19 December 2025

# Agentic / Autonomous Agents

#Agentic / Autonomous Agents

Key Concepts


S.No Topic Sub-Topics
1Introduction to Autonomous AgentsDefinition, Types, Applications, Benefits, Industry trends
2Agentic AI OverviewDefinition, Difference from traditional AI, Capabilities, Use cases, Examples
3Multi-Agent SystemsDefinition, Coordination, Communication, Cooperation, Competition
4Agent ArchitecturesReactive agents, Deliberative agents, Hybrid agents, Layered architectures, Examples
5Environment ModelingState representation, Dynamics, Reward functions, Sensors, Actuators
6Perception in Autonomous AgentsData acquisition, Feature extraction, Object detection, Sensor fusion, Challenges
7Decision Making & PlanningSearch algorithms, Planning strategies, Utility functions, Heuristics, Optimization
8Reinforcement Learning for AgentsQ-learning, Policy gradients, Reward shaping, Exploration vs exploitation, Applications
9Goal-Oriented BehaviorGoal representation, Hierarchical planning, Task decomposition, Prioritization, Monitoring
10Autonomous NavigationPath planning, Obstacle avoidance, SLAM, Localization, Motion control
11Communication & CoordinationMessage passing, Protocols, Distributed planning, Consensus, Collaboration
12Learning & AdaptationOnline learning, Transfer learning, Continual learning, Self-improvement, Feedback loops
13Simulation EnvironmentsGazebo, Unity ML-Agents, OpenAI Gym, Custom simulators, Evaluation
14Human-Agent InteractionUser interface, Feedback, Trust, Explainability, Collaboration
15Task Automation & RoboticsRobotic process automation, Physical robots, Task scheduling, Workflow integration, Examples
16Safety & ReliabilityFault tolerance, Error recovery, Risk assessment, Robustness, Monitoring
17Ethics & Responsible AIDecision accountability, Bias mitigation, Fairness, Transparency, Regulatory compliance
18Energy & Resource ManagementEfficiency optimization, Power management, Resource allocation, Scalability, Constraints
19Swarm IntelligenceFlocking behavior, Distributed control, Self-organization, Collective decision making, Applications
20Planning under UncertaintyProbabilistic planning, POMDPs, Risk analysis, Decision making, Examples
21Autonomous Agents for NLPConversational agents, Chatbots, Task automation, Information retrieval, Language understanding
22Autonomous Agents for VisionPerception, Object recognition, Scene understanding, Navigation, Robotics applications
23Autonomous Agents in FinanceTrading agents, Portfolio management, Risk assessment, Fraud detection, Strategy automation
24Autonomous Agents in HealthcareDiagnosis, Treatment planning, Patient monitoring, Robotics, Drug discovery
25Tools & FrameworksLangChain, AutoGPT, Ray, Unity ML-Agents, OpenAI Gym
26Evaluation MetricsTask success rate, Efficiency, Accuracy, Robustness, Adaptability
27Integration with Cloud PlatformsAWS, Azure, GCP, Deployment, Scaling, Monitoring
28Emerging TrendsGenerative agents, Self-improving AI, Multi-modal agents, Autonomous decision making, Research directions
29Challenges & LimitationsComputational cost, Safety, Scalability, Generalization, Ethical concerns
30Career Path & OpportunitiesAI researcher, Robotics engineer, Autonomous systems developer, Skill development, Industry demand

Interview question

Basic Level

  1. What is an agent in Artificial Intelligence?
  2. What is an autonomous agent?
  3. What is agentic AI?
  4. How is an agent different from a traditional AI model?
  5. What are the core components of an intelligent agent?
  6. What is an environment in agent-based systems?
  7. What are percepts and actions?
  8. What is a rational agent?
  9. What is an agent function?
  10. What is an agent program?
  11. What are the types of agents in AI?
  12. What is a simple reflex agent?
  13. What is a model-based agent?
  14. What is a goal-based agent?
  15. What is a utility-based agent?
  16. What is a learning agent?
  17. What is autonomy in AI agents?
  18. What is the difference between reactive and proactive agents?
  19. What is an agent policy?
  20. What is the PEAS framework?
  21. What does PEAS stand for?
  22. What is an episodic environment?
  23. What is a sequential environment?
  24. What is a deterministic environment?
  25. What is a stochastic environment?

Intermediate Level

  1. What is the difference between autonomous agents and rule-based systems?
  2. How do agents handle partial observability?
  3. What is the role of memory in autonomous agents?
  4. What is agent planning?
  5. What is the difference between planning and execution?
  6. What is a multi-agent system (MAS)?
  7. What are cooperative agents?
  8. What are competitive agents?
  9. What is agent communication?
  10. What is an agent protocol?
  11. What is belief-desire-intention (BDI) architecture?
  12. What are beliefs in BDI agents?
  13. What are desires and intentions in BDI?
  14. What is reinforcement learning in agent systems?
  15. How does Q-learning apply to autonomous agents?
  16. What is exploration vs exploitation?
  17. What is reward shaping?
  18. What is a policy-based agent?
  19. What is a value-based agent?
  20. What is agent self-adaptation?
  21. What is agent self-reflection?
  22. What is tool usage in agentic systems?
  23. What are LLM-based agents?
  24. What is prompt chaining in agents?
  25. What is task decomposition in agentic AI?

Advanced Level

  1. How do autonomous agents reason under uncertainty?
  2. What is POMDP and its role in agent design?
  3. How do agents perform long-horizon planning?
  4. What is hierarchical agent architecture?
  5. What is a planner-executor loop?
  6. How do agents manage state and context?
  7. What is agent memory (short-term vs long-term)?
  8. What is vector memory in LLM agents?
  9. How do agents use external tools and APIs?
  10. What is function calling in agent frameworks?
  11. How do agents handle failures and retries?
  12. What is agent orchestration?
  13. What is the difference between agents and workflows?
  14. What is multi-agent coordination?
  15. How do agents negotiate and collaborate?
  16. What is emergent behavior in multi-agent systems?
  17. What is agent alignment?
  18. What are safety risks in autonomous agents?
  19. What is sandboxing for agents?
  20. What is human-in-the-loop for agent systems?
  21. What is agent observability and logging?
  22. How do agents evaluate their own outputs?
  23. What is agent benchmarking?
  24. What is tool hallucination in agents?
  25. How do agents ensure consistency over long tasks?

Expert Level

  1. How do agentic systems differ from AGI?
  2. What are the architectural trade-offs in agent design?
  3. How do you design scalable multi-agent systems?
  4. What is decentralized vs centralized agent control?
  5. How do agents handle conflicting goals?
  6. What is game theory?s role in multi-agent AI?
  7. How do autonomous agents learn from each other?
  8. What is agent self-improvement?
  9. What is recursive self-reflection in agents?
  10. How do agents manage cost and latency?
  11. What is agent governance?
  12. How do you prevent runaway autonomous behavior?
  13. What is alignment drift in long-running agents?
  14. How do agents maintain ethical constraints?
  15. What is evaluation strategy for agentic workflows?
  16. How do you test autonomous agents in production?
  17. What is fault tolerance in agent systems?
  18. How do agents operate in real-time environments?
  19. What is agentic AI?s role in enterprise automation?
  20. How do agents integrate with data pipelines?
  21. What is the future of autonomous agents?
  22. How do agent frameworks like AutoGPT differ from LangGraph?
  23. What are limitations of current agentic systems?
  24. How do regulations impact autonomous agents?
  25. How would you design a fully autonomous enterprise agent?

Related Topics


   LangGraph   
   AutoGen   
   CrewAI   

20 November 2025

#Data_Science

#Data_Science

Key Concepts


S.No Topic Sub-Topics
1Data Science OverviewDefinition, Lifecycle, Use Cases, Roles, Skills Required
2Mathematics for Data ScienceLinear Algebra Basics, Probability, Statistics, Calculus Overview, Optimization
3Python for Data SciencePython Basics, NumPy, Pandas, Matplotlib, Jupyter Notebooks
4Data CollectionData Sources, APIs, Web Scraping, Databases, Data Warehouses
5Data CleaningMissing Values, Outlier Detection, Data Imputation, Data Normalization, Deduplication
6Exploratory Data AnalysisSummary Statistics, Data Visualization, Correlation Analysis, Distribution Analysis, Insights
7Data VisualizationMatplotlib, Seaborn, Plotly, Dashboards, Storytelling
8Statistics for Data ScienceDescriptive Statistics, Inferential Statistics, Hypothesis Testing, Confidence Intervals, A/B Testing
9Feature EngineeringFeature Creation, Feature Scaling, Encoding Categorical Data, Feature Selection, Dimensionality Reduction
10Machine Learning BasicsSupervised Learning, Unsupervised Learning, Model Evaluation, Bias-Variance Tradeoff, Pipelines
11Supervised Learning AlgorithmsLinear Regression, Logistic Regression, Decision Trees, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting
12Unsupervised Learning AlgorithmsK-Means, Hierarchical Clustering, DBSCAN, PCA, Association Rules
13Model Training and EvaluationTrain-Test Split, Cross Validation, Metrics, Overfitting, Underfitting
14Model TuningHyperparameter Tuning, Grid Search, Random Search, Bayesian Optimization, Regularization
15Time Series AnalysisTime Series Components, ARIMA, Seasonality, Forecasting, Evaluation
16Natural Language ProcessingText Preprocessing, Tokenization, Vectorization, Topic Modeling, Sentiment Analysis
17Deep Learning BasicsNeural Networks, Activation Functions, Backpropagation, Optimization Algorithms, Frameworks
18Deep Learning ModelsCNNs, RNNs, LSTMs, Transformers, Use Cases
19Big Data for Data ScienceHadoop, Spark, Distributed Computing, Data Lakes, Scalability
20Model DeploymentModel Serialization, REST APIs, Batch vs Real-time Inference, Monitoring, Scaling
21MLOps FundamentalsVersion Control, CI/CD, Experiment Tracking, Model Registry, Automation
22Model MonitoringData Drift, Concept Drift, Performance Metrics, Alerts, Retraining
23Ethics and Responsible AIBias, Fairness, Explainability, Transparency, Privacy
24Data StorytellingBusiness Context, Visual Narratives, Communication, Dashboards, Stakeholder Presentation
25Domain KnowledgeBusiness Understanding, KPIs, Industry Use Cases, Problem Framing, Decision Making
26Cloud for Data ScienceAWS, Azure, GCP, Managed ML Services, Cost Management
27Advanced AnalyticsRecommendation Systems, Anomaly Detection, Graph Analytics, Causal Inference, Optimization
28Data Science ToolsScikit-learn, TensorFlow, PyTorch, MLflow, DVC
29Best PracticesReproducibility, Documentation, Code Quality, Collaboration, Experiment Management
30End-to-End Data Science ProjectProblem Definition, Data Preparation, Modeling, Evaluation, Deployment

Interview question

🟢 Basic Level

  1. What is Data Science?
  2. Difference between Data Science, Data Analytics, and Machine Learning?
  3. What are structured and unstructured data?
  4. What is a dataset?
  5. What is the role of a data scientist?
  6. What is sampling? Why is it used?
  7. Explain mean, median, and mode.
  8. What is standard deviation?
  9. What is variance?
  10. What is correlation?
  11. What is a histogram?
  12. What is a box plot?
  13. What is a scatter plot used for?
  14. Difference between a population and a sample.
  15. What is a null hypothesis?
  16. What are outliers?
  17. What is data cleaning?
  18. What is feature scaling?
  19. What is normalization?
  20. What is a train-test split?
  21. What is supervised learning?
  22. What is unsupervised learning?
  23. What is a classification problem?
  24. What is a regression problem?
  25. What is overfitting?

🟡 Intermediate Level

  1. What is underfitting?
  2. What is cross-validation?
  3. What is k-fold cross-validation?
  4. What is a confusion matrix?
  5. Explain precision and recall.
  6. What is F1-score?
  7. What is ROC-AUC?
  8. What is logistic regression?
  9. How does k-NN work?
  10. What is Naive Bayes?
  11. What is decision tree?
  12. Explain Random Forest.
  13. What is gradient boosting?
  14. What is XGBoost?
  15. What is feature engineering?
  16. What is one-hot encoding?
  17. What is label encoding?
  18. What is PCA (Principal Component Analysis)?
  19. What is multicollinearity?
  20. What is regularization?
  21. Difference between L1 and L2 regularization.
  22. What is a cost function?
  23. What is bias?variance tradeoff?
  24. What is EDA (Exploratory Data Analysis)?
  25. What are missing value handling techniques?

🔵 Advanced Level

  1. What is a neural network?
  2. What is backpropagation?
  3. Explain gradient descent.
  4. What is stochastic gradient descent?
  5. Explain vanishing gradient problem.
  6. Difference between CNN and RNN.
  7. What is LSTM?
  8. What is attention mechanism?
  9. What are word embeddings?
  10. Explain TF-IDF.
  11. What is time-series forecasting?
  12. What is ARIMA?
  13. What is stationarity in time series?
  14. What is autocorrelation?
  15. What is cross-correlation?
  16. What is anomaly detection?
  17. What is k-means clustering?
  18. What is hierarchical clustering?
  19. What is silhouette score?
  20. What is DBSCAN?
  21. What is model drift?
  22. What is data leakage?
  23. What is MLOps?
  24. What is Docker in ML deployment?
  25. Explain REST API for ML model.

🔴 Expert Level

  1. Explain transformer architecture.
  2. What are large language models (LLMs)?
  3. What is reinforcement learning?
  4. Explain Q-learning.
  5. What is Markov Decision Process (MDP)?
  6. What is approximate inference?
  7. Explain Bayesian networks.
  8. What is causal inference?
  9. What is counterfactual prediction?
  10. What is SHAP?
  11. What is LIME?
  12. Explain gradient boosting in detail.
  13. How does CatBoost handle categorical variables?
  14. What is feature store?
  15. Explain Data Lake vs Data Warehouse.
  16. What is delta lake?
  17. What is distributed training?
  18. What is parameter server architecture?
  19. What is vector database?
  20. What is embedding dimensionality reduction?
  21. Explain end-to-end ML lifecycle.
  22. What is model observability?
  23. What is multi-armed bandit algorithm?
  24. Explain optimization using Adam, RMSProp.
  25. Explain real-time ML pipelines (Kafka + Spark + ML model).

Related Topics


   Data_Warehouse   
   Data_Lake   
   Data_Lakehouse   

16 September 2025

#Microservice


Key Concepts


# Microservices Concept Description Pattern
1 Microservice Small, independently deployable business service Decomposition Pattern
2 Service Decomposition Break application into smaller business services Decompose by Business Capability
3 API Gateway Single entry point for client requests API Gateway Pattern
4 Service Discovery Dynamically finds available service instances Service Discovery Pattern
5 Load Balancing Distributes requests across service instances Load Balancer Pattern
6 Service Communication Enables communication between services Remote Procedure Call Pattern
7 Asynchronous Communication Services communicate without waiting for response Messaging Pattern
8 Event-Driven Architecture Services communicate through business events Event-Driven Pattern
9 Database per Service Each service owns its data Database-per-Service Pattern
10 Shared Database Multiple services share a database Shared Database Pattern
11 Distributed Transaction Transaction spans multiple services Distributed Transaction Pattern
12 Saga Manages transactions across multiple services Saga Pattern
13 Saga Choreography Services coordinate through events Choreography Pattern
14 Saga Orchestration Central coordinator manages the workflow Orchestration Pattern
15 Circuit Breaker Prevents repeated calls to failing services Circuit Breaker Pattern
16 Retry Reattempts failed operations Retry Pattern
17 Timeout Stops calls that take too long Timeout Pattern
18 Bulkhead Isolates failures between services Bulkhead Pattern
19 Fallback Provides alternative behavior when a service fails Fallback Pattern
20 Rate Limiting Controls the number of incoming requests Rate Limiting Pattern
21 Caching Stores frequently accessed data for faster retrieval Cache-Aside Pattern
22 CQRS Separates read and write operations CQRS Pattern
23 Event Sourcing Stores state changes as a sequence of events Event Sourcing Pattern
24 Idempotency Ensures repeated requests don't create duplicate effects Idempotency Pattern
25 Strangler Fig Gradually replaces a legacy application Strangler Fig Pattern
26 Anti-Corruption Layer Protects a new service from legacy models Anti-Corruption Layer Pattern
27 Backend for Frontend Provides a dedicated backend for each client BFF Pattern
28 Aggregator Combines responses from multiple services Aggregator Pattern
29 Adapter Converts one interface into another Adapter Pattern
30 Sidecar Runs supporting functionality alongside a service Sidecar Pattern
31 Service Mesh Manages service-to-service communication Service Mesh Pattern
32 Ambassador Handles external communication through a proxy Ambassador Pattern
33 Externalized Configuration Keeps configuration outside application code External Configuration Pattern
34 Centralized Configuration Provides configuration from a central location Configuration Server Pattern
35 Health Check Determines whether a service is operational Health Check Pattern
36 Distributed Tracing Tracks requests across multiple services Distributed Tracing Pattern
37 Centralized Logging Collects logs from multiple services Centralized Logging Pattern
38 Observability Provides visibility into distributed system behavior Observability Pattern
39 Contract Testing Validates compatibility between service consumers and providers Consumer-Driven Contract Pattern
40 API Versioning Allows APIs to evolve without breaking clients API Versioning Pattern
41 Authentication Verifies the identity of users or services Authentication Pattern
42 Authorization Controls access to resources Authorization Pattern
43 Token Propagation Passes user/service identity between services Token Propagation Pattern
44 Zero Trust Services are not automatically trusted Zero Trust Pattern
45 Blue-Green Deployment Uses two environments for safer releases Blue-Green Pattern
46 Canary Deployment Releases changes gradually Canary Release Pattern
47 Rolling Deployment Gradually replaces old service instances Rolling Update Pattern
48 Horizontal Scaling Adds additional service instances Scale-Out Pattern
49 Fault Isolation Prevents one service failure from spreading Failure Isolation Pattern
50 Independent Deployment Allows services to be deployed separately Independent Deployment Pattern

Interview question

What are Microservices, and how do they differ from Monolithic architecture?
Why are Microservices important for AI and Agentic AI platforms?
What are the core principles of Microservices architecture?
What are the advantages and disadvantages of Microservices?
How do you identify service boundaries in a Microservices architecture?
What is Domain-Driven Design (DDD), and how does it help Microservices?
What is a bounded context in Microservices?
How do you decompose a monolithic application into Microservices?
What are the common communication patterns between Microservices?
How do synchronous and asynchronous communication differ in Microservices?
What is REST-based communication in Microservices?
What is gRPC, and when would you use it in Microservices?
What is event-driven architecture in Microservices?
How do Kafka and Microservices work together in AI systems?
What is an API Gateway, and why is it needed in Microservices?
How do API Gateways support AI and LLM-based applications?
What is service discovery, and how does it work?
How do Eureka, Consul, and Kubernetes Service Discovery differ?
What is client-side vs server-side service discovery?
How do Microservices handle dynamic scaling?
What is centralized configuration management in Microservices?
How does Spring Cloud Config help Microservices?
What is distributed tracing, and why is it important?
How do OpenTelemetry and Zipkin help Microservices observability?
What metrics should be monitored in Microservices?
How do logs, metrics, and traces work together?
What is the role of Prometheus and Grafana in Microservices?
How do you monitor AI service latency in Microservices?
What is resiliency in Microservices?
How do Circuit Breakers work in Microservices?
How does Resilience4j improve fault tolerance?
What are retries, bulkheads, and rate limiters?
How do you prevent cascading failures in Microservices?
How do you design highly available Microservices?
What is eventual consistency in Microservices?
How do SAGA patterns work in distributed transactions?
What is choreography vs orchestration in SAGA?
How do Microservices manage distributed data?
Why should each Microservice own its database?
How do you implement CQRS in Microservices?
What is Event Sourcing, and when should it be used?
How do Microservices support AI data pipelines?
How do Microservices integrate with Vector Databases?
How do Microservices integrate with RAG architectures?
What is an AI Gateway in an LLM platform?
How do you design a Chatbot using Microservices?
How do you design an Agentic AI platform using Microservices?
What Microservices are typically required in an AI platform?
How do Prompt Services fit into a Microservices architecture?
How do Memory Services fit into an Agentic AI architecture?
How do Tool Services fit into Agentic AI platforms?
How do RAG Services fit into AI architectures?
How do Model Routing Services work in AI platforms?
How do Guardrail Services improve AI safety?
How do Evaluation Services measure AI quality?
How do AI Observability Services work?
How do Microservices integrate with OpenAI APIs?
How do Microservices integrate with Azure OpenAI?
How do you manage multiple LLM providers in Microservices?
How do you implement model fallback strategies?
How do you implement AI cost optimization in Microservices?
How do you track token consumption across services?
How do Redis and Microservices work together?
How does Elasticsearch support Microservices?
How does PostgreSQL support Microservices?
How do MongoDB and Microservices work together?
How do Docker and Microservices work together?
How does Kubernetes manage Microservices?
What are Kubernetes Deployments, Services, and Ingress?
How does Horizontal Pod Autoscaling work?
How do Microservices support multi-region deployments?
How do you secure Microservices using OAuth2?
How do JWT tokens work in Microservices?
How do API Gateways enforce security?
How do you implement zero-trust security in Microservices?
How do service-to-service authentication mechanisms work?
How do you secure AI tools exposed through Microservices?
How do you prevent prompt injection from propagating across services?
How do you protect sensitive data in AI Microservices?
How do you implement PII masking across Microservices?
How do you test Microservices independently?
How do contract tests work in Microservices?
How do integration tests work across Microservices?
How do you mock dependent services during testing?
How do you perform performance testing in Microservices?
How do you perform chaos engineering in Microservices?
How do CI/CD pipelines support Microservices?
How do GitOps practices improve Microservices deployments?
How do Blue-Green deployments work?
How do Canary deployments work?
How do Feature Flags help Microservices releases?
How do you troubleshoot production issues in Microservices?
How do you optimize latency in distributed Microservices?
How do you handle high-throughput event processing?
How do you design a scalable enterprise AI platform using Microservices?
How would you design a production-grade RAG platform using Microservices?
How would you design a multi-agent AI platform using Microservices?
How would you design a global-scale AI and LLM platform using Microservices?

Related Topics


13 September 2025

#Mockito

#Mockito

Key Concepts


S.No Topic Sub-Topics
1 Introduction to Mockito What is Mockito?, Features, Benefits, Use cases, Unit testing overview
2 Mockito Architecture Mocking framework, Core concepts, Stubbing, Verification, Interaction testing
3 Setting up Mockito Maven dependency, Gradle dependency, IDE setup, JUnit integration, Project configuration
4 Annotations in Mockito @Mock, @InjectMocks, @Spy, @Captor, @RunWith(MockitoJUnitRunner.class)
5 Creating Mocks mock() method, @Mock annotation, Spy, Difference between mock and spy, Mocking interfaces
6 Stubbing Methods when-thenReturn, thenThrow, thenAnswer, doReturn, doThrow
7 Verifying Interactions verify(), times(), never(), atLeastOnce(), atMost()
8 Argument Matchers any(), eq(), anyString(), anyInt(), custom matchers
9 Spy vs Mock Partial mocking, Real method call, Difference, Use cases, Limitations
10 Capturing Arguments ArgumentCaptor, capture(), verify, getValue(), getAllValues()
11 BDD Style Testing given(), when(), then(), BDDMockito, Benefits, Examples
12 Mocking Void Methods doNothing(), doThrow(), doAnswer(), verify, Handling exceptions
13 Mocking Static Methods Mockito.mockStatic(), try-with-resources, when-then, Use cases, Best practices
14 Mocking Final Classes & Methods Mockito-inline, Limitations, Stubbing final methods, Use cases, Configuration
15 Mocking Private Methods Partial mocking, Spy, Reflection, PowerMockito, Use cases
16 Consecutive Calls Stubbing thenReturn multiple values, thenThrow multiple exceptions, doAnswer, Chaining calls, Examples
17 Timeouts & Verification verify with timeout, async testing, atLeast(), atMost(), Examples
18 Resetting Mocks reset(), Clear invocations, When to reset, Best practices, Examples
19 Mocking Collections List, Map, Set, Iteration, Stubbing methods
20 Mocking Exceptions thenThrow, doThrow, Handling checked exceptions, Handling runtime exceptions, Use cases
21 Verifying Order of Invocations InOrder, verify sequence, Multiple mocks, Examples, Best practices
22 Timeout Verification verify with timeout, Asynchronous calls, Testing delays, Examples, Best practices
23 Integration with JUnit JUnit 4, JUnit 5, Annotations, Running tests, Reporting
24 Integration with TestNG TestNG setup, Annotations, Assertions, Running tests, Reporting
25 Best Practices in Mockito Reusable mocks, Clear naming, Avoid over-mocking, Use annotations, Maintain readability
26 Mockito & Spring Boot @MockBean, @SpyBean, Application context, Integration tests, Unit tests
27 Behavior-Driven Testing given-when-then, BDDMockito, Readable tests, Real-life scenarios, Best practices
28 Advanced Stubbing Techniques doAnswer, doReturn, doThrow, Chained stubbing, Conditional stubbing
29 Hands-on Projects Mocking service layer, Repository mocking, API testing, Integration with JUnit, Reporting
30 Certification & Career Path Mockito certification, Learning resources, Portfolio projects, Advanced testing skills, Career opportunities

Interview question

Basic

  1. What is Mockito?
  2. What are the main features of Mockito?
  3. Explain the difference between mock and spy.
  4. What is the purpose of mocking in unit testing?
  5. What is a stub in Mockito?
  6. How do you create a mock in Mockito?
  7. How do you create a spy in Mockito?
  8. What is the difference between @Mock and @Spy annotations?
  9. What is @InjectMocks used for?
  10. How do you reset a mock?
  11. What is the difference between mock() and Mockito.mock()?
  12. How do you verify interactions with a mock object?
  13. What is the difference between verify() and when()?
  14. Explain the difference between JUnit and Mockito.
  15. How do you handle void methods in Mockito?
  16. What is doNothing()?
  17. What is doThrow()?
  18. How do you use doAnswer()?
  19. How do you capture method arguments?
  20. What is ArgumentCaptor?
  21. How do you mock an interface?
  22. How do you mock a class?
  23. Can Mockito mock final classes or methods?
  24. Can Mockito mock static methods?
  25. How do you handle checked exceptions in Mockito?

Intermediate

  1. What is BDDMockito?
  2. Explain given-when-then syntax.
  3. How do you perform consecutive stubbing?
  4. How do you stub multiple method calls?
  5. How do you use any() and eq() argument matchers?
  6. What is the difference between any() and anyInt()?
  7. How do you verify method call order?
  8. What is InOrder?
  9. How do you verify method calls happened at least or at most?
  10. How do you verify that a method was never called?
  11. How do you handle asynchronous method calls?
  12. How do you set timeout for verification?
  13. How do you stub a method to throw multiple exceptions?
  14. What is doReturn()?
  15. When would you use doReturn instead of when()?
  16. How do you mock private methods?
  17. How do you mock constructors?
  18. How do you integrate Mockito with JUnit 4?
  19. How do you integrate Mockito with JUnit 5?
  20. How do you integrate Mockito with TestNG?
  21. What are the limitations of Mockito?
  22. How do you mock collections?
  23. How do you mock lists and maps?
  24. How do you mock chained method calls?
  25. How do you mock dynamic return values?

Advanced

  1. How do you use doAnswer for advanced stubbing?
  2. How do you handle argument validation in stubbing?
  3. How do you mock final classes using Mockito-inline?
  4. How do you mock static methods using Mockito 4+?
  5. How do you verify static method invocations?
  6. How do you mock private static methods?
  7. How do you handle deep stubbing?
  8. What is the difference between mockito-core and mockito-inline?
  9. How do you integrate Mockito with Spring Boot?
  10. What is @MockBean?
  11. What is @SpyBean?
  12. How do you write unit tests for service layers?
  13. How do you write unit tests for repository layers?
  14. How do you handle database integration in Mockito?
  15. How do you mock REST APIs in unit tests?
  16. How do you mock SOAP services?
  17. How do you mock WebClient or RestTemplate?
  18. How do you handle exceptions in unit tests using Mockito?
  19. How do you verify that a method throws an exception?
  20. How do you handle optional return types in mocks?
  21. How do you mock void methods that throw exceptions?
  22. How do you perform parameterized tests with Mockito?
  23. How do you use Mockito for data-driven testing?
  24. How do you mock multi-threaded operations?
  25. How do you handle concurrency in unit tests using Mockito?

Expert

  1. How do you implement behavior-driven development (BDD) with Mockito?
  2. How do you create reusable mocks?
  3. How do you structure large-scale unit tests using Mockito?
  4. How do you manage dependencies in complex tests?
  5. How do you mock third-party libraries?
  6. How do you handle API versioning in mocked services?
  7. How do you mock time-dependent methods?
  8. How do you mock random number generation?
  9. How do you handle environment-specific configurations in mocks?
  10. How do you integrate Mockito with CI/CD pipelines?
  11. How do you mock security context in Spring Boot?
  12. How do you mock JWT tokens?
  13. How do you mock OAuth2 authentication?
  14. How do you handle logging in unit tests?
  15. How do you create custom argument matchers?
  16. How do you mock chained builder patterns?
  17. How do you mock complex nested objects?
  18. How do you mock generic types?
  19. How do you handle legacy code testing with Mockito?
  20. How do you mock external systems in unit tests?
  21. How do you enforce best practices in mocking?
  22. How do you maintain test readability in large projects?
  23. How do you measure test coverage for mocked tests?
  24. How do you implement automated test reporting?
  25. How do you prepare for Mockito-based interviews?

Related Topics


#GenAI

#GenAI

Key Concepts


S.No Topic Sub-Topics
1Introduction to Generative AIHistory of AI, Overview of Generative AI, Types of Generative Models, Key Use Cases, AI vs Human Creativity
2AI FundamentalsML Basics, DL Overview, Neural Networks, Supervised vs Unsupervised Learning, Activation Functions
3Generative Models OverviewDefinition, Types, Applications, Strengths & Limitations, Popular Frameworks
4Probabilistic ModelsBayesian Networks, Markov Chains, Hidden Markov Models, Conditional Probability, Inference Techniques
5Variational Autoencoders (VAE)Architecture, Encoder & Decoder, Latent Space, Loss Functions, Applications
6Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs)Generator & Discriminator, Training Process, Loss Functions, Popular Variants (DCGAN, CycleGAN), Applications
7Diffusion ModelsConcept of Diffusion, Forward & Reverse Processes, Noise Schedules, Denoising, Use Cases in Images
8Transformers for GenAIAttention Mechanism, Encoder-Decoder Architecture, Self-Attention, Positional Encoding, Use in Text/Image Generation
9Large Language Models (LLMs)Definition, Examples (GPT, BERT), Training Data, Tokenization, Limitations & Bias
10Text GenerationPrompt Engineering, Beam Search, Temperature & Top-k Sampling, Fine-tuning Models, Text Summarization
11Image GenerationGAN-based Image Generation, Diffusion Models, Text-to-Image, Inpainting, Super-Resolution
12Audio & Music GenerationWaveNet, MusicVAE, Text-to-Speech, Voice Cloning, Sound Effects Generation
13Video GenerationVideo Synthesis, Frame Interpolation, Video-to-Video Translation, DeepFake Techniques, Ethical Considerations
14Reinforcement Learning for GenAIRL Basics, Policy & Value Networks, Reward Functions, RLHF (Human Feedback), Applications in Text & Games
15Data Preparation & AugmentationDataset Collection, Cleaning, Normalization, Synthetic Data Generation, Data Labeling
16Fine-Tuning & Transfer LearningPre-trained Models, Domain Adaptation, Hyperparameter Tuning, Prompt Tuning, LoRA & PEFT
17Evaluation MetricsPerplexity, BLEU, FID, IS, Human Evaluation, Metrics for Text, Image, Audio
18Ethics in GenAIBias & Fairness, DeepFakes, Misinformation, Copyright Issues, Responsible AI Guidelines
19GenAI Frameworks & ToolsTensorFlow, PyTorch, HuggingFace Transformers, Diffusers, OpenAI API
20Prompt EngineeringEffective Prompts, Chain-of-Thought, Zero-shot vs Few-shot, Context Management, Prompt Templates
21GenAI in NLP ApplicationsChatbots, Summarization, Translation, Sentiment Analysis, Question Answering
22GenAI in Vision ApplicationsArt Generation, Style Transfer, Image Enhancement, Object Synthesis, Medical Imaging
23GenAI in Audio ApplicationsMusic Composition, Voice Cloning, Speech-to-Text, Soundscapes, Podcast Generation
24GenAI in Gaming & SimulationNPC Dialogue, Procedural Content Generation, Story Generation, Game Level Design, AI Opponents
25Deployment of GenAI ModelsCloud Services, API Deployment, Model Serving, Scalability, Monitoring
26Optimization & EfficiencyQuantization, Pruning, Knowledge Distillation, Low-resource Training, Latency Reduction
27GenAI for BusinessMarketing Content, Personalized Recommendations, Automated Reports, Customer Support, Generative Analytics
28Security & PrivacyData Privacy, Model Stealing, Adversarial Attacks, Secure Model Sharing, Differential Privacy
29Future Trends in GenAIMulti-modal AI, Self-supervised Learning, General AI, AI Agents, AI in Healthcare & Research
30Capstone ProjectChoose a GenAI Domain, Collect Data, Train Model, Evaluate, Deploy, Document & Present

Interview question

📘 Basic Level

  1. What is Generative AI (GenAI)?
  2. What are the key features of GenAI?
  3. How is GenAI different from traditional AI?
  4. What are some common use cases of GenAI?
  5. What is a generative model?
  6. What are GANs (Generative Adversarial Networks)?
  7. What is a Variational Autoencoder (VAE)?
  8. What are diffusion models in GenAI?
  9. What is an autoregressive model?
  10. What is the role of a generator in GANs?
  11. What is the role of a discriminator in GANs?
  12. What is latent space in VAEs?
  13. What is the difference between supervised and unsupervised GenAI models?
  14. What is tokenization in NLP-based GenAI?
  15. What is a transformer?
  16. What are attention and self-attention mechanisms?
  17. What are Large Language Models (LLMs)?
  18. What is the context window in LLMs?
  19. What is prompt engineering?
  20. What is zero-shot learning?
  21. What is few-shot learning?
  22. What is the difference between generative and discriminative models?
  23. What is text generation?
  24. What is image generation using AI?
  25. What are some common ethical concerns in GenAI?

📗 Intermediate Level

  1. How do GANs generate realistic data?
  2. What is KL Divergence in VAEs?
  3. What is the training process of a GAN?
  4. How do diffusion models generate images?
  5. What is the difference between DALL-E and Stable Diffusion?
  6. What is inpainting in image generation?
  7. How does reinforcement learning fit into GenAI?
  8. What is RLHF (Reinforcement Learning with Human Feedback)?
  9. What is the temperature parameter in text generation?
  10. What are top-k and top-p sampling strategies?
  11. How do transformers improve NLP tasks?
  12. What is BERT and its use case?
  13. What is GPT and how does it work?
  14. How do embeddings work in text generation?
  15. What is multimodal GenAI?
  16. What is text-to-image generation?
  17. What is text-to-audio generation?
  18. How is synthetic data used in GenAI training?
  19. What is prompt tuning?
  20. How do you prevent hallucinations in LLMs?
  21. How is human-in-the-loop used in GenAI?
  22. How do you evaluate GenAI models?
  23. What is FID (Fréchet Inception Distance)?
  24. What is BLEU score for text evaluation?
  25. What are common safety measures in GenAI applications?

📕 Advanced Level

  1. How do GANs and VAEs differ in their approach?
  2. What is a conditional GAN?
  3. How does StyleGAN work?
  4. What is a diffusion denoising process?
  5. How do you fine-tune large language models?
  6. What is parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT)?
  7. What is LoRA in GenAI model tuning?
  8. How do transformers handle long sequences?
  9. What are attention heads in transformers?
  10. How does a transformer encoder-decoder architecture work?
  11. How do you handle context in long text generations?
  12. How do you implement multi-modal GenAI pipelines?
  13. How do you perform prompt engineering for complex tasks?
  14. How do you evaluate generative models quantitatively?
  15. What is the role of synthetic data in model generalization?
  16. How do you implement model distillation?
  17. How do you compress large GenAI models for deployment?
  18. How do you handle bias in GenAI models?
  19. How do you integrate GenAI models into applications?
  20. How do you optimize inference for latency and memory?
  21. How do you perform few-shot learning with LLMs?
  22. How do you evaluate multimodal models?
  23. What is chain-of-thought prompting?
  24. How do you handle adversarial inputs in GenAI?
  25. How do you implement domain-specific GenAI models?

📓 Expert Level

  1. How do you design scalable GenAI architectures?
  2. How do you deploy GenAI models in production?
  3. How do you perform distributed training for LLMs?
  4. How do you monitor model drift in GenAI?
  5. How do you implement online learning in GenAI systems?
  6. How do you handle privacy and security in GenAI?
  7. How do you implement AI alignment and safety measures?
  8. How do you design multi-agent generative systems?
  9. How do you perform evaluation at enterprise scale?
  10. How do you optimize transformer models for edge devices?
  11. How do you implement self-supervised pretraining?
  12. How do you handle zero-shot and few-shot generation at scale?
  13. How do you implement GenAI for real-time applications?
  14. How do you integrate GenAI with existing cloud services?
  15. How do you handle adversarial attacks in GenAI models?
  16. How do you design multimodal AI agents?
  17. How do you implement explainable GenAI (XAI) for complex tasks?
  18. How do you optimize diffusion models for faster sampling?
  19. How do you evaluate alignment of GenAI with human preferences?
  20. How do you perform large-scale model evaluation benchmarks?
  21. How do you implement GenAI pipelines in production MLOps?
  22. How do you handle domain adaptation in GenAI models?
  23. How do you implement iterative feedback loops with human evaluators?
  24. How do you integrate GenAI for autonomous decision-making?
  25. What are emerging trends and future directions in GenAI (AGI, autonomous agents, self-supervised learning)?

Related Topics


#LLM

#LLM Frameworks

Key Concepts


S.No Topic Sub-Topics
1Introduction to LLM FrameworksDefinition, Importance, Applications, Types of LLMs, Industry trends
2Overview of Large Language ModelsGPT, BERT, LLaMA, PaLM, Key concepts
3Transformers ArchitectureAttention mechanism, Encoder-decoder, Self-attention, Multi-head attention, Positional encoding
4Tokenization TechniquesWordPiece, Byte-Pair Encoding, SentencePiece, Tokenization libraries, Preprocessing
5Embedding RepresentationsWord embeddings, Contextual embeddings, Positional embeddings, Dimensionality, Fine-tuning
6Pretrained Models & FrameworksHugging Face, OpenAI GPT, Cohere, Meta LLaMA, Integration
7Fine-tuning LLMsSupervised fine-tuning, Parameter-efficient tuning, LoRA, PEFT, Evaluation
8Prompt EngineeringPrompt design, Zero-shot, Few-shot, Chain-of-thought, Best practices
9LLM Training PipelinesData preprocessing, Dataset curation, Training loop, Checkpointing, Monitoring
10Inference OptimizationQuantization, Pruning, Mixed precision, Batch inference, Latency optimization
11Evaluation MetricsPerplexity, BLEU, ROUGE, Accuracy, Human evaluation
12LLM Frameworks ComparisonHugging Face, OpenAI, Cohere, Meta LLaMA, LangChain integration
13Integration with APIsREST API, SDKs, Streaming, Rate limiting, Authentication
14Vector Databases & LLMsPinecone, Weaviate, Milvus, FAISS, Embedding storage
15LangChain FrameworkChains, Agents, Memory, Tools, Integrations
16RAG (Retrieval-Augmented Generation)Definition, Pipelines, Vector search, Integration with LLMs, Applications
17LLM for NLP TasksText classification, Summarization, NER, QA systems, Sentiment analysis
18LLM for Code GenerationCode understanding, Generation, Auto-completion, Evaluation, Tools
19Multi-modal LLMsText-to-image, Text-to-speech, Vision-language models, Applications, Frameworks
20LLM Deployment StrategiesCloud deployment, On-premise deployment, Edge deployment, Monitoring, Scaling
21LLM Security & PrivacyData privacy, Model watermarking, Access control, Compliance, Threats
22Prompt Tuning & Instruction TuningSoft prompts, Instruction datasets, Fine-tuning strategies, Evaluation, Best practices
23RLHF (Reinforcement Learning with Human Feedback)Concept, Training pipeline, Reward model, Applications, Challenges
24Open-source LLM FrameworksHugging Face, LLaMA, Falcon, MPT, Integration tools
25LLM in Chatbots & Virtual AssistantsConversation design, Context handling, Multi-turn dialogue, Personalization, Evaluation
26Monitoring LLMs in ProductionLogging, Metrics, Drift detection, Alerting, Performance tracking
27Cost Optimization in LLM UsageCompute optimization, Model selection, Batch inference, Quantization, Cloud cost management
28Ethics & Bias in LLMsBias detection, Fairness, Mitigation strategies, Responsible AI, Regulatory compliance
29Future Trends in LLM FrameworksMultilingual models, Model scaling, Efficiency improvements, AGI research, Emerging frameworks
30Career Path & LLM OpportunitiesLLM engineer, Researcher, AI consultant, Skill development, Industry roles

Interview question

🟢 Basic Level

  1. What is a Large Language Model (LLM)?
  2. What is a language model?
  3. Difference between AI, ML, NLP, and LLMs.
  4. What is a token in an LLM?
  5. What is tokenization?
  6. What is vocabulary in an LLM?
  7. What is a transformer model?
  8. What is a parameter in an LLM?
  9. What is a hidden layer?
  10. What is a neural network?
  11. What is an embedding?
  12. What is pre-training?
  13. What is fine-tuning?
  14. What is prompt?
  15. What is context length?
  16. What is inference in LLMs?
  17. What is temperature in decoding?
  18. What is top-k sampling?
  19. What is top-p (nucleus) sampling?
  20. What is greedy decoding?
  21. What is beam search?
  22. What is hallucination in LLMs?
  23. What is a checkpoint?
  24. What is a causal language model?
  25. Difference between encoder, decoder, and encoder-decoder models.

🟡 Intermediate Level

  1. Explain self-attention.
  2. What is multi-head attention?
  3. What is positional encoding?
  4. What is layer normalization?
  5. What is a transformer block?
  6. What is masked self-attention?
  7. What is cross-attention?
  8. What is sequence-to-sequence modeling?
  9. What is model perplexity?
  10. What is loss function in LLM training?
  11. What is gradient descent?
  12. What is batch size?
  13. What is a learning rate?
  14. What is distributed training?
  15. What is transfer learning in LLMs?
  16. What is instruction tuning?
  17. What is SFT (Supervised Fine-Tuning)?
  18. What is RLHF (Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback)?
  19. What is reward modeling?
  20. What is a system prompt?
  21. What are attention masks?
  22. What is a tokenizer vocabulary size?
  23. What is quantization in LLMs?
  24. What is model pruning?
  25. What is LoRA (Low-Rank Adaptation)?

🔵 Advanced Level

  1. Explain the transformer architecture from end to end.
  2. What is KV cache?
  3. What is rotary positional embedding (RoPE)?
  4. What is ALiBi?
  5. What is FlashAttention?
  6. What are Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models?
  7. What is a gating network in MoE?
  8. What is gradient checkpointing?
  9. What is pipeline parallelism?
  10. Difference between tensor parallelism and data parallelism.
  11. What is sequence parallelism?
  12. What is speculative decoding?
  13. What is parallel decoding?
  14. What is lookahead decoding?
  15. What is a synthetic dataset for LLM training?
  16. How do you evaluate LLM safety?
  17. What is a benchmark dataset for LLMs?
  18. What is prompt injection attack?
  19. What is jailbreak in LLMs?
  20. What is adversarial prompting?
  21. What is retrieval-augmented generation (RAG)?
  22. What is a vector database?
  23. What are embeddings used for in RAG?
  24. What is chunking in RAG pipelines?
  25. How is latency reduced during LLM inference?

🔴 Expert Level

  1. What is reinforcement learning with AI feedback (RLAIF)?
  2. What is a self-supervised training objective?
  3. What is next-token prediction?
  4. What is masked language modeling (MLM)?
  5. What is contrastive learning in LLMs?
  6. What is alignment in AI systems?
  7. What is constitutional AI?
  8. What are safety guardrails in LLMs?
  9. Explain the architecture of GPT-style models.
  10. Explain the architecture of BERT-style models.
  11. Difference between decoder-only, encoder-only, encoder-decoder LLMs.
  12. What is multimodal LLM?
  13. What is vision-language pretraining?
  14. Explain why LLMs need huge compute resources.
  15. What is a sparse attention mechanism?
  16. What are multi-query attention models?
  17. What is inference optimization using quantized kernels?
  18. What is distillation for LLMs?
  19. What is agentic AI?
  20. What is tool-use capability in LLMs?
  21. What is memory-based agent architecture?
  22. What is the future of LLM scaling laws?
  23. What are responsible AI principles for LLMs?
  24. How do you secure LLMs against data poisoning?
  25. What are emerging research areas in LLMs?


Related Topics


   LangChain   
   LlamaIndex   
   Haystack Agents   

#AI Frameworks


Key Concepts


S.No Topic Sub-Topics
1 AI Fundamentals AI definition, AI types, Narrow AI, General AI, Generative AI, Predictive AI, AI applications
2 AI & ML Foundations AI vs ML, Supervised learning, Unsupervised learning, Semi-supervised learning, Reinforcement learning, Training, Inference
3 Data Fundamentals Structured data, Unstructured data, Data collection, Data preprocessing, Data quality, Features, Labels
4 Mathematics for AI Linear algebra, Vectors, Matrices, Matrix operations, Probability, Statistics, Calculus basics
5 Probability & Statistics Probability distributions, Conditional probability, Bayes theorem, Mean, Variance, Standard deviation, Correlation
6 Machine Learning Fundamentals Regression, Classification, Clustering, Feature engineering, Training, Validation, Prediction
7 ML Algorithms Linear regression, Logistic regression, Decision trees, Random forest, SVM, KNN, Naive Bayes
8 Ensemble Learning Bagging, Boosting, Random forest, AdaBoost, Gradient boosting, XGBoost, LightGBM
9 Model Evaluation Train-test split, Cross-validation, Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1-score, ROC-AUC
10 Feature Engineering Feature selection, Feature extraction, Encoding, Scaling, Normalization, Missing values, Outliers
11 Unsupervised Learning K-Means, Hierarchical clustering, DBSCAN, PCA, Dimensionality reduction, Anomaly detection, Cluster evaluation
12 Deep Learning Fundamentals Neural networks, Neurons, Layers, Weights, Bias, Activation functions, Forward propagation
13 Neural Network Training Loss functions, Backpropagation, Gradient descent, Learning rate, Optimizers, Batch size, Epochs
14 Deep Learning Architectures CNN, RNN, LSTM, GRU, Autoencoder, Transformer, Attention
15 Computer Vision Image classification, Object detection, Image segmentation, OCR, Image embeddings, Vision transformers, Image generation
16 NLP Fundamentals Text preprocessing, Tokenization, Stemming, Lemmatization, N-grams, Text classification, Named Entity Recognition
17 Embeddings Word embeddings, Sentence embeddings, Document embeddings, Vector representation, Cosine similarity, Semantic search, Embedding models
18 Generative AI Generative models, LLMs, Text generation, Image generation, Audio generation, Video generation, Multimodal AI
19 LLM Fundamentals Transformer, Tokens, Context window, Attention, Parameters, Pre-training, Inference
20 Prompt Engineering Zero-shot, Few-shot, Role prompting, Prompt templates, Structured prompts, Prompt chaining, Output constraints
21 RAG Document ingestion, Chunking, Embeddings, Vector database, Retrieval, Reranking, Context generation
22 Vector Databases Vector indexing, Similarity search, ANN, Metadata filtering, Hybrid search, Reranking, Vector DB selection
23 AI Agents Agent architecture, Planning, Tool calling, Function calling, Memory, ReAct, Multi-agent systems
24 AI Tools & MCP Tool definitions, API tools, Database tools, Function execution, MCP concepts, MCP servers, MCP clients
25 Fine-Tuning Instruction tuning, Dataset preparation, Supervised fine-tuning, LoRA, QLoRA, PEFT, Fine-tuning evaluation
26 AI Evaluation Model evaluation, RAG evaluation, Faithfulness, Relevance, Groundedness, LLM-as-a-judge, Benchmarking
27 AI Security Prompt injection, Jailbreaking, Data leakage, PII protection, Tool security, Output validation, Guardrails
28 AI MLOps / LLMOps Model deployment, Model registry, Versioning, Monitoring, Logging, Drift detection, Experiment tracking
29 AI Performance & Cost Model selection, Quantization, Caching, Batching, Token optimization, Latency optimization, Cost optimization
30 Production AI Architecture AI application architecture, RAG architecture, Agent architecture, Data layer, Model layer, Security layer, Monitoring & deployment

Interview question

What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
What is Machine Learning (ML)?
What is Deep Learning?
What is Generative AI?
What is an LLM?
What is the difference between AI, ML, Deep Learning, and Generative AI?
What is ChatGPT?
What is an AI model?
What is the difference between a traditional AI model and an LLM?
What are the major components of a Generative AI system?
What is Natural Language Processing (NLP)?
What is Natural Language Understanding (NLU)?
What is Natural Language Generation (NLG)?
What is a Transformer architecture?
What is self-attention?
What is multi-head attention?
What is an encoder and decoder in a Transformer?
Why are Transformers widely used in LLMs?
What is tokenization?
What is a token in an LLM?
What is an embedding?
What is a vector embedding?
What is a context window?
What happens when an LLM exceeds its context window?
What is model training?
What is model inference?
What is pre-training?
What is fine-tuning?
What is instruction tuning?
What is RLHF?
What is supervised fine-tuning?
What is prompt engineering?
Why is prompt engineering important?
What are the main components of a good prompt?
What is a system prompt?
What is a user prompt?
What is a developer instruction?
What is zero-shot prompting?
What is one-shot prompting?
What is few-shot prompting?
What is role prompting?
What is instruction prompting?
What is contextual prompting?
What is prompt decomposition?
What is prompt chaining?
What is structured prompting?
What is a prompt template?
What is dynamic prompt generation?
What is chain-of-thought prompting?
What is reasoning prompting?
What is ReAct prompting?
What is self-consistency prompting?
What is self-reflection prompting?
What is tree-of-thought prompting?
What is least-to-most prompting?
What is retrieval-augmented prompting?
What is grounding in Generative AI?
What is hallucination in an LLM?
Why do LLMs hallucinate?
How can prompt engineering reduce hallucinations?
What is prompt injection?
What is indirect prompt injection?
How can prompt injection attacks be prevented?
What is jailbreak prompting?
What are AI guardrails?
What is output validation in Generative AI?
What is structured output?
How can an LLM generate valid JSON?
What is function calling?
What is tool calling in an LLM?
How does an AI model decide when to call a tool?
What is the difference between function calling and tool calling?
What is RAG?
Why is RAG used with LLMs?
What is the difference between RAG and fine-tuning?
What are the main components of a RAG pipeline?
What is document chunking?
How do you choose the right chunk size?
What is semantic search?
What is a vector database?
What is similarity search?
What is hybrid search?
What is reranking in RAG?
What is Agentic RAG?
What is an AI Agent?
What is the difference between an LLM application and an AI Agent?
What are the core components of an AI Agent?
What is agent memory?
What is short-term memory in an AI Agent?
What is long-term memory in an AI Agent?
What is agent planning?
What is an autonomous AI Agent?
What is a multi-agent system?
What is the role of prompts in AI Agents?
How do you design prompts for reliable AI Agents?
How do you evaluate an LLM response?
What metrics are used to evaluate Generative AI applications?
How do you evaluate RAG systems?
How do you reduce LLM latency and token costs?
How do you design production-ready LLM applications?
What are the major security challenges in Generative AI?
What is responsible AI?
How would you design an enterprise-grade Agentic AI solution?
How would you combine Prompt Engineering, RAG, Tools, Memory, and Agents in a real-world application?

Related Topics


#RestAssured

#RestAssured

Key Concepts


S.No Topic Sub-Topics
1 Introduction to RestAssured What is RestAssured?, Features, Benefits, Use cases, API testing overview
2 Setting Up RestAssured Maven project setup, Gradle setup, Dependency inclusion, IDE setup, Environment configuration
3 HTTP Methods GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, PATCH
4 Basic Request Structure Given, When, Then, Headers, Query parameters
5 Request Headers & Params Content-Type, Authorization, Query parameters, Path parameters, Form parameters
6 Request Body JSON payload, XML payload, POJO mapping, Multi-part requests, Dynamic data
7 Response Validation Status code validation, Response body validation, Headers validation, JSON schema validation, Extracting values
8 Matchers in RestAssured Hamcrest matchers, EqualTo, ContainsString, GreaterThan, Collection matchers
9 Path & JSON Parsing JsonPath, XMLPath, Extract response data, Nested objects, Arrays handling
10 Authentication Basic auth, Digest auth, OAuth 1.0, OAuth 2.0, API key
11 Logging Requests & Responses Log all, Log headers, Log body, Conditional logging, Debugging
12 Query & Path Parameters Simple parameters, Multiple parameters, Dynamic parameters, Encoding, Validation
13 Form & Multi-part Data Form parameters, File upload, Multi-part requests, Content type, Validation
14 Response Extraction Extract as String, Extract as JSON, Extract as XML, Headers, Cookies
15 BDD Style Testing Given-When-Then, Request specification, Response specification, Assertions, Examples
16 Request & Response Specification Reusable request spec, Reusable response spec, Base URI setup, Base path, Logging
17 Serialization & Deserialization POJO mapping, JSON to POJO, XML to POJO, Using Gson, Using Jackson
18 Headers & Cookies Handling Setting headers, Extracting headers, Cookies management, Validation, Security headers
19 Chaining Requests Multiple requests, Response to next request, Reusable specs, Dependency handling, Session management
20 Dynamic Data & Parameterization Data-driven testing, External files, JSON files, Excel files, Random data
21 Integration with TestNG Annotations, Before/After methods, DataProvider, Assertions, Reporting
22 Integration with JUnit Setup, Annotations, Assertions, Running tests, Reporting
23 Exception Handling Handling failures, Try-catch blocks, Logging errors, Validation failures, Debugging
24 Logging & Reporting Request logs, Response logs, TestNG reports, Extent reports, Custom logging
25 Mocking & Stubbing WireMock, Mock server, Stub response, Simulate API, Testing edge cases
26 API Versioning & Environment Base URI, Base path, Environment variables, Multiple environments, Switching environments
27 Advanced JSON Handling Nested JSON, Arrays, JSONPath expressions, Validation, Dynamic parsing
28 Advanced XML Handling XPath, Namespaces, Attributes, Node validation, Extracting values
29 Hands-on Projects CRUD API automation, E-commerce API testing, Authentication API testing, Data-driven API tests, Logging & reporting
30 Best Practices & Career Path Code organization, Reusable specs, Parameterization, CI/CD integration, Career opportunities

Interview question

Basic Level

  1. What is RestAssured?
  2. Why do we use RestAssured for API automation?
  3. How do you add RestAssured dependency in Maven?
  4. What is the baseURI in RestAssured?
  5. What is the difference between baseURI and basePath?
  6. How do you send a GET request using RestAssured?
  7. How do you validate a status code in RestAssured?
  8. What is the use of .then() in RestAssured?
  9. What is the syntax to log request response?
  10. How do you add query parameters?
  11. How do you add path parameters?
  12. How do you add headers in RestAssured?
  13. How do you validate response body fields?
  14. What is JSONPath?
  15. How do you parse JSON response in RestAssured?
  16. How do you perform POST API testing?
  17. What is the purpose of given(), when(), then() ?
  18. What is Response object in RestAssured?
  19. How do you extract value from Response?
  20. What is contentType() used for?
  21. How do you send a DELETE request?
  22. How do you check if a response body contains a string?
  23. How do you get response time?
  24. What is Hamcrest matcher?
  25. What are the main HTTP methods supported in RestAssured?

Intermediate Level

  1. Difference between request parameters and query parameters.
  2. How to send form parameters in RestAssured?
  3. How do you reuse request specifications across tests?
  4. What is RequestSpecBuilder?
  5. What is ResponseSpecBuilder?
  6. How do you validate multiple fields in response?
  7. How do you assert JSON arrays?
  8. How do you extract nested JSON values?
  9. How do you work with XML response in RestAssured?
  10. How to validate XPath in RestAssured?
  11. How do you upload a file using RestAssured?
  12. How do you download a file using RestAssured?
  13. How do you pass cookies in a request?
  14. What are filters in RestAssured?
  15. How do you log only if validation fails?
  16. How to generate reports for RestAssured tests?
  17. How do you integrate RestAssured with TestNG?
  18. How do you integrate RestAssured with JUnit?
  19. How do you handle SSL certificates?
  20. How do you validate error responses in RestAssured?
  21. How do you send XML payload in POST?
  22. How do you extract a list of values using JSONPath?
  23. How to parameterize API tests using TestNG?
  24. What is the use of relaxedHTTPSValidation()?
  25. What is authentication in APIs?
  26. How do you implement basic authentication?
  27. How do you pass bearer tokens?
  28. How do you test pagination APIs?
  29. How do you validate response headers?
  30. How do you send multipart data?
  31. How do you handle redirects in RestAssured?
  32. What is extract().path()?
  33. What is extract().jsonPath()?
  34. How do you perform PATCH request?
  35. How do you chain API requests?

Advanced Level

  1. What is OAuth2 in RestAssured?
  2. How do you implement OAuth2 token generation?
  3. How to create a custom filter in RestAssured?
  4. How do you implement request/response logging filters?
  5. How do you build a framework using RestAssured?
  6. How do you use POJO classes in serialization?
  7. What is deserialization? How is it used?
  8. How do you use ObjectMapper with RestAssured?
  9. How to validate JSON Schema?
  10. How to validate XML schema?
  11. How do you compare two JSON responses?
  12. How do you mock an API for testing?
  13. How do you handle dynamic JSON response?
  14. How do you handle dynamic tokens/session IDs?
  15. How do you generate random payloads?
  16. How to build reusable utility classes in RestAssured?
  17. How do you retry failed API calls?
  18. How do you set global configuration for RestAssured?
  19. What is a custom exception class in API testing?
  20. How do you validate collections using Hamcrest?
  21. How do you implement data-driven API tests using Excel/CSV?
  22. How do you perform parallel execution of API tests?
  23. What is the difference between BDD and non-BDD approach?
  24. How do you extract raw response?
  25. How do you integrate RestAssured with Jenkins?

Expert Level

  1. How do you design a scalable REST API automation framework?
  2. How do you integrate RestAssured with Cucumber BDD?
  3. How do you build a full API automation CI/CD pipeline?
  4. How do you build custom matchers in RestAssured?
  5. How do you mock high-volume APIs with WireMock?
  6. How do you performance test APIs with RestAssured + JMeter/Gatling?
  7. How do you secure automation frameworks with secrets management?
  8. How do you set up API testing for microservices architecture?
  9. How do you implement contract testing?
  10. How do you test GraphQL APIs using RestAssured?
  11. How to automate SOAP services using RestAssured?
  12. How do you perform schema versioning in large API systems?
  13. How do you validate logs and audit trails through RestAssured?
  14. How do you integrate RestAssured with Docker-based pipelines?
  15. Explain your end-to-end approach to enterprise-level API automation.

Related Topics


03 September 2025

#DSA

#DSA

Key Concepts


S.No Topic Sub-Topics
1Introduction & ComplexityWhat is DSA, Time Complexity (Big-O), Space Complexity, Best/Average/Worst case, Simple examples
2Arrays BasicsDeclaration & Access, Common operations, Two-pointer technique, Sliding window intro, In-place vs extra space
3Arrays ProblemsSubarray sum, Prefix sums, Kadane's algorithm, Rearrange problems, Dutch National Flag
4Strings BasicsImmutability, Common operations, Character arrays, String builders, Unicode & encodings
5Strings AlgorithmsPattern search (KMP), Rabin-Karp, Anagrams, Palindromes, Trie intro
6Linked ListsSingly vs Doubly, Operations (insert/delete), Reverse list, Fast/Slow pointers, Detect cycle
7Stacks & QueuesLIFO vs FIFO, Implementation using arrays/linked list, Monotonic stack, Circular queue, Applications
8Recursion & BacktrackingRecurrence relations, Call stack, Backtracking patterns, Subset/permutation generation, N-Queens
9Sorting AlgorithmsBubble, Selection, Insertion, Merge sort, Quick sort
10Searching AlgorithmsLinear search, Binary search, Binary search on answer, Search in rotated array, Interpolation search
11Hashing & Hash TablesHash functions, Collision resolution, HashMap/HashSet, Frequency maps, Anagram/counting problems
12Priority Queue & HeapsBinary heap, Insert/extract, Heapify, Kth largest, Heap for merge/k-way
13Trees BasicsBinary tree, Tree traversal (pre/in/post), Height/depth, Recursive vs iterative, Tree representations
14Binary Search Tree (BST)BST properties, Insert/Delete/Search, Lowest common ancestor, Range queries, Balanced vs unbalanced
15Tries (Prefix Trees)Insert/Search, Prefix queries, Autocomplete, Word dictionary, Memory considerations
16Graphs BasicsDirected vs undirected, Adjacency list/matrix, Graph traversal, Connected components, Dense vs sparse
17Graph TraversalBFS, DFS, Tree vs graph traversal, Level order, Parent/Distance tracking
18Shortest Path AlgorithmsDijkstra, Bellman-Ford, SPFA, Weighted vs unweighted, Single-source vs all-pairs
19Minimum Spanning TreeKruskal, Prim, Union-Find intro, Cycle detection, Applications
20Union-Find / Disjoint SetMake/Find/Union, Path compression, Union by rank, Connected components, Offline queries
21Dynamic ProgrammingOverlapping subproblems, Optimal substructure, Memoization vs tabulation, State definition, Simple examples
22Common DP Patterns0/1 Knapsack, Unbounded knapsack, Longest Increasing Subsequence, Longest Common Subsequence, DP on strings
23Advanced DPBitmask DP, DP on trees, Digit DP, Convex hull trick intro, Optimization techniques
24Greedy AlgorithmsGreedy choice property, Activity selection, Huffman coding, Fractional knapsack, Interval scheduling
25Bit ManipulationBit ops (&,|,^,~,<<,>>), Count bits, Lowbit, Bitmask tricks, XOR properties
26Sliding Window & Two PointersFixed window, Variable window, Two-pointer for pairs, Subarray problems, Window optimization
27Prefix/Suffix & Difference ArraysPrefix sums, Suffix sums, Prefix max/min, Range update via diff array, Prefix product
28Segment Tree & Fenwick TreePoint update & range query, Range update & point query, Lazy propagation, Fenwick implementation, Use-cases
29Advanced Graphs & FlowsTopological sort, DAG applications, Max flow (Edmonds-Karp), Min-cut, Matching basics
30Interview Prep & PracticeCommon patterns, Problem-solving checklist, Mock interviews, Platforms (LeetCode, Codeforces), Time-boxed practice

Interview question

Basic Level

  1. What is an algorithm?
  2. Explain Time Complexity and Big-O notation.
  3. What is Space Complexity?
  4. What is an Array?
  5. Difference between Array and Linked List?
  6. What is a Linked List? Types?
  7. What is a Stack? Explain operations.
  8. What is a Queue? Explain types.
  9. Explain postfix, prefix, infix notations.
  10. What is a Hash table?
  11. What is a Tree data structure?
  12. Difference between Binary Tree and Binary Search Tree (BST)?
  13. What is a Graph?
  14. Difference between DFS and BFS.
  15. What is Recursion?
  16. What is Divide and Conquer approach?
  17. Explain Bubble Sort algorithm.
  18. Explain Selection Sort algorithm.
  19. Explain Insertion Sort algorithm.
  20. What is Linear Search?
  21. What is Binary Search?
  22. What is Dynamic Programming (basic definition)?
  23. What is Greedy Algorithm?
  24. What is a Heap?
  25. What is a Hash collision?

Intermediate Level

  1. Explain Merge Sort algorithm and its complexity.
  2. Explain Quick Sort and its complexity.
  3. Explain Two-pointer technique with examples.
  4. Explain Sliding Window technique.
  5. What is Prefix Sum and where is it used?
  6. Explain Kadane?s algorithm.
  7. What is a Circular Linked List?
  8. How do you detect a cycle in a Linked List?
  9. What is a Doubly Linked List?
  10. What is a Priority Queue?
  11. How do you implement a Queue using Stacks?
  12. How do you implement a Stack using Queues?
  13. What is a Trie data structure?
  14. Difference between Tree and Graph.
  15. What is a Balanced Binary Tree?
  16. What is AVL Tree?
  17. What is Red-Black Tree?
  18. Explain Dijkstra?s algorithm.
  19. What is Bellman-Ford algorithm?
  20. Explain Floyd-Warshall algorithm.
  21. What is Kruskal?s algorithm?
  22. What is Prim?s algorithm?
  23. What is Union-Find data structure?
  24. What is Topological Sorting?
  25. What is Backtracking? Give example.

Advanced Level

  1. Explain Segment Tree and its operations.
  2. What is a Fenwick Tree (Binary Indexed Tree)?
  3. Difference between Segment Tree and Fenwick Tree.
  4. Solve: Maximum product subarray.
  5. Solve: Longest increasing subsequence.
  6. Explain Longest Common Subsequence.
  7. What is KMP algorithm?
  8. Explain Rabin-Karp algorithm.
  9. Explain the concept of rolling hash.
  10. What is a Min-Cut and Max-Flow problem?
  11. Explain Edmonds-Karp Algorithm.
  12. Explain Kahn?s algorithm.
  13. Explain A* search algorithm.
  14. What is NP, NP-hard, and NP-complete?
  15. Explain Traveling Salesman Problem.
  16. Explain Bitmask DP with example.
  17. Explain DP on trees.
  18. Explain DP on graphs.
  19. How does binary lifting work?
  20. What is a Sparse Table?
  21. Explain Lowest Common Ancestor problem.
  22. Implement LRU Cache logic.
  23. What is a Bloom Filter?
  24. Explain Consistent Hashing.
  25. Explain Suffix array and Suffix tree.

Expert Level

  1. Solve: Maximum subarray sum for circular array.
  2. Solve: Median of two sorted arrays (log approach).
  3. Solve: Find Kth smallest element in sorted matrix.
  4. Solve: Word ladder shortest path.
  5. Solve: N-Queens problem optimized solution.
  6. Solve: Shortest path in a maze using BFS.
  7. Solve: Course schedule (detect cycle in graph).
  8. Solve: Clone graph problem.
  9. Solve: Regular expression matching (DP).
  10. Solve: Edit distance problem (DP).
  11. Solve: Palindromic subsequence count (DP).
  12. Solve: Max rectangle in binary matrix.
  13. Solve: Largest histogram rectangle.
  14. Solve: Minimum window substring problem.
  15. Solve: Coin change problem variants.
  16. Solve: Sliding window maximum problem.
  17. Solve: Find bridges and articulation points.
  18. Solve: Euler path/circuit check.
  19. Solve: Detect negative cycle in graph.
  20. Solve: Longest path in DAG.
  21. Solve: Kth smallest element using order-statistic tree.
  22. Solve: Streaming median problem.
  23. Solve: Top K frequent elements problem.
  24. Solve: Find strongly connected components (Kosaraju).
  25. Solve: Implement efficient autocomplete system using Trie.

Related Topics