go services?
25. Best practices for writing production-grade Go applications.

Related Topics

#Selenium

Last updated    - V7 (19-Dec-2025)

Key Concepts

S.No	Topic	Sub-Topics
1	Selenium	What is Selenium?, Features, Benefits, Selenium suite overview, Use cases
2	Selenium Architecture	Client-server architecture, Selenium IDE, WebDriver, Grid, Components overview
3	Selenium IDE	Installation, Record & playback, Commands, Test suite, Export scripts
4	Selenium WebDriver	Overview, Browser drivers, Language bindings, Advantages, Limitations
5	Locators in Selenium	ID, Name, ClassName, XPath, CSS Selector
6	WebDriver Commands	Get, FindElement, Click, SendKeys, GetText
7	Handling Web Elements	Text boxes, Buttons, Radio buttons, Checkboxes, Dropdowns
8	Synchronization in Selenium	Implicit wait, Explicit wait, Fluent wait, Page load timeout, Best practices
9	Browser Navigation	Open URL, Back, Forward, Refresh, Window management
10	Handling Alerts	Alert types, Accept, Dismiss, Get text, Send keys
11	Handling Frames & IFrames	Switch to frame, Switch by index, Switch by name/id, Switch back, Nested frames
12	Handling Windows & Tabs	Get window handles, Switch windows, Close window, Multiple tabs, Focus handling
13	Handling DropDowns	Select by index, Select by value, Select by visible text, Multi-select, De-select options
14	Keyboard & Mouse Actions	SendKeys, Key press, Key release, Mouse hover, Right click, Drag & Drop
15	Handling Checkboxes & Radio Buttons	Check status, Select, Deselect, IsEnabled, IsDisplayed
16	Taking Screenshots	Full page screenshot, Element screenshot, File saving, Formats, Automation reporting
17	Handling Tables	Rows & columns, Get cell data, Iterate table, Dynamic tables, XPath strategies
18	Handling JavaScript Alerts	Accept, Dismiss, Get text, Send text, Switch to alert
19	Handling Popups	Alert popups, File upload popups, Window popups, Frame popups, Close handling
20	File Upload & Download	SendKeys, Robot class, AutoIT, Handling download folder, Validation
21	JavaScript Executor	Execute script, Scroll into view, Click element, Change value, Handle dynamic content
22	Implicit vs Explicit Wait	Definitions, Use cases, Syntax, Pros & cons, Best practices
23	Selenium Grid	Hub & nodes, Parallel execution, Cross-browser testing, Configuration, Scaling
24	TestNG Integration	TestNG setup, Annotations, Assertions, Groups, Parameterization
25	Maven Integration	Maven project, Dependencies, POM file, Build lifecycle, Plugins
26	Jenkins Integration	Jenkins setup, CI/CD pipeline, Job configuration, Triggering builds, Reporting
27	Handling Dynamic Elements	Dynamic XPath, CSS selectors, Wait strategies, Loops, Element identification
28	Page Object Model (POM)	Design pattern, Page classes, Locators, Reusable methods, Implementation
29	Hybrid Framework	Keyword-driven, Data-driven, Combination, Implementation, Advantages
30	Hands-on Projects & Best Practices	Automation of login page, E-commerce site testing, Form submission, Reporting, Code organization

Interview question

Basic Level

1. What is Selenium?
2. What are the different components of Selenium?
3. What are Selenium WebDriver advantages?
4. What is the difference between Selenium 3 and Selenium 4?
5. What browsers does Selenium support?
6. What is a WebDriver?
7. What is the difference between findElement and findElements?
8. What is a WebElement?
9. How do you launch a browser in Selenium?
10. How do you open a URL using Selenium?
11. How do you locate elements in Selenium?
12. What are locators? Name the eight locators.
13. What is XPath?
14. What is the difference between absolute and relative XPath?
15. What is CSS Selector?
16. How do you handle text boxes in Selenium?
17. How do you click a button using Selenium?
18. How do you retrieve text from an element?
19. How do you close and quit the browser?
20. What is implicit wait?
21. What is explicit wait?
22. What is fluent wait?
23. What is getTitle() used for?
24. How do you check if an element is displayed?
25. What is the difference between driver.get() and driver.navigate().to()?

---

Intermediate Level

1. What are different types of waits in Selenium?
2. What is WebDriverWait? Give an example.
3. What is the Actions class in Selenium?
4. How do you perform mouse hover?
5. How to handle dropdowns in Selenium?
6. Difference between Select class and custom dropdowns.
7. How do you handle checkboxes and radio buttons?
8. How do you handle alerts in Selenium?
9. What are Frames and how do you switch to them?
10. How do you switch between windows/tabs?
11. What is JavaScriptExecutor in Selenium?
12. How do you scroll using Selenium?
13. How do you upload a file using Selenium?
14. How do you handle file downloads?
15. How do you take screenshots?
16. How do you capture full-page screenshots in Selenium 4?
17. What is Page Object Model (POM)?
18. What is Page Factory?
19. What is the @FindBy annotation?
20. What is TestNG? Why is it used with Selenium?
21. Explain the TestNG annotations.
22. How do you generate reports using TestNG?
23. What is data-driven testing?
24. How do you parameterize tests in TestNG?
25. What is the difference between soft assert and hard assert?
26. What is a headless browser?
27. How to run Selenium tests in headless mode?
28. What is WebDriverManager?
29. What is the difference between quit() and close()?
30. What is StaleElementReferenceException?
31. What are navigation commands in Selenium?
32. How do you maximize and minimize windows?
33. How do you wait for an element to be clickable?
34. What is XPath axes?
35. How do you validate broken links in Selenium?

---

Advanced Level

1. How do you handle dynamic elements?
2. How do you create custom XPath expressions?
3. What is Shadow DOM and how do you handle it in Selenium 4?
4. How do you handle WebSockets in Selenium 4?
5. Explain Relative Locators in Selenium 4.
6. How do you run tests in parallel using TestNG?
7. How do you integrate Selenium with Maven?
8. How do you integrate Selenium with Jenkins?
9. How do you run Selenium tests in Docker?
10. Explain Selenium Grid architecture.
11. How do you set up Selenium Grid 4?
12. What is distributed Parallel testing?
13. What is the role of Hub and Node in Selenium Grid?
14. How do you capture network logs in Selenium 4?
15. How do you intercept requests/responses in Selenium 4?
16. How do you automate authentication pop-ups?
17. How do you manage cookies in Selenium?
18. What is fluent design in automation framework?
19. What is a hybrid test framework?
20. What is Keyword-Driven Framework?
21. What is Data-Driven Framework?
22. What is Behavioral Driven Development (BDD)?
23. How do you integrate Selenium with Cucumber?
24. What is Hooks in Cucumber?
25. Explain Gherkin syntax with example.

---

Expert Level

1. How do you design a scalable Selenium automation framework?
2. Explain your framework architecture in detail.
3. How do you integrate Selenium with CI/CD pipeline?
4. How do you design reusable utilities in automation?
5. How do you apply SOLID principles in Selenium framework?
6. How do you implement a Factory design pattern in POM?
7. How do you implement the Builder pattern for tests?
8. How do you apply Strategy pattern in Selenium automation?
9. How do you manage test data for large test suites?
10. How to integrate Allure/Extent reports?
11. How do you perform cross-browser testing at scale?
12. How do you handle intermittent automation failures?
13. How do you set up cloud test execution using BrowserStack/Sauce Labs?
14. How do you implement Self-Healing locators?
15. Describe an enterprise-level Selenium automation solution you built.

Related Topics

String Handling

Last updated    - V7 (14-Dec-2025)

Key Concepts

1	Introduction to Strings	Definition, String vs character array, Memory concept, Immutable concept, String literal vs object
2	String Creation	Literal, new keyword, Intern pool, String constants, equals() behavior
3	Basic Operations	Concatenation, length(), substring(), charAt(), indexOf()
4	Equality & Comparison	equals(), == operator, compareTo(), equalsIgnoreCase(), best practices
5	String Pool	String intern(), memory saving, literal reuse, JVM mechanism, debugging pool
6	StringBuilder	Mutable concept, append(), insert(), reverse(), capacity()
7	StringBuffer	Thread safety, synchronization, performance, use case, compare with StringBuilder
8	Conversion	toCharArray(), getBytes(), valueOf(), parse methods, format() output
9	Useful Methods	trim(), replace(), split(), startsWith(), endsWith()
10	Regex Basics	Pattern, Matcher, meta characters, match(), replaceAll()
11	Advanced Regex	Groups, quantifiers, lookahead, lookbehind, capturing
12	Tokenization	StringTokenizer, Scanner use, split vs tokenizer, stream tokenization, parsing
13	String Formatting	printf(), format(), placeholders, locales, formatting numbers
14	Case Handling	toLowerCase(), toUpperCase(), locale support, Unicode cases, normalization
15	Substring & Indexing	Extract substring, boundaries, index operations, find substring, custom search
16	Searching Algorithms	Brute force search, KMP logic, pattern matching, rolling hash basics, use cases
17	Performance Optimization	Cost of concatenation, StringBuilder usage, profiling, memory leaks, repeated operations
18	Mutable vs Immutable	Deep dive, advantages, thread safety, identity hash code, security
19	Memory Management	Heap allocation, String pool garbage collection, intern optimization, examples
20	Unicode & Encoding	UTF-8, UTF-16, char vs byte, surrogate pairs, emoji handling
21	Character Handling	Character class, codePoint(), isDigit(), isLetter(), conversion
22	File & IO Strings	Reading text, StringBuilder for building, buffer read, split lines, writing
23	Stream API with Strings	map(), filter(), joining(), flatMap(), collectors
24	Security Aspects	Password handling, String vs char[], secure erase, log sanitization, risks
25	Localization	Locale, Collator, Comparator, region-based formatting, internationalization
26	Complex Parsing	JSON parsing basics, CSV parsing, escaping quotes, splitting rules, custom delimiters
27	Design Patterns	String pool pattern, builder pattern, flyweight pattern, factory use, internalization
28	Testing Strings	JUnit tests, assertions, regex tests, corner cases, mock inputs
29	Enterprise Use Cases	Logging, request handling, templates, localization, user input validation
30	Interview Prep	Top 20 questions, coding challenges, regex tasks, performance traps, custom implementation

Interview question

Basic Level

1. What is a String in Java?
2. How do you create a String object?
3. Difference between String and char[].
4. Why are Strings immutable in Java?
5. What is the String constant pool?
6. Difference between == and equals() in String comparison.
7. What does length() method return in a String?
8. How do you find a character at a specific index in a String?
9. Difference between charAt() and substring().
10. How do you check if a String is empty?
11. How do you concatenate two Strings?
12. What is the difference between + operator and concat() method?
13. How do you convert a String to lowercase or uppercase?
14. How do you trim whitespace from a String?
15. How do you compare two Strings ignoring case?
16. How do you find the index of a character in a String?
17. What does lastIndexOf() method do?
18. How do you check if a String contains another String?
19. What is startsWith() and endsWith() used for?
20. How do you replace characters in a String?
21. Difference between replace() and replaceAll().
22. How do you split a String by a delimiter?
23. How do you join Strings in Java 8?
24. How do you convert a String to a char[]?
25. How do you convert a char[] back to a String?

---

Intermediate Level

1. What is String interning in Java?
2. How does the intern() method work?
3. What is the difference between heap Strings and pool Strings?
4. How do you check if a String is a palindrome?
5. How do you reverse a String in Java?
6. What happens when you use + operator inside a loop with Strings?
7. Why is StringBuilder faster than String for concatenation?
8. Difference between StringBuffer and StringBuilder.
9. What is the substring() method used for?
10. How does substring() implementation differ in Java 6 vs Java 7?
11. How do you count the number of words in a String?
12. How do you count the number of occurrences of a character?
13. How do you extract only digits from a String?
14. How do you check if a String contains only alphabets?
15. How do you validate an email using Regex with Strings?
16. Difference between matches() and contains().
17. How do you remove special characters from a String?
18. How do you check if a String is numeric?
19. How do you find all substrings of a String?
20. How do you find duplicate characters in a String?
21. How do you sort the characters in a String?
22. How do you remove duplicate characters from a String?
23. How do you convert String to int and double?
24. How do you convert numbers to Strings?
25. How do you use String.format()?

---

Advanced Level

1. Explain memory allocation of Strings in Java.
2. How does garbage collection work with String literals?
3. Why are Strings immutable from a security perspective?
4. Why is char[] better than String for storing passwords?
5. How do you compare two Strings lexicographically?
6. How do you handle Unicode in Java Strings?
7. How do you normalize Unicode Strings?
8. How does encoding affect Strings in Java?
9. How do you convert a String to bytes?
10. How do you convert bytes back to a String?
11. How do you handle special characters in JSON Strings?
12. Explain the role of CharSequence interface.
13. What is StringJoiner introduced in Java 8?
14. How does StringJoiner work internally?
15. How do you join multiple Strings using Streams?
16. How do you split a multiline String into lines?
17. How do you check if a String is an anagram?
18. How do you implement case-insensitive search?
19. How do you replace multiple substrings at once?
20. How do you tokenize a String in Java?
21. What are Pattern and Matcher classes used for?
22. How does replaceAll() use Regex internally?
23. How do you extract a substring using Regex?
24. How do you efficiently join large Strings?
25. How do you check if two Strings are rotations of each other?

---

Expert Level

1. How does JVM optimize String usage internally?
2. How does String constant pool improve performance?
3. What are the performance implications of String immutability?
4. Explain lazy loading of Strings.
5. How does String concatenation compile into StringBuilder?
6. How do Streams improve String processing in Java 8+?
7. What are best practices for handling Strings in enterprise apps?
8. How do you handle memory leaks with Strings?
9. How does String interning affect garbage collection?
10. How do you measure performance of String operations?
11. What is the impact of substring() holding references to large arrays?
12. How was this fixed in Java 7 update?
13. How do you create a custom immutable String-like class?
14. How do you secure sensitive data stored in Strings?
15. What are pitfalls of using == in String comparison?
16. How do you handle locale-sensitive String operations?
17. What is collation in String comparison?
18. How do you optimize String-heavy applications?
19. How does StringBuilder grow internally?
20. What is the difference in thread safety between StringBuffer and StringBuilder?
21. How does String deduplication work in JVM?
22. How do you debug encoding issues with Strings?
23. How do you use Charset class with Strings?
24. How do you build efficient String utilities?
25. What is the future of String handling in modern Java versions?

Related Topics

StringBuilder

Java String - Sample Coding

#Data_Science

Last updated    - V7 (19-Dec-2025)

Key Concepts

S.No	Topic	Sub-Topics
1	Data Science Overview	Definition, Lifecycle, Use Cases, Roles, Skills Required
2	Mathematics for Data Science	Linear Algebra Basics, Probability, Statistics, Calculus Overview, Optimization
3	Python for Data Science	Python Basics, NumPy, Pandas, Matplotlib, Jupyter Notebooks
4	Data Collection	Data Sources, APIs, Web Scraping, Databases, Data Warehouses
5	Data Cleaning	Missing Values, Outlier Detection, Data Imputation, Data Normalization, Deduplication
6	Exploratory Data Analysis	Summary Statistics, Data Visualization, Correlation Analysis, Distribution Analysis, Insights
7	Data Visualization	Matplotlib, Seaborn, Plotly, Dashboards, Storytelling
8	Statistics for Data Science	Descriptive Statistics, Inferential Statistics, Hypothesis Testing, Confidence Intervals, A/B Testing
9	Feature Engineering	Feature Creation, Feature Scaling, Encoding Categorical Data, Feature Selection, Dimensionality Reduction
10	Machine Learning Basics	Supervised Learning, Unsupervised Learning, Model Evaluation, Bias-Variance Tradeoff, Pipelines
11	Supervised Learning Algorithms	Linear Regression, Logistic Regression, Decision Trees, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting
12	Unsupervised Learning Algorithms	K-Means, Hierarchical Clustering, DBSCAN, PCA, Association Rules
13	Model Training and Evaluation	Train-Test Split, Cross Validation, Metrics, Overfitting, Underfitting
14	Model Tuning	Hyperparameter Tuning, Grid Search, Random Search, Bayesian Optimization, Regularization
15	Time Series Analysis	Time Series Components, ARIMA, Seasonality, Forecasting, Evaluation
16	Natural Language Processing	Text Preprocessing, Tokenization, Vectorization, Topic Modeling, Sentiment Analysis
17	Deep Learning Basics	Neural Networks, Activation Functions, Backpropagation, Optimization Algorithms, Frameworks
18	Deep Learning Models	CNNs, RNNs, LSTMs, Transformers, Use Cases
19	Big Data for Data Science	Hadoop, Spark, Distributed Computing, Data Lakes, Scalability
20	Model Deployment	Model Serialization, REST APIs, Batch vs Real-time Inference, Monitoring, Scaling
21	MLOps Fundamentals	Version Control, CI/CD, Experiment Tracking, Model Registry, Automation
22	Model Monitoring	Data Drift, Concept Drift, Performance Metrics, Alerts, Retraining
23	Ethics and Responsible AI	Bias, Fairness, Explainability, Transparency, Privacy
24	Data Storytelling	Business Context, Visual Narratives, Communication, Dashboards, Stakeholder Presentation
25	Domain Knowledge	Business Understanding, KPIs, Industry Use Cases, Problem Framing, Decision Making
26	Cloud for Data Science	AWS, Azure, GCP, Managed ML Services, Cost Management
27	Advanced Analytics	Recommendation Systems, Anomaly Detection, Graph Analytics, Causal Inference, Optimization
28	Data Science Tools	Scikit-learn, TensorFlow, PyTorch, MLflow, DVC
29	Best Practices	Reproducibility, Documentation, Code Quality, Collaboration, Experiment Management
30	End-to-End Data Science Project	Problem Definition, Data Preparation, Modeling, Evaluation, Deployment

Interview question

🟢 Basic Level

1. What is Data Science?
2. Difference between Data Science, Data Analytics, and Machine Learning?
3. What are structured and unstructured data?
4. What is a dataset?
5. What is the role of a data scientist?
6. What is sampling? Why is it used?
7. Explain mean, median, and mode.
8. What is standard deviation?
9. What is variance?
10. What is correlation?
11. What is a histogram?
12. What is a box plot?
13. What is a scatter plot used for?
14. Difference between a population and a sample.
15. What is a null hypothesis?
16. What are outliers?
17. What is data cleaning?
18. What is feature scaling?
19. What is normalization?
20. What is a train-test split?
21. What is supervised learning?
22. What is unsupervised learning?
23. What is a classification problem?
24. What is a regression problem?
25. What is overfitting?

---

🟡 Intermediate Level

1. What is underfitting?
2. What is cross-validation?
3. What is k-fold cross-validation?
4. What is a confusion matrix?
5. Explain precision and recall.
6. What is F1-score?
7. What is ROC-AUC?
8. What is logistic regression?
9. How does k-NN work?
10. What is Naive Bayes?
11. What is decision tree?
12. Explain Random Forest.
13. What is gradient boosting?
14. What is XGBoost?
15. What is feature engineering?
16. What is one-hot encoding?
17. What is label encoding?
18. What is PCA (Principal Component Analysis)?
19. What is multicollinearity?
20. What is regularization?
21. Difference between L1 and L2 regularization.
22. What is a cost function?
23. What is bias?variance tradeoff?
24. What is EDA (Exploratory Data Analysis)?
25. What are missing value handling techniques?

---

🔵 Advanced Level

1. What is a neural network?
2. What is backpropagation?
3. Explain gradient descent.
4. What is stochastic gradient descent?
5. Explain vanishing gradient problem.
6. Difference between CNN and RNN.
7. What is LSTM?
8. What is attention mechanism?
9. What are word embeddings?
10. Explain TF-IDF.
11. What is time-series forecasting?
12. What is ARIMA?
13. What is stationarity in time series?
14. What is autocorrelation?
15. What is cross-correlation?
16. What is anomaly detection?
17. What is k-means clustering?
18. What is hierarchical clustering?
19. What is silhouette score?
20. What is DBSCAN?
21. What is model drift?
22. What is data leakage?
23. What is MLOps?
24. What is Docker in ML deployment?
25. Explain REST API for ML model.

---

🔴 Expert Level

1. Explain transformer architecture.
2. What are large language models (LLMs)?
3. What is reinforcement learning?
4. Explain Q-learning.
5. What is Markov Decision Process (MDP)?
6. What is approximate inference?
7. Explain Bayesian networks.
8. What is causal inference?
9. What is counterfactual prediction?
10. What is SHAP?
11. What is LIME?
12. Explain gradient boosting in detail.
13. How does CatBoost handle categorical variables?
14. What is feature store?
15. Explain Data Lake vs Data Warehouse.
16. What is delta lake?
17. What is distributed training?
18. What is parameter server architecture?
19. What is vector database?
20. What is embedding dimensionality reduction?
21. Explain end-to-end ML lifecycle.
22. What is model observability?
23. What is multi-armed bandit algorithm?
24. Explain optimization using Adam, RMSProp.
25. Explain real-time ML pipelines (Kafka + Spark + ML model).

Related Topics

Data_Warehouse

Data_Lake

Data_Lakehouse

#Exception-Handling

Last updated    - V7 (19-Dec-2025)

Key Concepts

S.No	Topic	Sub-Topics
1	Introduction	Definition, Errors vs Exceptions, Exception flow, Why needed, Real-world examples
2	Exception Types	Checked, Unchecked, Errors, Runtime, Throwable hierarchy
3	try-catch Basics	Syntax, Single catch, Exception capture, Debugging, Execution flow
4	Multiple catch	Multiple catch block, Order, Specific vs Generic, Multi-catch Java 7, Best practices
5	finally Block	Execution guarantee, Use cases, Resource cleanup, Try-finally, Finally behavior
6	throw Keyword	Manual throwing, Use cases, Custom messages, Runtime behavior, Stack trace
7	throws Keyword	Method signature, Propagation, Checked declaration, Compile errors, Best use
8	Exception Propagation	Call stack, Propagation rules, try vs throws, Runtime behavior, Examples
9	Custom Exceptions	Create class, Extend Exception, Extend RuntimeException, Fields, Constructors
10	Exception Class Hierarchy	Throwable, Error, Exception, RuntimeException, Libraries
11	Common Exception Types	NullPointer, ArrayIndex, Arithmetic, IO, ClassCast
12	Stack Trace	Print stack trace, Logging stack trace, Trace format, Frames, Debugging
13	Best Practices	Avoid swallowing, Custom messages, Single responsibility, Fail fast, Graceful exit
14	Checked vs Unchecked	Difference, When to use, Design patterns, Pros/Cons, Standards
15	Resource Management	I/O exceptions, Close resources, try-catch-finally, Auto close, Patterns
16	Try-with-resources	Java 7 feature, AutoCloseable, Multiple resources, Suppressed exceptions, Syntax
17	Suppressed Exceptions	Meaning, Access suppressed, PrintStackTrace, Use cases, Resource conflict
18	Logging Basics	Why log, Log levels, Log format, Logger libraries, Writing log
19	Advanced Logging	SLF4J, Logback, Log4j, Pattern layout, Exception logging
20	Exception Translation	Mapping exceptions, Wrapping error, Abstraction, custom messages, Conversion
21	Global Exception Handling	Application-level handling, Default handlers, Hooks, Web apps, Spring global handler
22	Spring Exception Handling	@ExceptionHandler, @ControllerAdvice, Custom response, JSON errors, Logging
23	Unit Testing Exceptions	JUnit test, assertThrows, Expected exceptions, Boundary cases, Testing messages
24	Debugging Techniques	Breakpoints, Watches, IDE tools, Visual debug, Exception inspect
25	Design Patterns	Command pattern exceptions, Builder validation, Strategy fallback, Template hook, Fail-safe
26	Performance Considerations	Cost of exceptions, Avoid overuse, Try/catch slow paths, Control flow bad practice, Benchmarks
27	Enterprise Handling	API error model, Status codes, Error JSON, Unified error format, Standards
28	Exception Metrics	Monitoring, Counters, Failure rate, Alerting, Dashboard
29	Security & Exceptions	Leaking info, Sanitizing output, Stack trace risk, Error pages, Secure messages
30	Interview Prep	Top 20 questions, Live coding, Common traps, Custom design, Real project demo

Interview question

Basic Level

• What is an exception?
• What is the difference between an error and an exception?
• What is the difference between checked and unchecked exceptions?
• What is a try-catch block?
• What is the purpose of the finally block?
• How do you throw an exception explicitly?
• What is the throws keyword?
• What is the difference between throw and throws?
• What is a custom exception?
• How do you create a custom exception?
• What is the call stack when an exception occurs?
• How do you print a stack trace?
• What is exception propagation?
• What happens if an exception is not caught?
• What is the default exception handler?
• What is an InterruptedException and when is it thrown?
• What is NullPointerException and common causes?
• What is ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException?
• What is ArithmeticException?
• What is ClassCastException?
• How do you catch multiple exceptions in a single catch block?
• What is multi-catch in Java?
• What is the purpose of Exception class?
• Can you catch Throwable? Should you?
• What is the effect of returning from a finally block?

Intermediate Level

• What is exception chaining (cause)?
• How do you set the cause of an exception?
• What is suppression of exceptions?
• How does try-with-resources work?
• What are suppressed exceptions in try-with-resources?
• What is the AutoCloseable interface?
• How do you design exception messages?
• What is exception translation/wrapping and why use it?
• What are best practices for logging exceptions?
• When should you rethrow an exception?
• What is a fatal exception vs recoverable exception?
• How do you implement retry logic safely?
• What is circuit breaker pattern related to exceptions?
• How do you handle exceptions in API boundaries?
• What is error handling strategy in layered architecture?
• How to avoid swallowing exceptions?
• What is defensive programming with exceptions?
• How do you test exception-throwing code?
• How do you assert exceptions in unit tests?
• What is the role of exception handling in transactions?
• How do exceptions affect transactions (rollback)?
• How to create meaningful exception hierarchies?
• What are checked exceptions vs unchecked in API design?
• When to use checked exceptions?
• When to use unchecked exceptions?

Advanced Level

• How do exceptions affect performance?
• What is the cost of throwing exceptions vs checking conditions?
• How does JVM handle stack traces for exceptions?
• What is enabling/disabling stack trace generation (Throwable.fillInStackTrace)?
• What is exception-safe code and strong exception safety guarantees?
• How to implement circuit breakers with exception patterns?
• How to design retry/backoff strategies for transient exceptions?
• How to map exceptions to appropriate HTTP status codes?
• What is the role of correlation IDs when handling exceptions in distributed systems?
• How do you implement global exception handlers in web frameworks (e.g., Spring)?
• How to propagate exceptions across threads and executors?
• How to capture exceptions from CompletableFuture or async APIs?
• How to implement exception translation across layers?
• How do you differentiate transient vs permanent exceptions programmatically?
• What is the role of idempotency when retrying after exceptions?
• How to perform fault injection and chaos testing for exception scenarios?
• How to detect and handle resource exhaustion exceptions?
• How to design resilient fallbacks for failed operations?
• What are common anti-patterns in exception handling?
• How to handle exceptions in streaming or reactive pipelines?
• How to debug memory leaks caused by exception-related resource leaks?

Expert Level

• How to design a global error handling strategy for microservices?
• How to ensure observability of exception events (traces, metrics, logs)?
• How to design exception taxonomies for large codebases?
• How to perform exception-driven feature flags and graceful degradation?
• How to use typed error responses in public APIs while hiding internal details?
• How to ensure security when exposing exception information?
• How to correlate user requests with exception traces across services?
• How to build a centralized exception collection and analysis pipeline?
• How to use machine learning to detect anomalous exception patterns?
• How to design for eventual consistency and exception recovery in distributed transactions?
• How to handle partial failures in distributed systems?
• What are best practices for exception handling in high-throughput low-latency systems?
• How to minimize exception overhead in hot code paths?
• How to use custom exception serializers for cross-language systems?
• How to implement graceful shutdown with exception cleanup in concurrent services?
• How to design contract-based error handling (e.g., gRPC status codes)?
• How to handle exceptions originating from third-party libraries effectively?
• How to manage breaking changes in exception types across API versions?
• How to perform post-mortem and RCA for recurring exceptions?
• How to build automated remediation for known exception patterns?

Bonus: Quick Practicals / Coding Prompts

• Write code that demonstrates try-with-resources with multiple resources and suppressed exceptions.
• Implement a custom checked exception and use it in a sample API.
• Create a utility that converts stack traces to a structured JSON format for logging.
• Implement retry logic with exponential backoff for a transient IO exception.
• Demonstrate exception propagation across threads using ExecutorService and Future.
• Show how to safely close resources even when exceptions are thrown.
• Implement a global exception handler in a Spring Boot REST API.
• Write unit tests that assert specific causes of exceptions.
• Demonstrate wrapping and unwrapping exceptions while preserving the original cause.
• Implement a simple circuit breaker that trips on repeated exceptions.

Related Topics

Exception Basics

Exception Hierarchy

Throw & Throws

Custom Exceptions

Built-in Exceptions

#JIRA

Last updated    - V7 (19-Dec-2025)

Key Concepts

S.No	Topic	Sub-Topics
1	Introduction to JIRA	What is JIRA, JIRA use cases, Agile tool overview, Terminology, Workflows
2	JIRA Interface	Dashboard overview, Navigation, Search bar, Personal settings, Help section
3	JIRA Projects	Project types, Classic vs Next-gen, Project creation, Templates, Settings
4	Issue Types	Story, Task, Bug, Epic, Sub-task
5	Creating Issues	Create issue form, Fields, Attachments, Mentions, Formatting tips
6	JIRA Boards	Scrum board, Kanban board, Backlog view, Issue ranking, Filters
7	User Management	User roles, Permissions, Groups, Security levels, Access control
8	Custom Fields	Field creation, Field types, Screens configuration, Field context, Field update
9	Workflows	Workflow states, Transitions, Conditions, Validators, Post functions
10	Workflow Schemes	Scheme binding, Mapping issue types, Draft workflows, Publish, Versioning
11	Agile Concepts	Agile principles, Scrum, Kanban, Sprint lifecycle, User stories
12	Backlog Management	Issue prioritization, Sprint planning, Story points, Estimation, Grooming
13	Sprint Management	Sprint creation, Start sprint, Active sprint, Sprint goal, Sprint closure
14	Scrum Reports	Burndown chart, Velocity chart, Sprint report, Story point trends, Retrospective
15	Kanban Reports	Cumulative flow diagram, Lead time, Cycle time, Throughput, Bottlenecks
16	Filters and JQL Basics	Search tools, Basic search, JQL syntax, Save filters, Share filters
17	Advanced JQL	Functions, Operators, Custom filters, Dynamic filters, Date filters
18	Dashboards	Gadgets, Widgets, Custom dashboard, Sharing settings, Dashboard layout
19	Automation Rules	Rule builder, Triggers, Conditions, Actions, Examples
20	Integrations	Confluence, Bitbucket, GitHub, Slack, Webhooks
21	JIRA Administration	Admin settings, Permission schemes, Notification schemes, Issue type schemes, Global settings
22	Advanced Permissions	Project roles, Permission matrix, Workflow permissions, Issue security levels, Role vs group
23	Custom Workflows	Multi-state workflow, Branching transitions, Approvals, Reopen transitions, SLA
24	Data Import & Export	CSV import, Cloud migration, Data export, Bulk update, Backup
25	Reports & Insights	Dashboard analytics, Forecasting, Metrics for Scrum, Metrics for Kanban, KPI tracking
26	Best Practices	Naming conventions, Workflow standards, Issue hygiene, Story writing, DoD
27	Real-time Collaboration	Mentions, Comments, Issue linking, Confluence pages, Shared filters
28	JIRA Customization	Themes, Project branding, Custom icons, Labels, Components
29	Hands-on Project	Create project, Build workflow, Create dashboard, Setup automation, Sprint practice
30	Interview Preparation	JIRA use cases, Admin scenarios, JQL questions, Reports questions, Best practices

Interview question

BASIC LEVEL

1. What is JIRA and why is it used?
2. Explain difference between Issue, Story, Task, Bug, and Epic.
3. What is a JIRA Project?
4. What are the main components of a JIRA Issue?
5. What is a Workflow in JIRA?
6. Difference between Scrum and Kanban boards in JIRA?
7. How do you create an issue in JIRA?
8. What is an Epic in JIRA?
9. What is Sprint in JIRA?
10. Explain Backlog in JIRA.
11. What is a Story Point?
12. How do you assign an issue to a user?
13. What is Issue Priority?
14. What is the purpose of Labels?
15. What is an Assignee vs Reporter?
16. What are Components in JIRA?
17. What are Filters used for?
18. What is JQL?
19. Explain the workflow statuses.
20. What is a Transition in workflow?
21. What is the purpose of Comments?
22. What is the use of Attachments?
23. How to search an issue in JIRA?
24. What are Sub-tasks?
25. What is Sprint Burndown Chart?

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INTERMEDIATE LEVEL

1. Difference between Classic and Next-gen project.
2. What are Project Roles in JIRA?
3. What is the Permission Scheme?
4. How do you customize workflows?
5. Explain Post Functions in JIRA workflow.
6. What are Conditions in JIRA workflow?
7. What are Validators in workflow transitions?
8. What is a Workflow Scheme?
9. What are Custom Fields?
10. How do you create a Custom Field?
11. What is Issue Linking?
12. What is Issue Cloning?
13. Explain Sprint Velocity Chart.
14. What is Estimation in JIRA?
15. What is the purpose of Agile Reports in JIRA?
16. How to create and manage Dashboards?
17. How to create Saved Filters?
18. How to share filters with the team?
19. What is Release/Version in JIRA?
20. Explain Fix Version vs Affects Version.
21. What is JIRA Marketplace?
22. How do you import issues from CSV?
23. Explain Bulk Change operation.
24. What is Epic Link?
25. What is Parent Link?

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ADVANCED LEVEL

1. Explain JQL syntax.
2. What are common JQL functions?
3. How to search issues updated in last 7 days with JQL?
4. How to search all unresolved bugs?
5. How do you implement approval workflow?
6. Explain multi-step workflow with branching.
7. What is SLA in JIRA Service Desk?
8. How do you implement SLA in workflow?
9. What is Automation Rules in JIRA?
10. Explain Triggers in Automation.
11. What is Jira Webhook?
12. How to integrate JIRA with GitHub?
13. How to integrate JIRA with Bitbucket?
14. What is Project Category?
15. What is Security Level in issues?
16. What is the difference between Permission Scheme and Issue Security?
17. How to configure email notifications?
18. What is Notification Scheme?
19. What is Issue Type Scheme?
20. What is Field Configuration Scheme?
21. How do you archive a project?
22. How do you migrate a project?
23. Explain Jira Cloud vs Jira Server.
24. How to troubleshoot automation rule failures?
25. Explain backlog grooming using JIRA.

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EXPERT LEVEL

1. Explain JIRA Architecture.
2. How to design enterprise-level JIRA workflow?
3. How to set up Multi-project workflows?
4. Explain Deep configurations for Advanced Roadmaps.
5. What is Portfolio Management in JIRA?
6. How to design cross-project dependencies?
7. What is Advanced Roadmaps (Portfolio)?
8. How do you implement SAFe in JIRA?
9. Explain Program Increment (PI) planning using JIRA.
10. How to implement Kanban at scale?
11. What is a Jira REST API?
12. How do you query JIRA using REST API?
13. How to automate issue creation via API?
14. Explain Jira Webhooks with CI/CD pipeline.
15. How to integrate JIRA with Jenkins?
16. What is User Directory configuration?
17. How to implement SSO in JIRA?
18. Explain LDAP integration.
19. How to perform Performance Tuning?
20. What is Disaster Recovery for JIRA?
21. How to scale JIRA Server with clustering?
22. How do you perform audit logging?
23. How do you configure observability for
24. Explain Backup and Restore strategy.
25. What are JIRA best practices for enterprise Agile?

Related Topics

#Microservice

Last updated    - V7 (19-Dec-2025)

Key Concepts

S.No	Topic	Sub-Topics
1	Introduction to Microservices	What are microservices, Monolith vs Microservices, Principles, Benefits, Challenges
2	Microservices Architecture	Service boundaries, Loose coupling, High cohesion, Domain-driven design, Scalability
3	Domain Driven Design	Ubiquitous language, Entities, Value objects, Aggregates, Bounded contexts
4	Service Communication Patterns	Sync vs Async, REST, gRPC, Messaging, Event-driven
5	API Design	Resource design, API versioning, Idempotency, Pagination, Error handling
6	Service Discovery	Client-side discovery, Server-side discovery, Registry, Eureka, Consul
7	API Gateway	Edge service, Routing, SSL termination, Authentication, Rate limiting
8	Configuration Management	Centralized config, Spring Cloud Config, Encryption, Refresh scope, Nacos
9	Load Balancing	Ribbon, Spring Cloud LoadBalancer, Client-side LB, Server-side LB, Weighted strategy
10	Circuit Breaker Pattern	Resilience4j, Hystrix, Retry, Timeout, Bulkhead
11	Event-driven Architecture	Kafka, RabbitMQ, Event sourcing, CQRS, Message patterns
12	Database Strategies	Polyglot persistence, Shared DB pitfalls, Eventual consistency, Saga pattern, Outbox
13	Data Management Patterns	CQRS, Event Sourcing, Change data capture, CDC tools, Data consistency
14	Security in Microservices	OAuth2, JWT, Mutual TLS, Zero trust, API security
15	Observability Basics	Logging, Metrics, Tracing, Health checks, Alerting
16	Centralized Logging	ELK stack, OpenTelemetry, Log aggregation, Log context, Trace IDs
17	Distributed Tracing	OpenTelemetry, Jaeger, Zipkin, Trace propagation, Span analysis
18	Metrics and Monitoring	Prometheus, Grafana, SLOs, SLIs, Dashboards
19	Scaling Microservices	Horizontal scaling, Auto scaling, Stateless design, Load tests, Bottleneck analysis
20	Containerization	Dockerfile, Best practices, Multi-stage build, Container scanning, Local dev
21	Container Orchestration	Kubernetes basics, Deployment, StatefulSets, Services, Ingress
22	Service Mesh	Istio, Linkerd, Sidecar proxy, Traffic management, Policy enforcement
23	Testing Microservices	Unit tests, Contract testing, Testcontainers, Integration tests, Performance tests
24	Async Messaging	Kafka, Producer design, Consumer lag, Message ordering, Retry patterns
25	Fault Tolerance	Fail fast, Graceful degradation, Retries, Timeout strategy, Dead letter queue
26	Deployment Strategies	Blue-green, Canary, Rolling updates, Progressive delivery, Feature flags
27	Cloud-native Microservices	12-factor app, Config as code, Secrets, Cloud services, Observability
28	Microservices Anti-patterns	Shared DB, Centralized communication, God service, Tight coupling, Over engineering
29	Hands-on Project	Gateway config, Discovery service, 3 services, Kafka integration, Alerts setup
30	Interview Preparation	Architecture diagram, Design questions, Resilience patterns, Trade-offs, Best practices

Interview question

1. Fundamentals

1. What are microservices and how are they different from monoliths in Java projects?
2. Explain the role of Spring Boot in building microservices.
3. Why are microservices considered loosely coupled and highly cohesive?
4. What is the advantage of using embedded servers (Tomcat/Jetty) in Spring Boot microservices?
5. How do you configure properties in Spring Boot microservices?
6. What is the significance of application.yml in Spring Boot?
7. What are the benefits of using microservices for large Java enterprise apps?
8. How do microservices promote independent deployments?
9. What challenges exist when moving a legacy Java monolith to microservices?
10. How does Domain-Driven Design (DDD) help in microservices design?
11. What is bounded context and why is it important?
12. How do you choose the right service granularity in Java projects?
13. What is a self-contained system in microservices?
14. Compare modular monolith vs microservices in Java.
15. How do you externalize configuration in Java microservices?
16. What is the role of Spring Initializr in microservices development?
17. Why are fat JARs preferred in Java microservices?
18. How do you secure configuration properties in Spring Boot?
19. What is the role of profiles (@Profile) in Spring Boot?
20. How do you bootstrap a microservice ecosystem for a Java enterprise app?

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2. Architecture & Design Patterns

1. What are common design patterns in microservices (e.g., Saga, CQRS, API Gateway)?
2. Explain the role of API Gateway in a Spring Cloud ecosystem.
3. What is the strangler fig pattern in migrating Java monoliths?
4. Explain choreography vs orchestration with Java examples.
5. What is the role of Spring Cloud in microservice architectures?
6. Compare layered architecture vs hexagonal (ports & adapters).
7. What are the drawbacks of distributed monoliths?
8. How do you handle inter-service communication in Java microservices?
9. What is the Backend-for-Frontend (BFF) pattern?
10. How do you apply the Circuit Breaker pattern in Spring Cloud?
11. What is the Sidecar pattern in microservices?
12. How do you apply the Bulkhead pattern in Java microservices?
13. What is service choreography with Kafka in Java?
14. How do you implement the Strangler pattern in a Java migration project?
15. What is the Saga pattern in distributed transactions?
16. How is CQRS implemented in Java with Spring Boot?
17. Explain repository vs DAO pattern in a microservices context.
18. What is eventual consistency and how do you achieve it in Java?
19. How do you handle cross-cutting concerns (logging, security) in Java microservices?
20. Compare synchronous and asynchronous architecture styles with examples in Java.

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3. Communication

1. How do microservices communicate using REST in Spring Boot?
2. How do you implement synchronous calls using RestTemplate vs WebClient?
3. What are the pros/cons of synchronous REST vs asynchronous messaging?
4. What is Feign Client in Spring Cloud?
5. How do you handle retries and timeouts in Feign clients?
6. Explain circuit breaker with Feign + Resilience4j.
7. How do you propagate request headers across services?
8. What is gRPC and can it be used with Java microservices?
9. How do you implement Pub/Sub messaging using Kafka in Java?
10. What is a dead-letter queue in Kafka?
11. How do you ensure idempotency in message processing?
12. What is Spring Cloud Stream?
13. How does backpressure work in Kafka consumers?
14. How do you secure inter-service communication in Java?
15. What is distributed event streaming?
16. How do you implement request-response over Kafka?
17. Compare RabbitMQ and Kafka in Java microservices.
18. How do you implement fan-out communication in Kafka?
19. What is correlation ID and how do you implement it in Java microservices?
20. How do you monitor message delivery in Kafka?

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4. Service Discovery

1. What is service discovery in microservices?
2. How do you use Netflix Eureka with Spring Boot?
3. What is client-side vs server-side discovery?
4. Compare Eureka, Consul, and Zookeeper.
5. How do you configure Eureka client in Spring Boot?
6. What is Ribbon and how does it work with Eureka?
7. Why was Ribbon deprecated and what replaces it?
8. What is Spring Cloud LoadBalancer?
9. How do you integrate service discovery with Kubernetes?
10. How do you secure service discovery in production?
11. How do you handle stale instances in service registry?
12. What is DNS-based discovery in cloud environments?
13. What are the benefits of Consul over Eureka?
14. How do you achieve multi-region discovery in Java?
15. What happens if a service registry goes down?
16. How do you scale service registries?
17. What is the difference between service discovery and API Gateway routing?
18. What is health check integration with discovery?
19. How do you refresh service registration dynamically?
20. How does Kubernetes service discovery differ from Spring Cloud Eureka?

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5. Data Management

1. Why is ?database per service? recommended in microservices?
2. What are the challenges with shared databases?
3. How do you implement distributed transactions in Java microservices?
4. What is the Saga pattern and how is it implemented in Java?
5. What is event sourcing and how can it be implemented in Java?
6. What is the CQRS pattern and its use in microservices?
7. How do you maintain data consistency across services?
8. How do you implement distributed caching in Java?
9. What is API composition in microservices?
10. How do you use Spring Data JPA in microservices?
11. What is optimistic locking vs pessimistic locking?
12. How do you handle schema evolution in microservices?
13. What is polyglot persistence?
14. How do you ensure transactional boundaries in microservices?
15. What are compensating transactions?
16. How do you replicate data across services?
17. What is eventual consistency and how to achieve it with Kafka?
18. What is database sharding?
19. How do you monitor database performance in microservices?
20. What is distributed caching with Redis in Java?

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6. Resiliency & Fault Tolerance

1. What is fault tolerance in microservices?
2. How do you implement circuit breakers in Java microservices?
3. Compare Netflix Hystrix and Resilience4j.
4. How do you implement retries with exponential backoff in Spring Boot?
5. What is bulkhead pattern and how is it used?
6. How do you configure timeouts in Spring Cloud?
7. What is fallback in Resilience4j?
8. How do you prevent cascading failures in microservices?
9. What is rate limiting and how is it implemented?
10. How do you handle service unavailability in Java?
11. How do you test resiliency in microservices?
12. What is the fail-fast principle?
13. How do you isolate thread pools in Resilience4j?
14. What is adaptive throttling?
15. How do you handle retries in Kafka consumers?
16. What is chaos engineering?
17. How do you build self-healing microservices?
18. What is service degradation?
19. How do you monitor circuit breaker metrics?
20. What is the difference between fault tolerance and high availability?

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7. Security

1. How do you secure REST APIs in Spring Boot?
2. What is OAuth2 and how is it implemented in Spring Security?
3. What is JWT and how do you use it in microservices?
4. Compare session-based vs token-based authentication.
5. How do you implement Single Sign-On (SSO) in microservices?
6. How does Keycloak integrate with Java microservices?
7. What is mTLS (mutual TLS) and why is it used?
8. How do you store and manage secrets in Java apps?
9. What is role-based access control (RBAC)?
10. What is attribute-based access control (ABAC)?
11. How do you handle API Gateway security in Spring Cloud?
12. How do you rotate secrets and keys?
13. What is zero-trust security model?
14. How do you handle CSRF in microservices?
15. What is rate limiting for security?
16. How do you secure Kafka topics?
17. What is API throttling?
18. How do you perform penetration testing for Java microservices?
19. What are OWASP top risks for microservices?
20. How do you implement security monitoring in microservices?

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8. Observability

1. What is observability in microservices?
2. Difference between monitoring and observability?
3. How do you implement centralized logging in Java microservices?
4. What is ELK/EFK stack?
5. How do you implement distributed tracing with Sleuth?
6. What is Zipkin and how is it integrated?
7. What is Jaeger and how is it different from Zipkin?
8. What is OpenTelemetry and how does it work?
9. How do you trace a request across services?
10. How do you implement correlation IDs?
11. How do you implement health checks in Spring Boot?
12. What is Micrometer in Spring Boot?
13. How do you integrate Prometheus with Spring Boot?
14. What is Grafana and how do you use it with Prometheus?
15. How do you implement custom metrics in Spring Boot?
16. How do you set up alerts for microservices?
17. How do you debug slow API calls in distributed systems?
18. What is log aggregation?
19. How do you handle log correlation in async flows?
20. What are golden signals in observability?

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9. Deployment (Docker & Kubernetes)

1. Why are containers used in microservices?
2. How do you Dockerize a Spring Boot microservice?
3. What is a Dockerfile and how is it written for Java apps?
4. What is the difference between ENTRYPOINT and CMD in Docker?
5. How do you configure environment variables in Docker?
6. What is Kubernetes and why is it used with microservices?
7. What is a Kubernetes pod?
8. What is a deployment in Kubernetes?
9. What is a Kubernetes service?
10. How do you expose microservices using Ingress?
11. What is ConfigMap in Kubernetes?
12. What is a Secret in Kubernetes?
13. What is a sidecar container?
14. What is Istio and what problems does it solve?
15. How do you implement service mesh in Kubernetes?
16. What is rolling update in Kubernetes?
17. How do you implement blue-green deployment in Kubernetes?
18. What is canary deployment?
19. How do you handle scaling in Kubernetes?
20. How do you secure microservices in Kubernetes?

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10. Testing

1. How do you test microservices in Java?
2. What is unit testing in Spring Boot?
3. What is integration testing with Spring Boot Test?
4. How do you use TestContainers in microservices testing?
5. What is contract testing and why is it important?
6. How do you use Pact for consumer-driven contracts?
7. How do you mock dependencies in unit tests?
8. What is WireMock and how do you use it?
9. How do you test asynchronous flows?
10. What is chaos testing?
11. How do you load test microservices?
12. How do you use JMeter for performance testing?
13. How do you use Gatling for load testing?
14. What is resilience testing?
15. How do you test API Gateway routes?
16. How do you test security in microservices?
17. What is fault injection testing?
18. How do you automate tests in CI/CD?
19. What is canary testing?
20. What is end-to-end testing in microservices?

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Related Topics