#Splunk

Last updated    - V7 (19-Dec-2025)

Key Concepts

S.No	Topic	Sub-Topics
1	Splunk Overview	What is Splunk, Splunk Use Cases, Machine Data, Splunk Architecture, Real-time vs Historical Data
2	Splunk Installation	System Requirements, Splunk Enterprise Install, Forwarder Install, Windows Install, Linux Install
3	Splunk Components	Indexer, Search Head, Forwarder, Deployment Server, License Master
4	Splunk Data Inputs	Files & Directories, TCP/UDP Inputs, Scripted Inputs, Windows Event Logs, Syslog
5	Splunk Indexing Process	Parsing Phase, Indexing Phase, Buckets, Hot/Warm/Cold Buckets, Metadata
6	Splunk Web Interface	Search Bar, Apps Menu, Dashboards, Settings, Monitoring Console
7	SPL Basics	Search Command, Keywords, Time Range Picker, Pipes, Fields
8	SPL Searching & Filtering	AND/OR/NOT, Wildcards, Field Searches, Time Modifiers, Subsearch
9	Fields & Field Extraction	Default Fields, Field Discovery, Regex Extraction, Delimiters, Field Aliases
10	Transforming Commands	stats, chart, timechart, top, rare
11	Reporting in Splunk	Report Creation, Scheduling Reports, Export Formats, Sharing Reports, Report Acceleration
12	Splunk Dashboards	Dashboard Panels, Visualization Types, XML Dashboards, Tokens, Inputs
13	Lookups	Lookup Tables, CSV Lookups, Automatic Lookups, Lookup Commands, Geo Lookups
14	Knowledge Objects	Fields, Tags, Event Types, Macros, Workflow Actions
15	Splunk Apps & Add-ons	Splunkbase, App Installation, Add-on Configuration, CIM Compliance, App Permissions
16	Common Information Model (CIM)	CIM Overview, Data Models, Normalization, Tags & Fields, CIM Validation
17	Data Models	Data Model Structure, Pivot, Acceleration, Constraints, Datasets
18	Alerts in Splunk	Alert Types, Alert Conditions, Throttling, Actions, Email & Webhook Alerts
19	User Management	Users & Roles, Capabilities, Authentication, Authorization, Role Mapping
20	Splunk Security Basics	RBAC, Secure Ports, TLS/SSL, Audit Logs, Password Policies
21	Forwarder Management	Universal Forwarder, Heavy Forwarder, Deployment Server, Server Classes, Outputs.conf
22	Configuration Files	inputs.conf, outputs.conf, props.conf, transforms.conf, limits.conf
23	Performance Tuning	Search Optimization, Index Sizing, Bucket Management, Resource Monitoring, Acceleration
24	Monitoring Console	Indexer Health, Search Head Health, Forwarder Status, Resource Usage, Alerts
25	Splunk REST API	REST Basics, Authentication, Search API, Admin API, Use Cases
26	Splunk Backup & Restore	Index Backup, Config Backup, Cold to Frozen, Restore Process, Best Practices
27	Splunk Scaling	Distributed Search, Indexer Clustering, Search Head Clustering, Load Balancing, High Availability
28	Troubleshooting Splunk	Search Issues, Indexing Issues, Forwarder Issues, Log Files, Common Errors
29	Splunk Use Cases	Log Monitoring, Security Analytics, IT Operations, Business Analytics, Compliance
30	Splunk Interview & Certification Prep	Common Interview Questions, SPL Scenarios, Admin Concepts, Architect Concepts, Certification Path

Interview question

BASIC

1. What is Splunk?
2. What are the major components of Splunk?
3. What is an Index in Splunk?
4. What is a Splunk Forwarder?
5. Difference between Universal Forwarder (UF) and Heavy Forwarder (HF)?
6. What is a Search Head?
7. What is sourcetype?
8. What is props.conf used for?
9. What is transforms.conf?
10. Explain Splunk architecture.
11. What is SPL in Splunk?
12. What is the purpose of stats command?
13. Difference between stats and eventstats?
14. What is timechart command?
15. What is eval command?
16. What is a lookup in Splunk?
17. What are field extractions?
18. What are knowledge objects?
19. What is a Dashboard?
20. What are workflow actions?
21. What is Splunkbase?
22. What is indexes.conf?
23. Difference between Search Head and Indexer?
24. What are eventtypes?
25. What are tags in Splunk?

---

INTERMEDIATE

1. What is parsing in Splunk?
2. What is indexing phase?
3. What is a License Master?
4. What are buckets in Splunk?
5. Explain hot, warm, cold, frozen buckets.
6. What is summary indexing?
7. What is a data model?
8. What is CIM (Common Information Model)?
9. Difference between tags and eventtypes?
10. Difference between join and append?
11. What is a subsearch?
12. What is transaction command used for?
13. How does rex command work?
14. What is regex extraction?
15. What is a deployment server?
16. What is Search Head Clustering?
17. What is Indexer Clustering?
18. What is KV Store?
19. What is Risk Analysis in Splunk ES?
20. What are notable events?
21. What are correlation searches?
22. How do you use Splunk REST API?
23. What are Alerts in Splunk?
24. Explain data onboarding process.
25. What is collect command?

---

ADVANCED

1. What is tstats command?
2. What are accelerated data models?
3. Difference between lookup and inputlookup?
4. Summary indexing vs report acceleration?
5. How do you optimize Splunk searches?
6. What is multisite indexer clustering?
7. What is a cluster master?
8. What is captain election in SHC?
9. What is bucket replication?
10. What is indexer discovery?
11. What is HEC (HTTP Event Collector)?
12. What is modular input?
13. What is scripted input?
14. Difference between Cribl and Splunk HF?
15. What is Splunk Observability?
16. How APM traces work in Splunk?
17. Difference between metrics and events?
18. What is Splunk Stream processor?
19. Explain parsing performance optimization.
20. What are typical SIEM use cases?
21. How risk score is calculated?
22. What is UEBA in Splunk ES?
23. Explain threat intel integration.
24. What is collect command?
25. How do you scale a large Splunk deployment?

---

EXPERT

1. Design Splunk architecture for 100TB/day ingestion.
2. Explain multi-region Splunk deployment.
3. How do you implement CI/CD for Splunk apps?
4. Scaling Search Head Clusters for enterprise workloads.
5. What is DMC (Monitoring Console)?
6. Explain storage tiering in Splunk.
7. How to approach Splunk migration?
8. Explain RBAC and governance in Splunk.
9. How to tune correlation searches in ES?
10. Explain SOAR integration with Splunk ES.
11. On-prem vs Cloud Splunk migration approach?
12. HEC load balancing mechanisms?
13. Blueprint for optimized forwarder architecture.
14. Explain advanced risk-based alerting (RBA).
15. What is DDAA in ES?
16. Using MLTK (Machine Learning Toolkit) in ES.
17. How to automate playbooks in SOAR?
18. What is workload management in Splunk?
19. How to optimize saved searches?
20. How to design complex data models?
21. What are Splunk trust boundaries?
22. How Splunk is used for DevSecOps pipelines?
23. What is guarded search mode?
24. Explain advanced clustering topologies.
25. How to secure Splunk for regulated environments?

Related Topics

Splunk Architecture

Splunk Components

Splunk Data Inputs

Splunk Indexing Process

SPL Basics

#Angular

Last updated    - V7 (19-Dec-2025)

Key Concepts

S.No	Topic	Sub-Topics
1	Introduction to Angular	What is Angular, Features, Advantages, Angular vs AngularJS, Use cases
2	Angular Architecture	Modules, Components, Templates, Services, Dependency Injection, Directives
3	Setting up Angular	Node.js installation, Angular CLI, Creating new project, Project structure, Running app
4	TypeScript Basics	Variables, Types, Functions, Classes, Interfaces, Decorators
5	Components	Creating component, Component decorator, Template, Styles, Lifecycle hooks
6	Templates & Data Binding	Interpolation, Property binding, Event binding, Two-way binding, Template reference variables
7	Directives	Structural directives, Attribute directives, ngIf, ngFor, Custom directives
8	Pipes	Built-in pipes, Custom pipes, Chaining pipes, Async pipe, Date and number formatting
9	Services & Dependency Injection	Creating service, Injectable decorator, Singleton service, Using service in component, Hierarchical injection
10	Routing & Navigation	RouterModule, Routes configuration, RouterLink, Route parameters, Lazy loading
11	Forms in Angular	Template-driven forms, Reactive forms, FormControl, FormGroup, Validators
12	HTTP Client	HttpClientModule, GET request, POST request, Handling errors, Interceptors
13	Observables & RxJS	Observable creation, Subscribing, Operators, Subjects, Async data handling
14	Routing Guards	CanActivate, CanDeactivate, CanLoad, AuthGuard example, Route protection
15	Angular Modules	NgModule, Feature modules, Shared modules, Core module, Lazy-loaded modules
16	Angular CLI Commands	ng generate, ng serve, ng build, ng test, ng lint
17	Angular Animations	Trigger, State, Transition, Animate, Keyframes
18	Angular Material	Installing Angular Material, Material components, Theming, Buttons & icons, Responsive layout
19	Unit Testing	Karma, Jasmine, TestBed, Component testing, Service testing
20	End-to-End Testing	Protractor, Cypress, Writing e2e tests, Running tests, Best practices
21	Change Detection	Zones, Default strategy, OnPush strategy, DetectChanges, MarkForCheck
22	Angular Lifecycle Hooks	ngOnInit, ngOnChanges, ngDoCheck, ngAfterViewInit, ngOnDestroy
23	Angular Security	Sanitization, XSS prevention, Content Security Policy, Authentication, Authorization
24	State Management	Services for state, RxJS BehaviorSubject, NgRx overview, Actions & Reducers, Store usage
25	Lazy Loading & Preloading	Lazy-loaded modules, PreloadAllModules, Route configuration, Performance benefits, Example setup
26	Angular Interceptors	HttpInterceptor, Logging requests, Adding headers, Error handling, Token authentication
27	Custom Structural & Attribute Directives	Creating directive, HostListener, HostBinding, Manipulating DOM, Examples
28	Angular Internationalization (i18n)	i18n setup, Translating text, Dynamic locale, Date & number formatting, Building for multiple languages
29	Performance Optimization	ChangeDetectionStrategy, Lazy loading, TrackBy in ngFor, OnPush strategy, Ahead-of-Time compilation
30	Hands-on Project	Create Angular app, Use routing, Forms & HTTP, Services & DI, Deploy and optimize

Interview question

Basic Level

1. What is Angular and why is it used?
2. Difference between Angular and AngularJS.
3. Features of Angular.
4. Advantages of using Angular.
5. What is TypeScript and why Angular uses it?
6. What is Angular CLI?
7. How to create a new Angular project using CLI?
8. What is a component in Angular?
9. Explain the structure of an Angular project.
10. What are templates in Angular?
11. What is data binding in Angular?
12. Types of data binding in Angular.
13. What is interpolation?
14. What is property binding?
15. What is event binding?
16. What is two-way binding?
17. What are directives in Angular?
18. Types of directives in Angular.
19. What is a pipe in Angular?
20. Built-in pipes in Angular.
21. How to create a custom pipe?
22. What are modules in Angular?
23. What is NgModule?
24. What is dependency injection in Angular?
25. What are services in Angular?

---

Intermediate Level

1. What are Angular lifecycle hooks?
2. Explain ngOnInit, ngOnChanges, ngOnDestroy.
3. What is the difference between structural and attribute directives?
4. What is the difference between *ngIf and [hidden]?
5. Explain ngFor and trackBy.
6. What is Angular routing?
7. How to configure routes in Angular?
8. How to pass route parameters?
9. What are route guards?
10. Types of route guards.
11. What is lazy loading in Angular?
12. What is preloading in Angular?
13. How to handle forms in Angular?
14. Difference between template-driven and reactive forms.
15. Explain FormControl, FormGroup, and FormArray.
16. How to implement form validation?
17. Built-in validators in Angular.
18. How to create custom validators?
19. How to make HTTP requests in Angular?
20. What is HttpClientModule?
21. How to handle HTTP errors?
22. How to use interceptors in Angular?
23. What are observables in Angular?
24. How to use RxJS operators?
25. Difference between promises and observables.

---

Advanced Level

1. What is Angular change detection?
2. How does Angular detect changes in components?
3. What is ChangeDetectionStrategy.OnPush?
4. What is a zone in Angular?
5. Difference between default and OnPush change detection.
6. What are Angular animations?
7. How to implement animations using Angular?
8. What is Angular Material?
9. How to use Angular Material components?
10. How to implement responsive design in Angular?
11. What is Ahead-of-Time (AOT) compilation?
12. What is Just-in-Time (JIT) compilation?
13. Difference between AOT and JIT.
14. How to optimize Angular performance?
15. What is a singleton service?
16. How to provide services in root vs component?
17. What is Angular injector hierarchy?
18. How to use HostBinding and HostListener?
19. How to create custom structural directives?
20. How to create custom attribute directives?
21. How to handle i18n (internationalization) in Angular?
22. How to use Angular pipes for i18n?
23. What are dynamic components?
24. How to create dynamic components using ComponentFactoryResolver?
25. How to handle file uploads in Angular?

---

Expert Level

1. How to implement state management in Angular?
2. What is NgRx and why use it?
3. How to implement actions, reducers, and selectors in NgRx?
4. How to use BehaviorSubject for state management?
5. How to implement server-side rendering with Angular Universal?
6. How to integrate Angular with a REST API backend?
7. How to secure Angular applications?
8. How to implement authentication and authorization in Angular?
9. How to implement JWT token authentication in Angular?
10. How to integrate Angular with OAuth2/OpenID Connect?
11. How to implement route-based lazy loading for modules?
12. How to handle caching strategies in Angular?
13. How to implement service workers and PWA with Angular?
14. How to test Angular applications using Jasmine?
15. How to write unit tests for components, services, and pipes?
16. How to write end-to-end tests using Protractor or Cypress?
17. How to optimize Angular bundle size?
18. How to implement code splitting in Angular?
19. How to integrate Angular with CI/CD pipelines?
20. How to deploy Angular applications to production?
21. How to handle memory leaks in Angular applications?
22. How to debug Angular performance issues?
23. How to monitor Angular applications in production?
24. Best practices for Angular application architecture.
25. Best practices for Angular security and performance.

Related Topics

#ReactJS

Last updated    - V7 (14-Dec-2025)

Key Concepts

S.No	Topic	Sub-Topics
1	Introduction to React	What is React, SPA Architecture, Virtual DOM, React Features, Prerequisites
2	Environment Setup	Node & npm, Create React App, Folder Structure, Dev Server, Basic App
3	JSX Basics	JSX Syntax, Embedding Expressions, Babel, JSX Rules, Differences from HTML
4	Components	Functional Components, Class Components, Props Basics, Component Reuse, Composition
5	Props & State	Props Usage, Passing Data, useState Hook, State Definition, State vs Props
6	Event Handling	Event Basics, Synthetic Events, Event Binding, Passing Params, Event Objects
7	Conditional Rendering	If/Else, Ternary, Logical &&, Conditional Component, Fragments
8	Lists & Keys	Dynamic Lists, Array.map(), Key Importance, Nested Lists, List Styling
9	Forms	Controlled Components, Uncontrolled Components, Submit Handler, Text Inputs, Form Validation
10	useEffect Hook	Effects Intro, Dependency Array, Cleanup, API Calls, Multiple Effects
11	React Router	Router Setup, Routes, Link & NavLink, URL Params, Navigate
12	Context API	CreateContext, Provider, useContext, Avoid Props Drilling, State Sharing
13	Custom Hooks	Why Custom Hooks, Rules, Business Logic Hook, Reusable Hook, useFetch
14	Performance Optimization	React.memo, useMemo, useCallback, Batching, Re-render Control
15	State Management	Lifting State, Global Store, Redux Intro, Reducer, Actions Flow
16	Redux Toolkit	RTK Install, createSlice, Store Setup, Provider, Dispatch & Selector
17	Async Operations	Axios, Fetch API, Async/Await, Error Handling, Loading States
18	Error Boundaries	Fallback UI, Logging, Try/Catch, Boundary Component, Debugging
19	Optimization II	Profiler, Pure Components, Code Splitting, Lazy Loading, Tree Shaking
20	Testing	Jest Basics, RTL Intro, Mocking API, Unit Tests, Snapshot Testing
21	Advanced Patterns	HOC Pattern, Render Props, Compound Components, Provider Pattern, Hooks Composition
22	React with TypeScript	TS Setup, Props Typing, State Typing, Custom Types, Interfaces
23	Styling	CSS Modules, Styled Components, Tailwind CSS, Material UI, Chakra UI
24	Authentication	Login Flow, JWT Token, Protected Routes, Session Storage, Role-Based UI
25	Deployment	Build App, Netlify, Vercel, GitHub Pages, Environment Config
26	Next.js Basics	SSR, SSG, Routing, Layouts, API Routes
27	Architecture	Folder Structure, Atomic Design, Feature Based Structure, Clean Code, Service Layer
28	Best Practices	DRY Principle, KISS, Performance Tips, Error Handling, Security
29	Project Development	UI Planning, Component Design, Data Flow, State Logic, Router + Redux
30	Final Review	Code Cleanup, Documentation, Testing Coverage, Refactor, Deployment

Interview question

Basic Level

1. What is ReactJS?
2. What is the difference between React and Angular?
3. What is JSX in React?
4. Why do we use JSX instead of JavaScript?
5. What is a component in React?
6. What is the difference between functional and class components?
7. What are props in React?
8. What is state in React?
9. Difference between state and props?
10. What is Virtual DOM in React?
11. Explain the concept of one-way data binding.
12. What is create-react-app?
13. What is the purpose of render() method?
14. What are lifecycle methods in React?
15. What is a controlled component?
16. What is an uncontrolled component?
17. How do you handle events in React?
18. What are fragments in React?
19. What is the purpose of key in React lists?
20. What is conditional rendering?
21. How do you update the state in React?
22. What is React Router?
23. What is context API?
24. What are hooks in React?
25. What is useState hook?

Intermediate Level

1. What is useEffect hook used for?
2. Difference between useEffect and lifecycle methods?
3. What causes a re-render in React?
4. What is prop drilling?
5. How to avoid prop drilling?
6. What is useContext hook?
7. What are custom hooks?
8. What is memoization?
9. What is React.memo?
10. What is useMemo hook?
11. What is useCallback hook?
12. Difference between useMemo and useCallback?
13. How do you fetch data in React?
14. What is axios?
15. What is lazy loading?
16. What is error boundary?
17. What is suspense in React?
18. Explain code splitting in React.
19. What is ReactDOM?
20. Difference between JSX and HTML?
21. What are controlled inputs?
22. How do you share data between siblings?
23. What is Context Provider and Consumer?
24. What is Redux?
25. How do you implement routing?

Advanced Level

1. What is Redux architecture?
2. What are actions in Redux?
3. What are reducers in Redux?
4. What is a Redux store?
5. What are middleware in Redux?
6. What is Redux Thunk?
7. Difference between Redux Thunk and Saga?
8. What is createSlice in Redux Toolkit?
9. What is immutability in React?
10. How do you optimize performance in React?
11. What is reconciliation algorithm?
12. What is hydration?
13. What is Render Props pattern?
14. What are Higher Order Components (HOC)?
15. What are compound components?
16. Context vs Redux?
17. What is SSR in React?
18. What is SSG?
19. What are API routes in Next.js?
20. What is hydration mismatch?
21. What is StrictMode in React?
22. What is priority rendering?
23. Explain batching in React.
24. What are portals in React?
25. What is tree-shaking?

Expert Level

1. How does React?s Fiber architecture work?
2. Explain the reconciliation algorithm in depth.
3. Difference between useLayoutEffect and useEffect?
4. What is concurrent mode in React?
5. Explain React render phases (render/commit).
6. How do you build reusable component libraries?
7. Explain micro-frontends with React.
8. What is React Profiler?
9. How do you debug performance issues?
10. SSR vs CSR?
11. Explain static site generation use-cases.
12. How does React work internally with DOM?
13. Rules of React Hooks?
14. How to create custom middleware in Redux?
15. Explain observer pattern in React.
16. Difference between context selector and global state?
17. Explain atomic design architecture.
18. How to optimize React app for SEO?
19. How do you avoid unnecessary re-renders?
20. How does Suspense work internally?
21. Explain state normalization.
22. Explain Flux architecture in detail.
23. How do you handle error logging in production?
24. How do you structure large enterprise React apps?
25. Explain distributed state management in complex applications.

Related Topics

#Spring_AOP

Last updated    - V7 (19-Dec-2025)

Key Concepts

S.No	Topic	Sub-Topics
1	Introduction to AOP	What is AOP?, OOP vs AOP, Cross-cutting concerns, Benefits, Real Use Cases
2	Spring AOP Basics	AOP Concepts, Proxy Pattern, Join Point, Pointcut, Aspect
3	AOP Terminology	Advice, Around Advice, After Advice, Before Advice, Weaving
4	Spring AOP Architecture	Proxy Factory, BeanPostProcessor, Weaving Approaches, CGLIB, JDK Proxy
5	AOP Configuration	XML Config, @EnableAspectJAutoProxy, AspectJ Support, AOP Proxies, Java Config
6	@Aspect Annotation	@Aspect, @Pointcut, @Before, @After, @Around
7	Pointcut Expressions	execution(), within(), args(), this(), any Methods
8	Advice Types	@Before, @After, @AfterReturning, @AfterThrowing, @Around
9	JoinPoint API	JoinPoint Object, MethodSignature, Arguments, Target, ProceedingJoinPoint
10	Returning Value in Advice	Returning Advice, Return Type Capture, AfterReturning Advice, Modify Response, Logging
11	Exception Handling in AOP	@AfterThrowing, Throwable Capture, Logging Errors, Rethrow Exception, Custom Logic
12	Around Advice Deep Dive	ProceedingJoinPoint, Before & After Execution, Time Measurement, Transaction Handling, Performance
13	AOP and Bean Lifecycle	AOP Proxy Creation, Bean Initialization, Target Object, Singleton Proxy, Prototype
14	Aspect Ordering	@Order, Multiple Aspects, Execution Sequence, Priority, Chaining
15	AOP Logging Use Case	Start/End Logs, Arguments Logging, Response Logging, Exception Logging, MDC
16	AOP for Security	Auth Interceptor, Permission Check, Method Security, Role Validation, Token Validation
17	AOP for Transactions	@Transactional Internals, AOP-based Transaction, Commit/Rollback Logic, Isolation, Propagation
18	AOP for Caching	@Cacheable Internals, Proxy Cache, Cache Evicting, Condition, TTL
19	AOP and Performance	Method Timing, Profiling, Bottleneck Detection, Latency Tracking, Metrics
20	AspectJ Intro	What is AspectJ?, AspectJ Syntax, Compile-time Weaving, Load-time Weaving, Performance
21	AspectJ vs Spring AOP	Proxy Dominated, Feature Comparison, Scenarios, Best Practices, Limitations
22	Testing AOP	Unit Testing Advice, Test Order, Mock JoinPoint, Integration Test, Verify Behavior
23	AOP in Spring Boot	Auto Config, Minimal Setup, Starters, Async Advice, Logback Integration
24	AOP with Annotation	Custom Annotation, Interceptor, Metadata, Annotation Processing, Dynamic Logic
25	Distributed Tracing with AOP	Tracing Interceptor, Span IDs, Headers Propagation, Zipkin/Sleuth, Monitoring
26	AOP for Data Validation	Pre-checks, Parameter Validation, Annotation Driven, DTO Validation, Data Sanitization
27	AOP in Microservices	Service Boundary, Log Correlation, Metrics, Retry Handler, Error Recovery
28	AOP Best Practices	Selective Pointcut, Avoid Overuse, Clear Intent, Testing, Documentation
29	Performance Optimization	AOP vs Manual Code, Overhead Reduction, Proxy Type Choice, Keep Minimal Scope, Benchmark
30	Final Project	Custom Aspect, Logging, Transaction Control, Metrics, PDF Report

Interview question

Basic Level

1. What is AOP in Spring?
2. What are the advantages of using AOP?
3. What is a cross-cutting concern?
4. What is an aspect in Spring AOP?
5. What is advice in Spring AOP?
6. What is a join point?
7. What is a pointcut?
8. What is weaving in AOP?
9. What is a proxy in Spring AOP?
10. Difference between proxy-based and AspectJ AOP?
11. What is the difference between AOP and OOP?
12. What are the different types of advice in Spring AOP?
13. What is @Aspect annotation?
14. How do you define a pointcut expression?
15. What is the difference between before and after advice?
16. What is after returning advice?
17. What is after throwing advice?
18. What is around advice?
19. How do you apply multiple advices to the same join point?
20. What is the default order of advice execution?
21. How does Spring AOP integrate with Spring Boot?
22. What is the difference between JDK dynamic proxy and CGLIB proxy?
23. What limitations does Spring AOP have compared to AspectJ?
24. How do you enable Spring AOP in XML configuration?
25. How do you enable Spring AOP using annotations?

---

Intermediate Level

1. How do you write a pointcut expression using execution()?
2. How do you write a pointcut expression using within()?
3. How do you write a pointcut expression using args()?
4. How do you write a pointcut expression using @annotation()?
5. What is the use of this() and target() pointcut designators?
6. How do you combine multiple pointcut expressions?
7. How do you pass method parameters to advice?
8. How do you access return values in advice?
9. How do you handle exceptions in advice?
10. What is the use of JoinPoint object in advice?
11. What is ProceedingJoinPoint?
12. How do you implement around advice using ProceedingJoinPoint?
13. How do you control the execution order of multiple aspects?
14. How do you apply aspects to specific beans using @Component?
15. How do you apply aspects using XML configuration?
16. How do you test Spring AOP aspects?
17. What are some common use cases for Spring AOP?
18. How do you log method execution using AOP?
19. How do you measure performance using AOP?
20. How do you handle security using AOP?
21. How do you implement transaction management using AOP?
22. How do you create custom annotations for pointcuts?
23. What are some best practices when using Spring AOP?
24. How does AOP affect application performance?
25. How do you debug AOP issues in Spring?

---

Advanced Level

1. How does Spring AOP create proxies internally?
2. How does CGLIB proxy differ from JDK dynamic proxy internally?
3. What is the role of ProxyFactoryBean?
4. How do you implement introduction (type) advice?
5. How do you add methods or interfaces to existing beans?
6. What is the difference between compile-time and runtime weaving?
7. How do you use AspectJ load-time weaving?
8. How do you configure AspectJ with Spring Boot?
9. How do you implement conditional pointcuts?
10. How do you implement dynamic pointcuts at runtime?
11. How does Spring handle multiple aspects targeting the same join point?
12. How do you handle nested aspects?
13. How do you combine annotations and XML configuration in Spring AOP?
14. How do you optimize AOP for performance?
15. How do you avoid proxy overhead in Spring AOP?
16. How do you handle self-invocation problem in AOP?
17. How do you implement aspects for private methods?
18. How do you handle exceptions thrown inside advice?
19. How do you implement asynchronous advice?
20. How do you implement retry logic using AOP?
21. How do you handle method arguments modification in advice?
22. How do you intercept return values and modify them?
23. How do you implement caching using AOP?
24. How do you implement auditing using AOP?
25. How do you implement validation using AOP?

---

Expert Level

1. How does Spring AOP differ from full AspectJ AOP?
2. How do you configure AspectJ compile-time weaving?
3. How do you configure AspectJ load-time weaving in a production environment?
4. How do you integrate Spring AOP with other frameworks like Hibernate?
5. How do you handle cross-module aspects in large projects?
6. How do you monitor aspect execution in production?
7. How do you handle aspect dependencies?
8. How do you implement aspect prioritization in complex scenarios?
9. How do you implement pointcut inheritance?
10. How do you combine annotations and programmatic aspects?
11. How do you implement custom pointcut designators?
12. How do you implement security for aspect execution?
13. How do you implement multi-threaded advice safely?
14. How do you handle memory leaks with Spring AOP proxies?
15. How do you implement logging with high-performance constraints?
16. How do you implement aspect-driven performance metrics?
17. How do you implement transaction rollback using AOP?
18. How do you implement aspect-driven exception handling strategies?
19. How do you implement dynamic proxies programmatically?
20. How do you integrate Spring AOP with reactive programming?
21. How do you use aspects in Spring WebFlux?
22. How do you implement auditing for microservices using AOP?
23. How do you implement cross-service logging using AOP?
24. How do you integrate Spring AOP with cloud-native applications?
25. What are the best practices for maintaining complex AOP configurations?

Related Topics

#Spring_Rest

Last updated    - V7 (19-Dec-2025)

Key Concepts

S.No	Topic	Sub-Topics
1	Introduction to REST	What is REST?, REST Constraints, Resources, Stateless, Web Standards
2	HTTP Basics	HTTP Methods, Status Codes, Headers, JSON, Idempotency
3	Spring Web MVC Basics	DispatcherServlet, Controller, RequestMapping, ResponseBody, Model
4	Spring REST Architecture	Controllers, Resources, Services, Repositories, Layers
5	Building REST API	@RestController, Path Variables, Request Params, JSON Body, ResponseEntity
6	Request Handling	@GetMapping, @PostMapping, @PutMapping, @DeleteMapping, Content-Type
7	Data Binding	@RequestBody, @ResponseBody, DTO, Validation, Conversion
8	Validation	@Valid, Custom Validator, Constraint, Error Handling, Messages
9	Spring Data Integration	JPA, Repository, Pagination, Sorting, Query Methods
10	CRUD API	Create, Read, Update, Delete, Pagination
11	Exception Handling	Global Exception, Custom Exceptions, @ControllerAdvice, Handler Methods, Response Structure
12	Response Structure	Success/Failure, Meta Data, Error Codes, Hypermedia, JSON Formats
13	Spring Security Basics	Authentication, Authorization, Filters, UserDetails, Password Encoding
14	JWT Integration	Token Create, Validate, Expire, Refresh Token, Authorization Header
15	API Versioning	URI Versioning, Header Versioning, Media Type Versioning, Best Practices, Backward Compatibility
16	HAL & HATEOAS	Linking Resources, Hateoas Library, Hypermedia, Restful Navigation, Discoverability
17	Pagination & Filtering	Pageable, Sort, Filters, Query Params, Page Metadata
18	Content Negotiation	Accept Header, XML Support, JSON, Mime Types, Message Converters
19	File Upload/Download	Multipart Form, Streaming, Large File, Storage, Headers
20	Logging & Monitoring	Log Levels, MDC, HTTP Logs, DevTools, Actuator
21	RestTemplate	GET, POST, PUT, Exchange, Interceptors
22	WebClient	Reactive Client, Exchange, Retry, Timeout, Streaming
23	CORS Handling	Allow Origin, Pre-flight, Headers, Config, Spring Boot
24	Cache for REST	Cache-Control, ETag, Last-Modified, Redis Cache, TTL
25	Rate Limiting	Bucket4j, API Gateway, Quotas, Retry After, Limits
26	Metrics & Observability	Micrometer, Prometheus, Grafana, Trace ID, Span ID
27	API Documentation	OpenAPI Spec, Swagger UI, Annotations, Example Values, Codegen
28	Deployment Strategies	Docker Container, Reverse Proxy, Load Balancer, Cloud, SSL/TLS
29	Testing REST API	JUnit, Mockito, WebMvcTest, MockMvc, Testcontainers
30	Final Project	Full CRUD API, JWT Security, Pagination, Swagger, Docker

Interview question

Basic Level

1. What is REST, and what does it stand for?
2. What are the key principles of RESTful architecture?
3. What are the main HTTP methods used in REST APIs?
4. What is the difference between PUT and POST methods?
5. What is idempotency in REST, and which methods are idempotent?
6. What annotations are used to create RESTful web services in Spring?
7. What is the purpose of @RestController in Spring?
8. What is the difference between @Controller and @RestController?
9. What does @RequestMapping do in Spring REST?
10. How do you map different HTTP methods using annotations?
11. What is the use of @PathVariable and @RequestParam?
12. How do you handle JSON request and response in Spring REST?
13. What is the role of @ResponseBody?
14. What is ResponseEntity, and when should it be used?
15. How do you return custom HTTP status codes from a REST endpoint?
16. What is content negotiation in REST?
17. What is the default format used by Spring REST for responses?
18. How do you enable XML support in Spring REST?
19. What is the function of HttpMessageConverter?
20. What is the purpose of the @Valid annotation in REST APIs?
21. What is a DTO in REST, and why is it used?
22. How do you handle path variables with multiple values?
23. How do you pass query parameters in a GET request?
24. What is a REST client? Give examples in Spring.
25. What are the main advantages of using RESTful APIs?

---

Intermediate Level

1. What is exception handling in Spring REST?
2. How do you use @ExceptionHandler for handling exceptions?
3. What is @ControllerAdvice, and how does it work?
4. How do you create a global error handler in Spring REST?
5. What are the different HTTP status codes commonly used in REST APIs?
6. How do you implement input validation using Spring Validator?
7. How can you handle file uploads using Spring REST?
8. How do you download files using Spring REST?
9. What is the difference between @RequestBody and @ModelAttribute?
10. What is CORS, and how do you enable it in Spring REST?
11. How do you secure a REST API in Spring using Basic Authentication?
12. How do you secure REST endpoints using JWT?
13. How do you enable Swagger documentation in a Spring REST project?
14. What is OpenAPI, and how does it relate to SpringDoc?
15. How can you test REST endpoints using MockMvc?
16. What is the use of RestTemplate in Spring?
17. What are the drawbacks of RestTemplate compared to WebClient?
18. What is WebClient, and how is it different from RestTemplate?
19. How do you consume external APIs in Spring REST?
20. How do you use query parameters with RestTemplate?
21. What is the use of ResponseEntityExceptionHandler?
22. How do you enable pagination and sorting in REST APIs?
23. How do you handle validation errors in REST responses?
24. What is @JsonIgnore used for in Spring REST?
25. How do you implement a simple CRUD REST API in Spring Boot?

---

Advanced Level

1. What is HATEOAS in Spring REST?
2. What are the benefits of HATEOAS in RESTful APIs?
3. How do you add links using RepresentationModel?
4. What is the HAL format in Spring HATEOAS?
5. How do you enable content negotiation for different clients?
6. What are some common REST API design best practices?
7. How do you handle versioning in REST APIs?
8. What are the different approaches to versioning APIs in Spring?
9. How do you implement custom exception responses?
10. How do you log requests and responses in Spring REST?
11. How do you implement a retry mechanism for failed REST calls?
12. How do you implement caching in REST APIs?
13. What is ETag, and how is it used for caching?
14. How do you set custom HTTP headers in a response?
15. How do you use filters or interceptors in Spring REST?
16. What is the difference between a filter and an interceptor?
17. How can you improve REST API performance?
18. How do you implement rate limiting in Spring REST?
19. What is Spring Data REST, and when should you use it?
20. How does RepositoryRestResource work in Spring Data REST?
21. What is the difference between Spring MVC and Spring WebFlux?
22. How do you make asynchronous REST calls in Spring?
23. What are functional endpoints in Spring WebFlux?
24. How do you handle backpressure in reactive REST APIs?
25. What are the pros and cons of using reactive programming in REST APIs?

---

Expert Level

1. How do you design fault-tolerant REST services using Resilience4j?
2. What is a circuit breaker, and how is it used in REST APIs?
3. How do you use Retry and Fallback patterns in REST?
4. How can you integrate Spring REST with an API Gateway?
5. How do you handle distributed tracing across multiple REST services?
6. What is Micrometer, and how do you use it to monitor REST endpoints?
7. How do you integrate Prometheus or Grafana with Spring REST metrics?
8. How can you log REST request latency and throughput?
9. What are the strategies to avoid over-fetching and under-fetching in APIs?
10. What is Richardson Maturity Model (RMM)?
11. How do you achieve Level 3 of Richardson Maturity Model in REST?
12. How do you handle long-running REST operations asynchronously?
13. What is Server-Sent Events (SSE) in Spring?
14. How do you implement SSE using Spring WebFlux?
15. How can you implement an event-driven REST API?
16. How do you design REST APIs for microservices communication?
17. What is the difference between REST and GraphQL?
18. How can REST and GraphQL coexist in a single application?
19. How do you secure REST APIs using OAuth2 in Spring?
20. What is token introspection, and how does it work in OAuth2?
21. How do you manage role-based access control in REST APIs?
22. How can you externalize API configurations using Config Server?
23. How do you deploy Spring REST microservices in Kubernetes?
24. What are the best practices for REST API logging and monitoring?
25. How do you ensure backward compatibility in evolving REST APIs?

Related Topics

#Spring_Batch

Last updated    - V7 (19-Dec-2025)

Key Concepts

S.No	Topic	Sub-Topics
1	Introduction to Spring Batch	What is Spring Batch, Batch vs Real-time, Architecture Overview, Use Cases, Chunk Processing
2	Spring Batch Architecture	Job, Step, ItemReader, ItemProcessor, ItemWriter
3	Spring Batch Terminology	Job Instance, Job Execution, Step Execution, Job Parameters, Execution Context
4	Setup Project	Maven Dependencies, Spring Boot Starter Batch, Configuration Files, Annotations, EnableBatchProcessing
5	Job Configuration	JobBuilderFactory, Flow Execution, Deciders, Job Parameters, Listeners
6	Step Configuration	StepBuilderFactory, Tasklet Step, Chunk Step, Commit Interval, Skip Retry
7	ItemReader Overview	FlatFileItemReader, JdbcCursorReader, JpaPagingItemReader, XML Reader, JSON Reader
8	ItemProcessor Overview	Transformations, Validation, Filtering, Exception Handling, Composite Processor
9	ItemWriter Overview	FlatFileWriter, JdbcBatchItemWriter, JpaItemWriter, Custom Writer, Transaction Handling
10	Chunk Oriented Processing	Chunk Size, Read Process Write, Rollback, Transactions, Error Handling
11	Tasklet Model	What is Tasklet, Custom Tasklet, Repeat Status, Step Scope, Simple Job
12	Spring Batch Database	DataSource Config, JobRepository Schema, Meta Tables, Transaction Manager, Persisting State
13	Spring Batch CSV	Read CSV File, Tokenizer, FlatFileReader, FlatFileWriter, Multi-line CSV
14	Spring Batch XML	XML Reader, StAX Reader, Marshaller, XStream, XML to POJO
15	Spring Batch JSON	JSON Reader, Jackson Processor, JSON Writer, Custom Mapper, File Writing
16	Spring Batch REST	REST Reader, WebClient, Retry, Timeout, Throttling
17	Exception Handling	Skip Policy, Retry Policy, Listener, Fatal Exception, Restartability
18	Job Parameters	JobParameters, JobInstance, Incrementer, Parameter Types, Parameter Validation
19	Flow and Decision	FlowBuilder, Split Flow, Decision Step, JobExecutionDecider, Transitions
20	Spring Batch Listeners	JobExecutionListener, StepListener, ItemProcessListener, ChunkListener, Logging
21	Partitioning and Scaling	Remote Chunking, PartitionHandler, GridPartitioner, Multi-thread Step, Parallel Steps
22	Spring Batch Kafka	Kafka Reader, Message Listener, Kafka Writer, JSON Events, Stream Processing
23	Spring Batch Cloud	Spring Cloud Task, Cloud Deployer, Kubernetes Batch, Cloud Scheduler, Cloud Deployment
24	Monitoring and Metrics	Batch UI, Actuator Metrics, Job Status, Prometheus, Alerting
25	Spring Batch Testing	JobTestUtils, Slice Test, Mock Reader, Mock Processor, Step Execution Test
26	Performance Optimization	Chunk Size, Paging Reader, Batch Writing, Indexes, Parallelism
27	Metadata Tables Deep Dive	Job Instance Table, Job Execution Table, Step Execution Table, Job Params Table, Execution Context Table
28	Deployment Strategy	Jar Deployment, Cron Trigger, Spring Scheduler, Docker Build, Cloud Run
29	Real Time Project	ETL Pipeline, CSV to DB, Data Validation, Audit Logging, Notification
30	Interview Preparation	Common Questions, Architecture Diagrams, Use Cases, Scalability, Failure Recovery

Interview question

Basic

1. What is Spring Batch?
2. What are the main components of Spring Batch?
3. Explain the difference between a Job and a Step.
4. What is a JobInstance in Spring Batch?
5. What is JobExecution?
6. What is StepExecution?
7. What is the purpose of JobRepository?
8. What is JobLauncher?
9. Explain JobParameters in Spring Batch.
10. What is a Tasklet in Spring Batch?
11. What is Chunk-oriented processing?
12. What is the difference between Tasklet and Chunk processing?
13. What are ItemReader, ItemProcessor, and ItemWriter?
14. Name some commonly used ItemReader implementations.
15. Name some commonly used ItemWriter implementations.
16. Explain the use of ItemProcessor.
17. How do you configure a Spring Batch job using XML?
18. How do you configure a Spring Batch job using Java Config?
19. What is JobExecutionListener?
20. What is StepExecutionListener?
21. What is a JobParametersIncrementer?
22. Explain the difference between stateful and stateless steps.
23. How do you restart a failed job?
24. How do you handle simple errors in Spring Batch?
25. What is Spring Batch Admin?

Intermediate

1. How does Spring Batch handle transactions?
2. What is a SkipPolicy?
3. What is a RetryPolicy?
4. How do you configure chunk size in Spring Batch?
5. Explain the difference between synchronous and asynchronous processing in Spring Batch.
6. How do you implement a custom ItemReader?
7. How do you implement a custom ItemWriter?
8. What is CompositeItemProcessor?
9. Explain the use of JdbcCursorItemReader.
10. Explain the use of FlatFileItemReader.
11. What is JpaPagingItemReader?
12. How do you implement multi-threaded steps?
13. How do you implement job partitioning?
14. Explain remote chunking.
15. How do you handle exceptions in chunk processing?
16. How do you skip records in case of errors?
17. How do you configure a Step to be restartable?
18. How do you monitor job execution in Spring Batch?
19. What is JobOperator?
20. What is JobExplorer?
21. How do you test a Spring Batch step?
22. How do you test a Spring Batch job?
23. Explain the use of JobLauncherTestUtils.
24. How do you integrate Spring Batch with Spring Boot?
25. What are the key features of Spring Batch Auto-configuration?

Advanced

1. Explain conditional job flow in Spring Batch.
2. Explain split flow in Spring Batch.
3. How do you handle parallel job execution?
4. How do you implement asynchronous ItemProcessor and ItemWriter?
5. How do you implement custom retry logic?
6. How do you implement custom skip logic?
7. How do you implement job listeners for custom behavior?
8. How do you implement step listeners for custom behavior?
9. How do you use ExecutionContext to store data?
10. Explain the difference between JobExecutionContext and StepExecutionContext.
11. How do you handle large data sets efficiently?
12. How do you configure paging for database readers?
13. Explain the use of JobParametersValidator.
14. How do you implement a multi-step workflow with conditional logic?
15. How do you implement job hierarchy and nested jobs?
16. Explain the use of JobRegistry.
17. How do you schedule Spring Batch jobs with Quartz?
18. How do you secure batch jobs?
19. How do you implement batch job notifications?
20. Explain how to tune Spring Batch for performance.
21. How do you monitor long-running batch jobs?
22. Explain job and step scope beans.
23. How do you handle late data in batch jobs?
24. How do you integrate Spring Batch with messaging systems (like Kafka)?
25. How do you implement partitioned steps with remote workers?

Expert

1. How do you implement distributed Spring Batch processing?
2. How do you implement parallel job execution across multiple nodes?
3. How do you implement dynamic job creation at runtime?
4. Explain the internal architecture of Spring Batch.
5. How does Spring Batch ensure data consistency and fault tolerance?
6. How do you implement checkpointing in batch processing?
7. Explain restartability and idempotency in batch jobs.
8. How do you debug complex batch job failures?
9. How do you handle transactional integrity across multiple steps?
10. How do you optimize memory usage in large batch jobs?
11. How do you integrate Spring Batch with cloud services (AWS, Azure)?
12. How do you implement dynamic partitioning at runtime?
13. How do you implement conditional skip and retry policies together?
14. How do you implement composite steps and flows?
15. How do you extend Spring Batch with custom extensions?
16. How do you implement a monitoring dashboard for batch jobs?
17. How do you implement event-driven batch processing?
18. How do you handle cross-job communication?
19. How do you implement custom job metrics and reporting?
20. How do you integrate Spring Batch with Spring Cloud Data Flow?
21. How do you implement versioning and migration of batch jobs?
22. How do you implement high availability in Spring Batch?
23. How do you implement job throttling and load balancing?
24. How do you migrate legacy batch jobs to Spring Batch?
25. What are best practices for enterprise-grade Spring Batch architecture?

Related Topics

#Spring_JPA

Last updated    - V7 (19-Dec-2025)

Key Concepts

S.No	Topic	Sub-Topics
1	Introduction to JPA	What is JPA, ORM concept, JPA Providers, Hibernate vs JPA, JPA Architecture
2	JPA Annotations Basics	@Entity, @Table, @Id, @Column, GenerationType
3	Entity Mapping	Entity States, Embedded Types, @Embeddable, Composite Keys, @EmbeddedId
4	Primary Key Strategies	IDENTITY, SEQUENCE, TABLE, AUTO, Custom Generators
5	Relationships Overview	OneToOne, OneToMany, ManyToOne, ManyToMany, Cascade Types
6	OneToOne Mapping	@OneToOne, JoinColumn, FetchType, Bidirectional, Lazy Loading
7	OneToMany Mapping	@OneToMany, mappedBy, Cascade, List vs Set, Lazy vs Eager
8	ManyToOne Mapping	@ManyToOne, Foreign Key, Join Columns, Owner Side, Cascade Types
9	ManyToMany Mapping	@ManyToMany, JoinTable, mappedBy, Uni vs Bi Directional, Pitfalls
10	Entity Lifecycle	Transient, Persistent, Detached, Removed, Synchronization
11	Persistence Context	EntityManager, Flush, Clear, merge(), persist()
12	JPQL Queries	Select clause, Where clause, Joins, Group By, Named Queries
13	Criteria API	CriteriaBuilder, Predicate, Select Query, TypedQuery, Dynamic Queries
14	Native SQL Queries	@Query native, Result Mapping, Limitations, Performance, When to use
15	Spring Data JPA Intro	Repository Pattern, JpaRepository, CrudRepository, PagingAndSortingRepository
16	Derived Query Methods	findBy, query keywords, Like and Between, Sorting, Custom naming
17	Custom JPQL Queries	@Query, Positional parameter, Named parameter, DTO Projection, Interface Projection
18	Pagination & Sorting	Pageable, PageRequest, Sort by multiple fields, Page vs Slice, Infinite scroll
19	Transaction Management	@Transactional, Isolation Level, Propagation, Rollback rules, Declarative tx
20	Caching in JPA	1st Level Cache, 2nd Level Cache, EhCache, HazelCast, Cache strategies
21	Locking in JPA	Optimistic Lock, Pessimistic Lock, @Version, Deadlocks, Lost updates
22	Batch Processing	Batch inserts, Hibernate properties, JDBC batching, flush size, clear context
23	JPA Performance Optimization	N+1 problem, Fetch Joins, Lazy loading tips, DTO projection, Indexing
24	Auditing with JPA	@CreatedDate, @LastModifiedDate, AuditingEntityListener, Spring Auditing, Tenant info
25	Soft Deletes	@SQLDelete, @Where, Logical delete, Filtering, global query filters
26	Inheritance Mapping	Single Table, Joined, Table per class, Pros and Cons, Discriminator
27	DTO & Entity Conversion	ModelMapper, MapStruct, Manual mapping, Record DTO, Validation
28	Testing JPA	H2 Database, @DataJpaTest, Testcontainers, Repository tests, Mocking
29	JPA with Microservices	Distributed transactions, Saga, Eventual consistency, CDC, Outbox pattern
30	Real Project Implementation	CRUD API, Pagination, Filtering, Audit logs, Docker and deployment

Interview question

Basic Level

1. What is Spring JPA and how does it differ from Hibernate?
2. What is the role of @Entity annotation?
3. Difference between CrudRepository, JpaRepository, and PagingAndSortingRepository.
4. What is the use of @Table annotation?
5. What is the difference between @Id and @GeneratedValue?
6. How does JPA support primary key generation strategies?
7. What is the difference between findById() and getOne()?
8. Explain the concept of JPA Entity lifecycle.
9. How does Spring Boot auto-configure JPA?
10. What are derived queries in Spring Data JPA?
11. How does query derivation work in Spring JPA?
12. What is JPQL? How is it different from SQL?
13. What is the role of @Query annotation?
14. How do you enable Spring Data JPA in a project?
15. What is the default fetch type for @OneToMany and @ManyToOne?
16. Explain the difference between lazy and eager loading.
17. How do you define relationships between entities?
18. What is the difference between EntityManager and Session?
19. How do you configure a datasource in Spring Boot with JPA?
20. What is @Column annotation used for?
21. How does pagination work in Spring Data JPA?
22. Explain the difference between save() and saveAndFlush().
23. What is the use of Optional in repository methods?
24. What is an embedded entity in JPA?
25. What is application.properties role in configuring JPA?

---

Intermediate Level

1. How do you implement custom queries in Spring Data JPA?
2. Difference between nativeQuery = true and JPQL queries.
3. What is the role of @Modifying annotation?
4. What are projections in Spring Data JPA?
5. Difference between interface-based and class-based projections.
6. How do you use DTO projections in JPA?
7. What is the purpose of @Transactional in JPA?
8. Explain transaction propagation types in Spring JPA.
9. Explain isolation levels in JPA transactions.
10. What is optimistic locking in JPA?
11. What is pessimistic locking in JPA?
12. How does JPA handle entity versioning?
13. What are entity listeners in JPA?
14. How do you implement auditing in Spring Data JPA?
15. What is the purpose of @CreatedDate and @LastModifiedDate?
16. How do you enable auditing in Spring Boot JPA?
17. What is the role of @EnableJpaRepositories?
18. Difference between JPQL and Criteria API.
19. What is a Specification in Spring Data JPA?
20. How do you create dynamic queries using Criteria API?
21. What is the difference between EntityManager.merge() and EntityManager.persist()?
22. How do you implement batch inserts in JPA?
23. How does JPA handle relationships in JSON serialization?
24. What is the N+1 select problem in JPA?
25. How can you solve the N+1 problem in JPA?

---

Advanced Level

1. How do you configure second-level caching in JPA?
2. Difference between first-level and second-level caching.
3. Which cache providers can be used with Spring JPA?
4. How do you integrate Redis/Hazelcast as a cache with JPA?
5. How does dirty checking work in JPA?
6. Explain the difference between detach(), clear(), and close() in EntityManager.
7. What is cascading in JPA? Types of cascade.
8. What is orphan removal in JPA?
9. How do you handle composite primary keys in JPA?
10. Difference between @IdClass and @EmbeddedId.
11. How do you use fetch joins in JPQL?
12. How do you tune performance in Spring Data JPA queries?
13. What are query hints in JPA?
14. How do you handle multi-tenancy in Spring JPA?
15. How does JPA support multiple datasources?
16. What is the difference between JOIN FETCH and normal join?
17. How do you implement pagination efficiently in large datasets?
18. Explain the concept of entity graph in JPA.
19. What is the difference between dynamic and static entity graphs?
20. How does JPA handle inheritance mapping (SINGLE_TABLE, TABLE_PER_CLASS, JOINED)?
21. When would you use MappedSuperclass in JPA?
22. What is the role of @DiscriminatorColumn in inheritance mapping?
23. How do you use Spring Data JPA with Querydsl?
24. How do you implement event listeners in JPA (@PrePersist, @PostUpdate)?
25. Explain lazy loading exceptions and how to avoid them.

---

Expert Level

1. How do you design high-performance applications using JPA?
2. What are the pitfalls of JPA in high-scale systems?
3. How do you implement distributed transactions in JPA?
4. Explain JTA and its role with JPA.
5. What is the difference between XA transactions and local transactions?
6. How do you use Spring JPA in microservices architecture?
7. How does Spring JPA integrate with Spring Cloud?
8. How do you optimize JPA queries for big data systems?
9. How do you integrate JPA with Kafka for event-driven systems?
10. How to use JPA with CQRS architecture?
11. Explain Event Sourcing with JPA.
12. How to handle schema evolution in Spring JPA applications?
13. What are advanced strategies for handling large joins in JPA?
14. How do you ensure zero-downtime deployments with JPA?
15. What are the best practices for database migrations with JPA (Liquibase/Flyway)?
16. How do you scale JPA applications with sharding and partitioning?
17. What is polyglot persistence and how does JPA fit in?
18. How do you secure JPA repositories in production systems?
19. What are common anti-patterns in using JPA?
20. How do you implement domain-driven design with JPA?
21. How does JPA handle concurrency in distributed environments?
22. What are advanced caching strategies with JPA?
23. How do you debug performance bottlenecks in JPA?
24. How do you profile SQL queries generated by JPA?
25. How do you combine JPA with reactive programming models?

Related Topics

#Jenkins

Last updated    - V7 (19-Dec-2025)

Key Concepts

S.No	Topic	Sub-Topics
1	Introduction to Jenkins	What is Jenkins?, Features, Benefits, Use cases, CI/CD overview
2	Jenkins Architecture	Master node, Slave nodes, Build executor, Plugins, Distributed builds
3	Installation & Setup	System requirements, Installation steps, WAR file, Docker setup, Plugins installation
4	Jenkins Dashboard Overview	UI navigation, Jobs overview, Build history, Manage Jenkins, Dashboard widgets
5	Jobs & Projects	Freestyle project, Pipeline project, Multibranch pipeline, Matrix project, Job configuration
6	Build Triggers	Poll SCM, Scheduled builds, Webhooks, Remote triggers, Manual triggers
7	Source Code Management	Git integration, SVN integration, Branch handling, Credentials, Repository polling
8	Pipeline Basics	Pipeline syntax, Declarative pipeline, Scripted pipeline, Stages, Steps
9	Pipeline DSL	Groovy basics, Pipeline syntax, Stages, Steps, Scripted vs Declarative
10	Jenkins Plugins	Plugin installation, Popular plugins, Plugin management, Compatibility, Updates
11	Build Artifacts	Archiving, Storing, Retrieving artifacts, Artifact repositories, Versioning
12	Environment Variables	Global variables, Build variables, Injected variables, Usage in pipeline, Security
13	Credentials Management	Adding credentials, Secret text, SSH keys, Passwords, Usage in jobs
14	Distributed Builds	Master-slave setup, Node configuration, Labeling, Job allocation, Scalability
15	Parallel Execution	Parallel stages, Node blocks, Matrix builds, Optimization, Limitations
16	Post-build Actions	Email notifications, Deploy artifacts, Trigger downstream jobs, Cleanup, Reports
17	Build Pipelines Integration	CI/CD pipeline, GitHub Actions, Bitbucket, Docker integration, Kubernetes integration
18	Parameterized Builds	String parameters, Choice parameters, Boolean parameters, Multi-line, File parameters
19	SCM Polling & Webhooks	Git polling, SVN polling, Webhooks setup, Triggering builds, Best practices
20	Error Handling & Notifications	Build failure handling, Email notifications, Slack integration, Retry builds, Logging
21	Testing Integration	Unit testing, Integration testing, Test reporting, JUnit, SonarQube
22	Docker & Jenkins	Docker plugin, Build Docker images, Run containers, Docker-compose integration, Best practices
23	Kubernetes & Jenkins	Deploy pipelines, Jenkins X, Agents in Kubernetes, Scaling, Monitoring
24	Artifact Repository Integration	Nexus, Artifactory, Storing builds, Versioning, Publishing
25	Security Best Practices	User roles, Access control, API tokens, Secure pipelines, Secrets management
26	Backup & Restore	Configuration backup, Jobs backup, Plugins backup, Restore process, Disaster recovery
27	Monitoring & Logging	System logs, Build logs, Monitoring plugins, Dashboard, Alerts
28	Performance Optimization	Concurrent builds, Job optimization, Agent allocation, Pipeline tuning, Resource management
29	Hands-on Projects	CI/CD pipeline setup, GitHub integration, Docker build automation, Multi-branch pipeline, Automated testing pipeline
30	Certification & Career Path	Jenkins certification, DevOps roles, Learning resources, Portfolio projects, Career opportunities

Interview question

📘 Basic Level

1. What is Jenkins, and why is it used?
2. Who developed Jenkins, and what was its earlier name?
3. What are the main features of Jenkins?
4. What is a Jenkins job?
5. What is a Jenkins pipeline?
6. Explain the difference between Freestyle and Pipeline jobs.
7. How do you install Jenkins?
8. What are Jenkins plugins?
9. How do you start/stop Jenkins service?
10. What is the default Jenkins home directory?
11. How do you secure Jenkins with a password?
12. What are Jenkins nodes (master/agent)?
13. How do you configure a Jenkins agent?
14. What is the purpose of Jenkinsfile?
15. What is Continuous Integration (CI)?
16. What is Continuous Delivery (CD)?
17. How do you integrate Jenkins with Git?
18. How do you schedule a build in Jenkins?
19. What are build triggers in Jenkins?
20. Explain the concept of ?upstream? and ?downstream? jobs.
21. What is the use of Jenkins artifacts?
22. How do you install a plugin in Jenkins?
23. How do you disable a Jenkins job temporarily?
24. What is the difference between Jenkins and other CI/CD tools?
25. What are common use cases of Jenkins?

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📗 Intermediate Level

1. How do you set up Jenkins on Docker?
2. What are Jenkins environment variables?
3. Explain parameterized jobs in Jenkins.
4. How do you configure Jenkins with GitHub Webhooks?
5. How do you configure email notifications in Jenkins?
6. What is the difference between Declarative and Scripted pipelines?
7. How do you create a pipeline using Jenkinsfile?
8. Explain the purpose of the Jenkinsfile stages block.
9. How do you pass parameters between stages in Jenkins pipeline?
10. What are shared libraries in Jenkins?
11. How do you manage Jenkins credentials?
12. Explain Jenkins Blue Ocean.
13. How do you back up and restore Jenkins?
14. What is Jenkins Job DSL?
15. How do you integrate Jenkins with Maven?
16. How do you integrate Jenkins with Docker?
17. How do you integrate Jenkins with Kubernetes?
18. What is Jenkins Multibranch Pipeline?
19. How do you configure Jenkins to run parallel builds?
20. How do you configure Jenkins to trigger builds on code commit?
21. How do you configure Jenkins security (RBAC)?
22. What is Jenkins Pipeline as Code?
23. How do you view console output of a Jenkins job?
24. What is the difference between node and agent in Jenkins pipeline?
25. How do you archive artifacts in Jenkins?

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📕 Advanced Level

1. How do you set up Jenkins in High Availability mode?
2. What is Jenkins distributed build architecture?
3. How do you scale Jenkins for enterprise-level workloads?
4. What are Jenkins fingerprints?
5. How do you configure Jenkins with LDAP authentication?
6. What is the difference between Jenkins scripted pipeline and Groovy scripts?
7. Explain how Jenkins integrates with Ansible.
8. How do you implement pipeline stages for Dev, QA, and Prod?
9. How do you create a Jenkins pipeline to deploy a Docker container?
10. What are post actions in Jenkins pipeline?
11. Explain the difference between agent any and agent none in Jenkins pipeline.
12. How do you use when conditions in Jenkins pipeline?
13. What are some best practices for Jenkins pipeline design?
14. How do you monitor Jenkins performance?
15. How do you secure secrets in Jenkins pipeline?
16. What is the difference between Jenkins freestyle job and pipeline-as-code approach?
17. How do you configure Jenkins for artifact promotion?
18. How do you integrate Jenkins with SonarQube?
19. How do you integrate Jenkins with Nexus or JFrog Artifactory?
20. How do you integrate Jenkins with Terraform?
21. How do you troubleshoot a failed Jenkins job?
22. How do you configure retry logic in Jenkins pipeline?
23. What are scripted steps vs declarative steps in Jenkins pipeline?
24. How do you use Jenkins matrix jobs?
25. How do you configure Jenkins to run on Kubernetes pods dynamically?

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📓 Expert Level

1. How do you design a scalable Jenkins architecture for 1000+ developers?
2. How do you optimize Jenkins for thousands of builds per day?
3. How do you configure Jenkins shared libraries across multiple teams?
4. Explain the internals of Jenkins pipeline execution engine.
5. How do you implement GitOps workflows with Jenkins?
6. How do you configure Jenkins with service mesh (Istio/Linkerd)?
7. How do you integrate Jenkins with advanced observability tools (Prometheus, Grafana)?
8. How do you migrate from Jenkins freestyle jobs to pipeline jobs?
9. How do you implement multi-region CI/CD with Jenkins?
10. How do you secure Jenkins REST API?
11. Explain Jenkins integration with HashiCorp Vault.
12. How do you debug Groovy scripts in Jenkins pipeline?
13. How do you implement chaos testing in Jenkins pipelines?
14. How do you optimize Jenkins pipelines for microservices deployments?
15. How do you integrate Jenkins with cloud providers (AWS, Azure, GCP)?
16. How do you implement Jenkins pipeline for Infrastructure as Code (IaC)?
17. How do you handle secrets management in Jenkins with Kubernetes?
18. How do you perform Canary/Blue-Green deployments with Jenkins?
19. How do you secure Jenkins against supply chain attacks?
20. What are some challenges with Jenkins in large organizations?
21. How do you integrate Jenkins with AI/ML workflows?
22. What are advanced caching strategies in Jenkins builds?
23. How do you configure Jenkins to run pipelines with parallel test suites?
24. How do you migrate from Jenkins to GitHub Actions/GitLab CI/CD?
25. What is the future of Jenkins in the DevOps ecosystem?

Related Topics

Jenkins Architecture

Jobs & Projects

Pipeline Basics

Credentials Management

#Apache_Kafka

Last updated    - V7 (19-Dec-2025)

Key Concepts

S.No	Topic	Sub-Topics
1	Introduction to Kafka	Kafka overview, history, features, use cases, architecture basics
2	Kafka Components	Broker, Topic, Partition, Producer, Consumer
3	Kafka Cluster Setup	Single-node setup, multi-node setup, configuration, Zookeeper, directories
4	Kafka Topics	Create topics, partitions, replication, retention policy, configurations
5	Producers	Producer API, sending messages, key/value, partitioning, batching
6	Consumers	Consumer API, subscribing, polling, offsets, consumer groups
7	Kafka Partitions & Offsets	Partitioning strategy, offset management, auto commit, manual commit, rebalance
8	Message Serialization	String, JSON, Avro, Protobuf, Schema Registry
9	Kafka Configuration	Broker configs, producer configs, consumer configs, tuning, environment variables
10	Kafka Logs & Storage	Log segments, retention, compaction, file structure, cleanup policy
11	Kafka Reliability	Replication factor, ISR, acknowledgments, min.insync.replicas, failover
12	Kafka Security Basics	SSL encryption, SASL authentication, ACLs, authentication mechanisms, authorization
13	Kafka Monitoring	JMX metrics, Kafka Manager, Cruise Control, Grafana, Prometheus
14	Kafka Streams Basics	KStream, KTable, topology, stream processing, stateless operations
15	Kafka Streams Advanced	Stateful operations, windowing, joins, aggregations, materialized views
16	Kafka Connect Basics	Source connectors, sink connectors, connector configuration, tasks, offsets
17	Kafka Connect Advanced	Custom connectors, transformations, error handling, scaling, monitoring connectors
18	Kafka Transactions	Idempotent producer, exactly-once semantics, transactional producer, transaction coordinator, fencing
19	Kafka Consumer Groups	Group management, partition assignment, load balancing, rebalance listeners, offset commits
20	Kafka High Availability	Cluster replication, leader election, fault tolerance, Zookeeper failover, broker recovery
21	Kafka Performance Tuning	Batch size, linger.ms, compression, fetch.min.bytes, replication tuning
22	Kafka Message Ordering	Partition ordering, key-based partitioning, idempotent producers, transactions, guarantees
23	Kafka Advanced Security	OAuth, Kerberos, TLS configuration, SASL mechanisms, access control policies
24	Kafka Deployment	Docker setup, Kubernetes deployment, Helm charts, cloud setup, multi-cluster
25	Kafka Backup & Recovery	MirrorMaker, snapshots, log retention, disaster recovery planning, cross-cluster replication
26	Kafka Schema Management	Schema registry, Avro schemas, Protobuf schemas, versioning, compatibility
27	Kafka Integration	Spring Kafka, Kafka with Spark, Kafka with Flink, Python Kafka client, REST proxy
28	Kafka Testing	Unit testing, embedded Kafka, integration testing, Testcontainers, mocks
29	Kafka Use Cases	Event streaming, real-time analytics, log aggregation, metrics, messaging pipelines
30	End-to-End Project	Cluster setup, producer & consumer apps, stream processing, monitoring, deployment

Interview question

Basic Level

1. What is Apache Kafka?
2. What are the main features of Kafka?
3. What are the key use cases of Kafka?
4. Explain Kafka?s publish-subscribe messaging system.
5. What is a Kafka topic?
6. What are Kafka partitions?
7. What is a Kafka producer?
8. What is a Kafka consumer?
9. What is a Kafka broker?
10. What is a Kafka cluster?
11. What is a Kafka message?
12. What is an offset in Kafka?
13. What is a consumer group in Kafka?
14. What is the difference between a Kafka queue and a topic?
15. How do producers send data to Kafka?
16. How do consumers read data from Kafka?
17. What is Zookeeper in Kafka (pre-KRaft)?
18. What is Kafka KRaft mode?
19. What is the difference between Zookeeper and KRaft?
20. What is Kafka retention policy?
21. How do you configure message retention in Kafka?
22. What are Kafka replicas?
23. What is the difference between leader and follower replicas?
24. What happens if a broker fails in Kafka?
25. How do you create and list Kafka topics?

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Intermediate Level

1. How does Kafka guarantee message ordering?
2. What is log compaction in Kafka?
3. What is the difference between log compaction and log retention?
4. How do you configure acknowledgments (acks) in Kafka?
5. What is the difference between acks=0, acks=1, and acks=all?
6. What is idempotent producer in Kafka?
7. How does Kafka ensure message durability?
8. What are Kafka consumer offsets?
9. How does Kafka track consumer offsets?
10. What is the difference between earliest and latest offset reset?
11. How do you commit offsets in Kafka?
12. What is the difference between automatic and manual offset commit?
13. What are Kafka serializers and deserializers?
14. What is a Kafka partition key?
15. How do you achieve message key-based ordering in Kafka?
16. What is Kafka Streams?
17. What is KSQL (ksqlDB)?
18. What are Kafka connectors?
19. What is Kafka Connect?
20. What are the different modes of Kafka Connect (standalone vs distributed)?
21. How do you scale Kafka consumers?
22. What is consumer rebalancing in Kafka?
23. What are rebalancing strategies in Kafka?
24. What is the difference between at-most-once, at-least-once, and exactly-once delivery semantics?
25. How does Kafka achieve exactly-once semantics?

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Advanced Level

1. Explain Kafka?s architecture in detail.
2. How does Kafka handle high throughput?
3. What is the role of page cache in Kafka performance?
4. How does Kafka achieve fault tolerance?
5. What is ISR (In-Sync Replicas) in Kafka?
6. How do leader elections work in Kafka?
7. What is unclean leader election?
8. What is the difference between min.insync.replicas and replication factor?
9. What is rack awareness in Kafka?
10. How do you monitor Kafka performance?
11. What are key Kafka metrics to monitor?
12. What is Kafka Controller?
13. What happens when the Kafka controller fails?
14. How does Kafka handle backpressure?
15. What is a dead letter queue (DLQ) in Kafka?
16. How do you implement retries in Kafka?
17. What is Kafka?s compaction log cleaner thread?
18. What is throttling in Kafka?
19. How do you secure Kafka with SSL?
20. How do you secure Kafka with SASL?
21. What is the difference between SASL/PLAIN, SASL/SCRAM, and SASL/GSSAPI?
22. How do you enable ACLs in Kafka?
23. How do you handle schema evolution in Kafka?
24. What is Confluent Schema Registry?
25. What is the role of Avro, Protobuf, and JSON schemas in Kafka?

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Expert Level

1. What is Kafka KRaft mode and how does it replace Zookeeper?
2. Explain Kafka?s Raft protocol.
3. What are the benefits of KRaft over Zookeeper?
4. How do you migrate from Zookeeper-based Kafka to KRaft mode?
5. How do you tune Kafka for high throughput?
6. How do you tune Kafka for low latency?
7. How do you size partitions in Kafka?
8. What are the trade-offs between fewer vs more partitions?
9. What is Kafka tiered storage?
10. How do you implement geo-replication in Kafka?
11. What is MirrorMaker in Kafka?
12. What is MirrorMaker 2.0 and how does it work?
13. What are Kafka quotas? How do you use them?
14. How do you implement multi-tenancy in Kafka?
15. What are Kafka transactions?
16. How does Kafka implement exactly-once processing with transactions?
17. What is the difference between Kafka Streams and Flink?
18. How does Kafka Streams handle stateful operations?
19. What is state store in Kafka Streams?
20. How do you achieve high availability in Kafka Streams?
21. Compare Kafka with RabbitMQ, ActiveMQ, and Pulsar.
22. Compare Kafka with Azure Event Hubs and AWS Kinesis.
23. What are common Kafka anti-patterns?
24. What are real-world best practices for running Kafka in production?
25. How do you design a large-scale Kafka deployment for millions of messages per second?

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Related Topics

Kafka

#Kubernete

Last updated    - V7 (11-Jan-2026)

Key Concepts

S.No	Topic	Sub-Topics
1	Kubernetes	What is Kubernetes, History, Features, Benefits, Kubernetes vs Docker Swarm
2	Kubernetes Architecture	Master Node, Worker Node, API Server, Controller Manager, Scheduler, etcd
3	Kubernetes Components	Kubelet, Kube-proxy, Container Runtime, Pods, ReplicaSets, Deployments
4	Pods	Pod definition, Pod lifecycle, Single container pod, Multi-container pod, Init containers
5	Namespaces	Namespace concept, Default namespace, Creating namespace, Using namespace, Resource isolation
6	Labels & Annotations	Labeling resources, Selecting resources, Annotations usage, Best practices, Filtering with labels
7	ReplicaSets	ReplicaSet definition, Scaling pods, Rolling updates, Pod template, Deployment integration
8	Deployments	Deployment creation, Rolling updates, Rollback, Declarative updates, Deployment strategies
9	Services	ClusterIP, NodePort, LoadBalancer, ExternalName, Service discovery, Headless services
10	ConfigMaps	Create ConfigMap, Using ConfigMap in pods, Environment variables, Volumes, Updating ConfigMap
11	Secrets	Create Secrets, Using Secrets in pods, Environment variables, Mounting secrets, Security best practices
12	Volumes	EmptyDir, HostPath, PersistentVolume, PersistentVolumeClaim, StorageClasses
13	Persistent Storage	PV vs PVC, Dynamic provisioning, StorageClass, Volume access modes, Retention policies
14	StatefulSets	StatefulSet concept, Use cases, Pod identity, Stable storage, Scaling stateful apps
15	DaemonSets	DaemonSet purpose, Deploying DaemonSet, Use cases, Node selection, Updating DaemonSet
16	Jobs & CronJobs	Job creation, Parallel Jobs, CronJob scheduling, Job completion, Cleanup policies
17	Kubernetes Networking	Pod-to-Pod communication, Services, Cluster DNS, Network policies, CNI plugins
18	Ingress & Ingress Controller	Ingress resources, Rules & paths, TLS configuration, Controllers (NGINX, Traefik), Annotations
19	RBAC & Security	Roles, RoleBindings, ClusterRoles, ClusterRoleBindings, ServiceAccount, Security best practices
20	Resource Management	CPU & Memory requests, Limits, Quotas, LimitRanges, Resource monitoring
21	Horizontal Pod Autoscaler	HPA concept, Metrics server, Scaling based on CPU, Scaling based on custom metrics, HPA configuration
22	Vertical Pod Autoscaler	VPA concept, Resource recommendations, Update policies, VPA integration, Use cases
23	Kubernetes Logging	Centralized logging, kubectl logs, Sidecar logging, Fluentd, ELK stack integration
24	Kubernetes Monitoring	Prometheus, Grafana, Metrics server, Node exporter, Alertmanager
25	Kubernetes Helm	Helm overview, Charts, Helm install/upgrade, Repositories, Templating
26	Kubernetes Operators	Operator concept, Custom Resource Definitions, Operator SDK, Use cases, Examples
27	Kubernetes API & CLI	kubectl commands, Resource YAML files, Apply vs Create, API groups, Custom resources
28	Kubernetes Troubleshooting	Debug pods, Logs inspection, Events, Describe & get commands, Network debugging
29	Kubernetes Best Practices	Namespace strategy, Resource limits, Security, Monitoring, CI/CD integration
30	Hands-on Project	Deploy multi-tier application, Use ConfigMaps & Secrets, Setup Service & Ingress, Autoscaling, Monitoring & Logging

Interview question

BASIC

1. What is Kubernetes, and why is it used?
2. What is a container?
3. Difference between Docker and Kubernetes?
4. Explain Kubernetes architecture.
5. What is a Kubernetes cluster?
6. What are master and worker nodes?
7. What is a Pod?
8. Difference between Pod and Container?
9. What is a Deployment in Kubernetes?
10. What is a ReplicaSet?
11. What is kubectl? Common commands?
12. What is a Namespace?
13. What is a Service in Kubernetes?
14. Types of Kubernetes Services?
15. What is a ConfigMap?
16. What is a Secret?
17. What is a DaemonSet?
18. What is a StatefulSet?
19. What is a Job in Kubernetes?
20. What is a CronJob?
21. Explain Labels and Selectors.
22. How do you scale pods?
23. What is the role of etcd?
24. What is a NodePort service?
25. What is kubelet?

---

INTERMEDIATE Level

1. Explain the Control Plane components.
2. What does kube-apiserver do?
3. What is scheduler in Kubernetes?
4. What is Kube-proxy?
5. Explain Ingress in Kubernetes.
6. What are Network Policies?
7. Explain Persistent Volume (PV).
8. Explain Persistent Volume Claim (PVC).
9. What is StorageClass?
10. How does Kubernetes handle storage?
11. What are readiness & liveness probes?
12. Explain Resource Requests and Limits.
13. What is a sidecar container?
14. How does Horizontal Pod Autoscaler work?
15. What is Vertical Pod Autoscaler?
16. What is Cluster Autoscaler?
17. Difference: Deployment vs StatefulSet vs DaemonSet?
18. How does Kubernetes do load balancing?
19. What is kube-proxy mode: iptables vs IPVS?
20. What is a rolling update?
21. What is rollback in Kubernetes?
22. Explain Helm and its benefits.
23. What is Kustomize?
24. What is taint and toleration?
25. What is nodeSelector?

---

ADVANCED Level

1. Explain CRD (Custom Resource Definition).
2. What are Kubernetes Operators?
3. Explain Controller Pattern in Kubernetes.
4. How does Kubernetes manage secrets securely?
5. What is OPA Gatekeeper?
6. What is PodSecurityPolicy?
7. What is Pod Security Admission?
8. Explain affinity and anti-affinity.
9. What is topology spread constraint?
10. Explain Service Mesh.
11. Difference: Istio vs Linkerd.
12. How does Kubernetes multi-cluster work?
13. Explain Kubernetes Federation.
14. What is etcd role in high availability?
15. Explain RBAC (Role-Based Access Control).
16. Explain admission controllers.
17. What is CSI (Container Storage Interface)?
18. What is CNI (Container Network Interface)?
19. How does Kubernetes scale microservices?
20. How to secure Kubernetes cluster?
21. Explain audit logging in Kubernetes.
22. How does Prometheus integrate with Kubernetes?
23. How do you implement tracing in Kubernetes?
24. What is kubectl port-forward? Use case?
25. What is Canary Deployment in Kubernetes?

---

EXPERT Level

1. Explain Kubernetes internals of scheduling.
2. Deep dive: kubelet architecture.
3. How etcd works internally (Raft protocol)?
4. Difference between CRD and API Aggregation?
5. How to build a Kubernetes Operator?
6. Explain eBPF and Cilium architecture.
7. Explain multi-tenancy design in K8s.
8. How to design a production-grade cluster?
9. Explain cluster capacity planning.
10. What is chaos engineering in Kubernetes?
11. How to do performance tuning in Kubernetes?
12. What are Pod Disruption Budgets?
13. Explain service mesh traffic routing strategies.
14. How to implement zero-downtime deployment?
15. Explain Kubernetes resource model deeply.
16. How to handle stateful workloads at large scale?
17. What happens if kube-apiserver fails?
18. How to secure etcd?
19. Explain SPIFFE/SPIRE in Kubernetes trust.
20. How to build custom admission webhook?
21. Difference between GitOps tools (ArgoCD vs Flux).
22. How would you debug a stuck pod?
23. Explain network packet flow inside Kubernetes.
24. How to manage secrets across multi-clusters?
25. How to implement global failover architecture?

Related Topics