13 September 2025

#AI Frameworks


Key Concepts


S.No Topic Sub-Topics
1 AI Fundamentals AI definition, AI types, Narrow AI, General AI, Generative AI, Predictive AI, AI applications
2 AI & ML Foundations AI vs ML, Supervised learning, Unsupervised learning, Semi-supervised learning, Reinforcement learning, Training, Inference
3 Data Fundamentals Structured data, Unstructured data, Data collection, Data preprocessing, Data quality, Features, Labels
4 Mathematics for AI Linear algebra, Vectors, Matrices, Matrix operations, Probability, Statistics, Calculus basics
5 Probability & Statistics Probability distributions, Conditional probability, Bayes theorem, Mean, Variance, Standard deviation, Correlation
6 Machine Learning Fundamentals Regression, Classification, Clustering, Feature engineering, Training, Validation, Prediction
7 ML Algorithms Linear regression, Logistic regression, Decision trees, Random forest, SVM, KNN, Naive Bayes
8 Ensemble Learning Bagging, Boosting, Random forest, AdaBoost, Gradient boosting, XGBoost, LightGBM
9 Model Evaluation Train-test split, Cross-validation, Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1-score, ROC-AUC
10 Feature Engineering Feature selection, Feature extraction, Encoding, Scaling, Normalization, Missing values, Outliers
11 Unsupervised Learning K-Means, Hierarchical clustering, DBSCAN, PCA, Dimensionality reduction, Anomaly detection, Cluster evaluation
12 Deep Learning Fundamentals Neural networks, Neurons, Layers, Weights, Bias, Activation functions, Forward propagation
13 Neural Network Training Loss functions, Backpropagation, Gradient descent, Learning rate, Optimizers, Batch size, Epochs
14 Deep Learning Architectures CNN, RNN, LSTM, GRU, Autoencoder, Transformer, Attention
15 Computer Vision Image classification, Object detection, Image segmentation, OCR, Image embeddings, Vision transformers, Image generation
16 NLP Fundamentals Text preprocessing, Tokenization, Stemming, Lemmatization, N-grams, Text classification, Named Entity Recognition
17 Embeddings Word embeddings, Sentence embeddings, Document embeddings, Vector representation, Cosine similarity, Semantic search, Embedding models
18 Generative AI Generative models, LLMs, Text generation, Image generation, Audio generation, Video generation, Multimodal AI
19 LLM Fundamentals Transformer, Tokens, Context window, Attention, Parameters, Pre-training, Inference
20 Prompt Engineering Zero-shot, Few-shot, Role prompting, Prompt templates, Structured prompts, Prompt chaining, Output constraints
21 RAG Document ingestion, Chunking, Embeddings, Vector database, Retrieval, Reranking, Context generation
22 Vector Databases Vector indexing, Similarity search, ANN, Metadata filtering, Hybrid search, Reranking, Vector DB selection
23 AI Agents Agent architecture, Planning, Tool calling, Function calling, Memory, ReAct, Multi-agent systems
24 AI Tools & MCP Tool definitions, API tools, Database tools, Function execution, MCP concepts, MCP servers, MCP clients
25 Fine-Tuning Instruction tuning, Dataset preparation, Supervised fine-tuning, LoRA, QLoRA, PEFT, Fine-tuning evaluation
26 AI Evaluation Model evaluation, RAG evaluation, Faithfulness, Relevance, Groundedness, LLM-as-a-judge, Benchmarking
27 AI Security Prompt injection, Jailbreaking, Data leakage, PII protection, Tool security, Output validation, Guardrails
28 AI MLOps / LLMOps Model deployment, Model registry, Versioning, Monitoring, Logging, Drift detection, Experiment tracking
29 AI Performance & Cost Model selection, Quantization, Caching, Batching, Token optimization, Latency optimization, Cost optimization
30 Production AI Architecture AI application architecture, RAG architecture, Agent architecture, Data layer, Model layer, Security layer, Monitoring & deployment

Interview question

What is Artificial Intelligence (AI)?
What is Machine Learning (ML)?
What is Deep Learning?
What is Generative AI?
What is an LLM?
What is the difference between AI, ML, Deep Learning, and Generative AI?
What is ChatGPT?
What is an AI model?
What is the difference between a traditional AI model and an LLM?
What are the major components of a Generative AI system?
What is Natural Language Processing (NLP)?
What is Natural Language Understanding (NLU)?
What is Natural Language Generation (NLG)?
What is a Transformer architecture?
What is self-attention?
What is multi-head attention?
What is an encoder and decoder in a Transformer?
Why are Transformers widely used in LLMs?
What is tokenization?
What is a token in an LLM?
What is an embedding?
What is a vector embedding?
What is a context window?
What happens when an LLM exceeds its context window?
What is model training?
What is model inference?
What is pre-training?
What is fine-tuning?
What is instruction tuning?
What is RLHF?
What is supervised fine-tuning?
What is prompt engineering?
Why is prompt engineering important?
What are the main components of a good prompt?
What is a system prompt?
What is a user prompt?
What is a developer instruction?
What is zero-shot prompting?
What is one-shot prompting?
What is few-shot prompting?
What is role prompting?
What is instruction prompting?
What is contextual prompting?
What is prompt decomposition?
What is prompt chaining?
What is structured prompting?
What is a prompt template?
What is dynamic prompt generation?
What is chain-of-thought prompting?
What is reasoning prompting?
What is ReAct prompting?
What is self-consistency prompting?
What is self-reflection prompting?
What is tree-of-thought prompting?
What is least-to-most prompting?
What is retrieval-augmented prompting?
What is grounding in Generative AI?
What is hallucination in an LLM?
Why do LLMs hallucinate?
How can prompt engineering reduce hallucinations?
What is prompt injection?
What is indirect prompt injection?
How can prompt injection attacks be prevented?
What is jailbreak prompting?
What are AI guardrails?
What is output validation in Generative AI?
What is structured output?
How can an LLM generate valid JSON?
What is function calling?
What is tool calling in an LLM?
How does an AI model decide when to call a tool?
What is the difference between function calling and tool calling?
What is RAG?
Why is RAG used with LLMs?
What is the difference between RAG and fine-tuning?
What are the main components of a RAG pipeline?
What is document chunking?
How do you choose the right chunk size?
What is semantic search?
What is a vector database?
What is similarity search?
What is hybrid search?
What is reranking in RAG?
What is Agentic RAG?
What is an AI Agent?
What is the difference between an LLM application and an AI Agent?
What are the core components of an AI Agent?
What is agent memory?
What is short-term memory in an AI Agent?
What is long-term memory in an AI Agent?
What is agent planning?
What is an autonomous AI Agent?
What is a multi-agent system?
What is the role of prompts in AI Agents?
How do you design prompts for reliable AI Agents?
How do you evaluate an LLM response?
What metrics are used to evaluate Generative AI applications?
How do you evaluate RAG systems?
How do you reduce LLM latency and token costs?
How do you design production-ready LLM applications?
What are the major security challenges in Generative AI?
What is responsible AI?
How would you design an enterprise-grade Agentic AI solution?
How would you combine Prompt Engineering, RAG, Tools, Memory, and Agents in a real-world application?

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