20 November 2025

#Data_Science

#Data_Science

Key Concepts


S.No Topic Sub-Topics
1Data Science OverviewDefinition, Lifecycle, Use Cases, Roles, Skills Required
2Mathematics for Data ScienceLinear Algebra Basics, Probability, Statistics, Calculus Overview, Optimization
3Python for Data SciencePython Basics, NumPy, Pandas, Matplotlib, Jupyter Notebooks
4Data CollectionData Sources, APIs, Web Scraping, Databases, Data Warehouses
5Data CleaningMissing Values, Outlier Detection, Data Imputation, Data Normalization, Deduplication
6Exploratory Data AnalysisSummary Statistics, Data Visualization, Correlation Analysis, Distribution Analysis, Insights
7Data VisualizationMatplotlib, Seaborn, Plotly, Dashboards, Storytelling
8Statistics for Data ScienceDescriptive Statistics, Inferential Statistics, Hypothesis Testing, Confidence Intervals, A/B Testing
9Feature EngineeringFeature Creation, Feature Scaling, Encoding Categorical Data, Feature Selection, Dimensionality Reduction
10Machine Learning BasicsSupervised Learning, Unsupervised Learning, Model Evaluation, Bias-Variance Tradeoff, Pipelines
11Supervised Learning AlgorithmsLinear Regression, Logistic Regression, Decision Trees, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting
12Unsupervised Learning AlgorithmsK-Means, Hierarchical Clustering, DBSCAN, PCA, Association Rules
13Model Training and EvaluationTrain-Test Split, Cross Validation, Metrics, Overfitting, Underfitting
14Model TuningHyperparameter Tuning, Grid Search, Random Search, Bayesian Optimization, Regularization
15Time Series AnalysisTime Series Components, ARIMA, Seasonality, Forecasting, Evaluation
16Natural Language ProcessingText Preprocessing, Tokenization, Vectorization, Topic Modeling, Sentiment Analysis
17Deep Learning BasicsNeural Networks, Activation Functions, Backpropagation, Optimization Algorithms, Frameworks
18Deep Learning ModelsCNNs, RNNs, LSTMs, Transformers, Use Cases
19Big Data for Data ScienceHadoop, Spark, Distributed Computing, Data Lakes, Scalability
20Model DeploymentModel Serialization, REST APIs, Batch vs Real-time Inference, Monitoring, Scaling
21MLOps FundamentalsVersion Control, CI/CD, Experiment Tracking, Model Registry, Automation
22Model MonitoringData Drift, Concept Drift, Performance Metrics, Alerts, Retraining
23Ethics and Responsible AIBias, Fairness, Explainability, Transparency, Privacy
24Data StorytellingBusiness Context, Visual Narratives, Communication, Dashboards, Stakeholder Presentation
25Domain KnowledgeBusiness Understanding, KPIs, Industry Use Cases, Problem Framing, Decision Making
26Cloud for Data ScienceAWS, Azure, GCP, Managed ML Services, Cost Management
27Advanced AnalyticsRecommendation Systems, Anomaly Detection, Graph Analytics, Causal Inference, Optimization
28Data Science ToolsScikit-learn, TensorFlow, PyTorch, MLflow, DVC
29Best PracticesReproducibility, Documentation, Code Quality, Collaboration, Experiment Management
30End-to-End Data Science ProjectProblem Definition, Data Preparation, Modeling, Evaluation, Deployment

Interview question

🟢 Basic Level

  1. What is Data Science?
  2. Difference between Data Science, Data Analytics, and Machine Learning?
  3. What are structured and unstructured data?
  4. What is a dataset?
  5. What is the role of a data scientist?
  6. What is sampling? Why is it used?
  7. Explain mean, median, and mode.
  8. What is standard deviation?
  9. What is variance?
  10. What is correlation?
  11. What is a histogram?
  12. What is a box plot?
  13. What is a scatter plot used for?
  14. Difference between a population and a sample.
  15. What is a null hypothesis?
  16. What are outliers?
  17. What is data cleaning?
  18. What is feature scaling?
  19. What is normalization?
  20. What is a train-test split?
  21. What is supervised learning?
  22. What is unsupervised learning?
  23. What is a classification problem?
  24. What is a regression problem?
  25. What is overfitting?

🟡 Intermediate Level

  1. What is underfitting?
  2. What is cross-validation?
  3. What is k-fold cross-validation?
  4. What is a confusion matrix?
  5. Explain precision and recall.
  6. What is F1-score?
  7. What is ROC-AUC?
  8. What is logistic regression?
  9. How does k-NN work?
  10. What is Naive Bayes?
  11. What is decision tree?
  12. Explain Random Forest.
  13. What is gradient boosting?
  14. What is XGBoost?
  15. What is feature engineering?
  16. What is one-hot encoding?
  17. What is label encoding?
  18. What is PCA (Principal Component Analysis)?
  19. What is multicollinearity?
  20. What is regularization?
  21. Difference between L1 and L2 regularization.
  22. What is a cost function?
  23. What is bias?variance tradeoff?
  24. What is EDA (Exploratory Data Analysis)?
  25. What are missing value handling techniques?

🔵 Advanced Level

  1. What is a neural network?
  2. What is backpropagation?
  3. Explain gradient descent.
  4. What is stochastic gradient descent?
  5. Explain vanishing gradient problem.
  6. Difference between CNN and RNN.
  7. What is LSTM?
  8. What is attention mechanism?
  9. What are word embeddings?
  10. Explain TF-IDF.
  11. What is time-series forecasting?
  12. What is ARIMA?
  13. What is stationarity in time series?
  14. What is autocorrelation?
  15. What is cross-correlation?
  16. What is anomaly detection?
  17. What is k-means clustering?
  18. What is hierarchical clustering?
  19. What is silhouette score?
  20. What is DBSCAN?
  21. What is model drift?
  22. What is data leakage?
  23. What is MLOps?
  24. What is Docker in ML deployment?
  25. Explain REST API for ML model.

🔴 Expert Level

  1. Explain transformer architecture.
  2. What are large language models (LLMs)?
  3. What is reinforcement learning?
  4. Explain Q-learning.
  5. What is Markov Decision Process (MDP)?
  6. What is approximate inference?
  7. Explain Bayesian networks.
  8. What is causal inference?
  9. What is counterfactual prediction?
  10. What is SHAP?
  11. What is LIME?
  12. Explain gradient boosting in detail.
  13. How does CatBoost handle categorical variables?
  14. What is feature store?
  15. Explain Data Lake vs Data Warehouse.
  16. What is delta lake?
  17. What is distributed training?
  18. What is parameter server architecture?
  19. What is vector database?
  20. What is embedding dimensionality reduction?
  21. Explain end-to-end ML lifecycle.
  22. What is model observability?
  23. What is multi-armed bandit algorithm?
  24. Explain optimization using Adam, RMSProp.
  25. Explain real-time ML pipelines (Kafka + Spark + ML model).

Related Topics


   Data_Warehouse   
   Data_Lake   
   Data_Lakehouse