# Agentic / Autonomous Agents

Last updated    - V7 (19-Dec-2025)

Key Concepts

S.No	Topic	Sub-Topics
1	Introduction to Autonomous Agents	Definition, Types, Applications, Benefits, Industry trends
2	Agentic AI Overview	Definition, Difference from traditional AI, Capabilities, Use cases, Examples
3	Multi-Agent Systems	Definition, Coordination, Communication, Cooperation, Competition
4	Agent Architectures	Reactive agents, Deliberative agents, Hybrid agents, Layered architectures, Examples
5	Environment Modeling	State representation, Dynamics, Reward functions, Sensors, Actuators
6	Perception in Autonomous Agents	Data acquisition, Feature extraction, Object detection, Sensor fusion, Challenges
7	Decision Making & Planning	Search algorithms, Planning strategies, Utility functions, Heuristics, Optimization
8	Reinforcement Learning for Agents	Q-learning, Policy gradients, Reward shaping, Exploration vs exploitation, Applications
9	Goal-Oriented Behavior	Goal representation, Hierarchical planning, Task decomposition, Prioritization, Monitoring
10	Autonomous Navigation	Path planning, Obstacle avoidance, SLAM, Localization, Motion control
11	Communication & Coordination	Message passing, Protocols, Distributed planning, Consensus, Collaboration
12	Learning & Adaptation	Online learning, Transfer learning, Continual learning, Self-improvement, Feedback loops
13	Simulation Environments	Gazebo, Unity ML-Agents, OpenAI Gym, Custom simulators, Evaluation
14	Human-Agent Interaction	User interface, Feedback, Trust, Explainability, Collaboration
15	Task Automation & Robotics	Robotic process automation, Physical robots, Task scheduling, Workflow integration, Examples
16	Safety & Reliability	Fault tolerance, Error recovery, Risk assessment, Robustness, Monitoring
17	Ethics & Responsible AI	Decision accountability, Bias mitigation, Fairness, Transparency, Regulatory compliance
18	Energy & Resource Management	Efficiency optimization, Power management, Resource allocation, Scalability, Constraints
19	Swarm Intelligence	Flocking behavior, Distributed control, Self-organization, Collective decision making, Applications
20	Planning under Uncertainty	Probabilistic planning, POMDPs, Risk analysis, Decision making, Examples
21	Autonomous Agents for NLP	Conversational agents, Chatbots, Task automation, Information retrieval, Language understanding
22	Autonomous Agents for Vision	Perception, Object recognition, Scene understanding, Navigation, Robotics applications
23	Autonomous Agents in Finance	Trading agents, Portfolio management, Risk assessment, Fraud detection, Strategy automation
24	Autonomous Agents in Healthcare	Diagnosis, Treatment planning, Patient monitoring, Robotics, Drug discovery
25	Tools & Frameworks	LangChain, AutoGPT, Ray, Unity ML-Agents, OpenAI Gym
26	Evaluation Metrics	Task success rate, Efficiency, Accuracy, Robustness, Adaptability
27	Integration with Cloud Platforms	AWS, Azure, GCP, Deployment, Scaling, Monitoring
28	Emerging Trends	Generative agents, Self-improving AI, Multi-modal agents, Autonomous decision making, Research directions
29	Challenges & Limitations	Computational cost, Safety, Scalability, Generalization, Ethical concerns
30	Career Path & Opportunities	AI researcher, Robotics engineer, Autonomous systems developer, Skill development, Industry demand

Interview question

Basic Level

1. What is an agent in Artificial Intelligence?
2. What is an autonomous agent?
3. What is agentic AI?
4. How is an agent different from a traditional AI model?
5. What are the core components of an intelligent agent?
6. What is an environment in agent-based systems?
7. What are percepts and actions?
8. What is a rational agent?
9. What is an agent function?
10. What is an agent program?
11. What are the types of agents in AI?
12. What is a simple reflex agent?
13. What is a model-based agent?
14. What is a goal-based agent?
15. What is a utility-based agent?
16. What is a learning agent?
17. What is autonomy in AI agents?
18. What is the difference between reactive and proactive agents?
19. What is an agent policy?
20. What is the PEAS framework?
21. What does PEAS stand for?
22. What is an episodic environment?
23. What is a sequential environment?
24. What is a deterministic environment?
25. What is a stochastic environment?

Intermediate Level

26. What is the difference between autonomous agents and rule-based systems?
27. How do agents handle partial observability?
28. What is the role of memory in autonomous agents?
29. What is agent planning?
30. What is the difference between planning and execution?
31. What is a multi-agent system (MAS)?
32. What are cooperative agents?
33. What are competitive agents?
34. What is agent communication?
35. What is an agent protocol?
36. What is belief-desire-intention (BDI) architecture?
37. What are beliefs in BDI agents?
38. What are desires and intentions in BDI?
39. What is reinforcement learning in agent systems?
40. How does Q-learning apply to autonomous agents?
41. What is exploration vs exploitation?
42. What is reward shaping?
43. What is a policy-based agent?
44. What is a value-based agent?
45. What is agent self-adaptation?
46. What is agent self-reflection?
47. What is tool usage in agentic systems?
48. What are LLM-based agents?
49. What is prompt chaining in agents?
50. What is task decomposition in agentic AI?

Advanced Level

51. How do autonomous agents reason under uncertainty?
52. What is POMDP and its role in agent design?
53. How do agents perform long-horizon planning?
54. What is hierarchical agent architecture?
55. What is a planner-executor loop?
56. How do agents manage state and context?
57. What is agent memory (short-term vs long-term)?
58. What is vector memory in LLM agents?
59. How do agents use external tools and APIs?
60. What is function calling in agent frameworks?
61. How do agents handle failures and retries?
62. What is agent orchestration?
63. What is the difference between agents and workflows?
64. What is multi-agent coordination?
65. How do agents negotiate and collaborate?
66. What is emergent behavior in multi-agent systems?
67. What is agent alignment?
68. What are safety risks in autonomous agents?
69. What is sandboxing for agents?
70. What is human-in-the-loop for agent systems?
71. What is agent observability and logging?
72. How do agents evaluate their own outputs?
73. What is agent benchmarking?
74. What is tool hallucination in agents?
75. How do agents ensure consistency over long tasks?

Expert Level

76. How do agentic systems differ from AGI?
77. What are the architectural trade-offs in agent design?
78. How do you design scalable multi-agent systems?
79. What is decentralized vs centralized agent control?
80. How do agents handle conflicting goals?
81. What is game theory?s role in multi-agent AI?
82. How do autonomous agents learn from each other?
83. What is agent self-improvement?
84. What is recursive self-reflection in agents?
85. How do agents manage cost and latency?
86. What is agent governance?
87. How do you prevent runaway autonomous behavior?
88. What is alignment drift in long-running agents?
89. How do agents maintain ethical constraints?
90. What is evaluation strategy for agentic workflows?
91. How do you test autonomous agents in production?
92. What is fault tolerance in agent systems?
93. How do agents operate in real-time environments?
94. What is agentic AI?s role in enterprise automation?
95. How do agents integrate with data pipelines?
96. What is the future of autonomous agents?
97. How do agent frameworks like AutoGPT differ from LangGraph?
98. What are limitations of current agentic systems?
99. How do regulations impact autonomous agents?
100. How would you design a fully autonomous enterprise agent?

Related Topics

LangGraph

AutoGen

CrewAI

#Azure_Cosmos_DB

Last updated    - V7 (19-Dec-2025)

Key Concepts

S.No	Topic	Sub-Topics
1	Introduction to Azure Cosmos DB	What is Cosmos DB?, Features, Advantages, Global distribution, Use cases
2	Cosmos DB Architecture	Database account, Containers, Partitioning, Replication, Consistency models
3	Cosmos DB APIs	SQL API, MongoDB API, Cassandra API, Gremlin API, Table API
4	Setting Up Cosmos DB	Creating account, Configuring database, Creating containers, Keys and connection strings, Portal overview
5	Data Modeling	Document structure, JSON schema, Container design, Partition key selection, Best practices
6	CRUD Operations	Create item, Read item, Update item, Delete item, Bulk operations
7	Querying Data	SQL queries, Parameterized queries, Filtering, Sorting, Pagination
8	Partitioning	Logical partitions, Physical partitions, Partition key design, Performance impact, Repartitioning
9	Indexing	Automatic indexing, Custom indexing policies, Composite indexes, Spatial indexes, Indexing best practices
10	Consistency Models	Strong, Bounded staleness, Session, Consistent prefix, Eventual consistency
11	Throughput & Request Units	Provisioned throughput, Autoscale, RU calculation, Scaling, Monitoring RU consumption
12	Change Feed	Overview, Enabling change feed, Event processing, Azure Functions integration, Use cases
13	Cosmos DB SDKs	.NET SDK, Java SDK, Python SDK, Node.js SDK, CRUD operations
14	Transactional Batch	Batch operations, ACID transactions, Atomicity, Limitations, Use cases
15	Stored Procedures	Creating stored procedures, JavaScript support, Parameters, Error handling, Execution
16	Triggers	Pre-triggers, Post-triggers, JavaScript triggers, Execution order, Use cases
17	User Defined Functions (UDFs)	Creating UDFs, JavaScript functions, Query integration, Return types, Use cases
18	Security & Authentication	Access keys, Role-based access control, Managed identities, IP firewalls, Encryption
19	Backup & Restore	Automatic backups, Point-in-time restore, Geo-backup, Recovery options, Best practices
20	Monitoring & Metrics	Azure Monitor, Metrics, Logs, Alerts, Performance tracking
21	Scaling & Performance	Horizontal scaling, Vertical scaling, Partitioning impact, Throughput tuning, Latency optimization
22	Multi-region Distribution	Global distribution, Read regions, Write regions, Failover policies, Replication latency
23	Cosmos DB Emulator	Installation, Local development, API support, Testing, Limitations
24	Data Migration	Azure Data Factory, BCP tool, Migration from MongoDB, CSV/JSON import, Bulk import
25	Integration with Azure Services	Azure Functions, Logic Apps, Event Grid, Synapse Analytics, Stream Analytics
26	Cosmos DB & Microservices	Event sourcing, CQRS pattern, Cache integration, Messaging, Real-time processing
27	Cost Management	Estimating RUs, Autoscale costs, Reserved capacity, Cost monitoring, Optimization
28	Troubleshooting	Common errors, Connectivity issues, Query performance, Partition issues, Logging
29	Best Practices	Partition key selection, Indexing strategy, Throughput optimization, Global distribution, Security practices
30	Projects & Labs	CRUD project, Change feed project, Global distribution lab, Cosmos DB + Functions, Performance testing lab

Interview question

📘 Basic Level

1. What is Azure Cosmos DB?
2. What are the key features of Cosmos DB?
3. What is a multi-model database?
4. How is Cosmos DB different from traditional SQL databases?
5. What are the supported APIs in Cosmos DB?
6. What is a database account in Cosmos DB?
7. What is a container in Cosmos DB?
8. What is an item/document in Cosmos DB?
9. What is a partition key?
10. What is logical partition vs physical partition?
11. What is Request Unit (RU)?
12. What are the consistency levels supported in Cosmos DB?
13. What is strong consistency?
14. What is eventual consistency?
15. What is session consistency?
16. What is bounded staleness consistency?
17. What is consistent prefix consistency?
18. How do you create a database in Cosmos DB?
19. How do you create a container in Cosmos DB?
20. What are Cosmos DB throughput models?
21. What is serverless mode in Cosmos DB?
22. What is provisioned throughput in Cosmos DB?
23. What is automatic indexing?
24. How do you query documents using SQL API?
25. What SDKs are supported by Cosmos DB?

---

📗 Intermediate Level

1. How does Cosmos DB handle global distribution?
2. How do you add a region to Cosmos DB account?
3. How does multi-master replication work?
4. What is a composite index in Cosmos DB?
5. What is a spatial index in Cosmos DB?
6. How do you optimize RU usage?
7. What are stored procedures in Cosmos DB?
8. How do triggers work in Cosmos DB?
9. What is a User Defined Function (UDF)?
10. How do transactions work in Cosmos DB?
11. How does Cosmos DB handle large data volumes?
12. What is the change feed in Cosmos DB?
13. How do you use change feed processor?
14. How does Cosmos DB ensure low latency?
15. What is the difference between single-region and multi-region writes?
16. What is failover priority in Cosmos DB?
17. How do you monitor Cosmos DB performance?
18. How do you set alerts in Cosmos DB?
19. What is indexing policy in Cosmos DB?
20. How do you handle TTL (Time-to-Live) in Cosmos DB?
21. How do you delete data using TTL?
22. How do you handle large queries in Cosmos DB?
23. How do you use LINQ queries with Cosmos DB SDK?
24. How do you migrate data into Cosmos DB?
25. How do you handle conflicts in multi-master Cosmos DB?

---

📕 Advanced Level

1. How do you design partition strategy for high-scale workloads?
2. How do you optimize queries for RU efficiency?
3. How do you design globally distributed applications with Cosmos DB?
4. How does Cosmos DB handle multi-region replication conflicts?
5. What is analytical store in Cosmos DB?
6. How does Cosmos DB Synapse Link work?
7. How do you perform bulk import/export in Cosmos DB?
8. How do you manage throughput across multiple containers?
9. How do you implement geo-redundancy in Cosmos DB?
10. What are the trade-offs between single-region and multi-region writes?
11. How do you configure consistency level at query time?
12. How do you implement change data capture using change feed?
13. How do you handle schema evolution in Cosmos DB?
14. How do you use Cosmos DB for real-time analytics?
15. How do you design Cosmos DB for IoT workloads?
16. How do you implement pagination in Cosmos DB queries?
17. How do you monitor indexing metrics?
18. How do you handle hot partitions in Cosmos DB?
19. How do you optimize container design for high write workloads?
20. How do you implement security using resource tokens?
21. How do you use managed identities with Cosmos DB?
22. How do you handle backups and restores in Cosmos DB?
23. How do you implement auditing and logging in Cosmos DB?
24. How do you scale Cosmos DB throughput dynamically?
25. How do you tune queries for multi-region applications?

---

📓 Expert Level

1. How do you design multi-tenant Cosmos DB architecture?
2. How do you design Cosmos DB for mission-critical SLA compliance?
3. How do you optimize cost while maintaining high availability?
4. How do you implement distributed transactions across multiple containers?
5. How do you design Cosmos DB for AI/ML pipelines?
6. How do you optimize Cosmos DB for microservices architecture?
7. How do you implement cross-region failover testing?
8. How do you monitor Cosmos DB at enterprise scale?
9. How do you handle disaster recovery in Cosmos DB?
10. How do you implement schema-less data modeling best practices?
11. How do you optimize Cosmos DB queries for heavy analytical workloads?
12. How do you integrate Cosmos DB with Azure Event Hub and Functions?
13. How do you implement real-time streaming using Cosmos DB change feed?
14. How do you implement vector search in Cosmos DB?
15. How do you manage RU sharing across multiple applications?
16. How do you implement advanced security policies for sensitive data?
17. How do you use Cosmos DB with Synapse Analytics for BI reporting?
18. How do you implement caching strategies with Cosmos DB?
19. How do you handle eventual consistency in critical applications?
20. How do you implement cross-region data synchronization?
21. How do you optimize Cosmos DB for hybrid cloud scenarios?
22. How do you monitor and tune multi-master write conflicts?
23. How do you design Cosmos DB for high-frequency IoT ingestion?
24. How do you implement AI-based recommendations using Cosmos DB?
25. What are emerging features and best practices for future-proof Cosmos DB architecture?

Related Topics

#TensorFlow

Last updated    - V7 (19-Dec-2025)

Key Concepts

S.No	Topic	Sub-Topics
1	Introduction	Install TF, CPU vs GPU, Eager mode, Tensor basics
2	Tensor Operations	Tensor creation, slicing, reshaping, broadcasting
3	Computation Graph	Graph vs Eager, tf.function, autograph
4	Matrix Operations	MatMul, transpose, reduce ops
5	Datasets Basics	tf.data, map, batch, shuffle
6	TFRecords	Create TFRecords, serialize, parse
7	Keras Basics	Sequential model, compile, fit, evaluate
8	Functional API	Custom architectures, merging layers, multi-input models
9	Layer Types	Dense, Conv, RNN, Embedding, Flatten
10	Optimizers	Adam, SGD, RMSProp, custom optimizer
11	Loss Functions	MSE, CrossEntropy, Huber loss, custom loss
12	Callbacks	ModelCheckpoint, EarlyStopping, TensorBoard
13	Computer Vision Basics	Image preprocessing, CNN, Conv2D
14	Advanced CNN	ResNet, Inception, MobileNet, Fine-tuning
15	Data Augmentation	ImageDataGenerator, tf.image operations
16	NLP Basics	Text preprocessing, Tokenizer, Embedding
17	RNN Models	LSTM, GRU, Bi-LSTM
18	Transformers	Attention, BERT, Encoder-Decoder
19	Custom Layers	Layer subclassing, call(), build()
20	Custom Training Loop	GradientTape, train_step(), metrics
21	Model Saving & Loading	SavedModel, checkpoints, export
22	Performance Optimization	Mixed precision, profiling, XLA
23	Distributed Training	MirroredStrategy, Multi-GPU training
24	TPU & Cloud Training	TPU setup, strategy, distributed datasets
25	TensorFlow Serving	REST API, Docker deployment
26	TensorFlow Lite	Quantization, TFLite conversion, mobile deployment
27	Object Detection	TFOD API, SSD, Faster R-CNN
28	Image Segmentation	U-Net, Mask R-CNN, FCN
29	AutoML + KerasTuner	Hyperparameter tuning, search strategies
30	MLOps Pipeline	CI/CD, model registry, orchestration
31	End-to-End Project	Data → Training → Evaluation → Serving deployment

Interview question

Basic

1. What is TensorFlow?
2. Explain Tensors in TensorFlow.
3. Difference between TensorFlow 1.x and 2.x.
4. What is eager execution?
5. What are variables and constants in TensorFlow?
6. Explain tf.constant().
7. Explain tf.Variable().
8. What is a computational graph?
9. What is a session in TensorFlow 1.x?
10. How do you execute operations in eager mode?
11. What are placeholders in TensorFlow?
12. Explain tf.function.
13. Difference between TensorFlow and NumPy arrays.
14. What is broadcasting in TensorFlow?
15. How do you install TensorFlow?
16. Difference between tf.Tensor and tf.Variable.
17. How to check TensorFlow version?
18. How to create a 1D tensor?
19. How to create a 2D tensor?
20. Explain basic tensor operations (add, multiply).
21. What is the shape of a tensor?
22. How to reshape a tensor?
23. How to slice a tensor?
24. Explain tf.zeros() and tf.ones().
25. What are TensorFlow datasets?

Intermediate

1. What is tf.data.Dataset?
2. How to batch a dataset in TensorFlow?
3. How to shuffle a dataset?
4. Explain map() function in tf.data.
5. What are optimizers in TensorFlow?
6. Explain GradientTape.
7. How do you compute gradients?
8. Difference between model.fit and custom training loop.
9. What is tf.keras.Model?
10. What is tf.keras.layers.Layer?
11. Explain Sequential API.
12. Difference between Sequential and Functional API.
13. How to add layers to a model?
14. What is compile() in Keras?
15. Explain loss functions.
16. Explain metrics in TensorFlow.
17. How to use callbacks?
18. What is EarlyStopping callback?
19. What is ModelCheckpoint callback?
20. Explain TensorBoard.
21. What is data normalization?
22. How to preprocess images in TensorFlow?
23. How to handle categorical data?
24. Difference between fit() and evaluate().
25. How to save and load a model?

Advanced

1. Explain Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) in TensorFlow.
2. Explain layers: Conv2D, MaxPooling2D, Flatten, Dense.
3. What is Transfer Learning?
4. How to fine-tune a pre-trained model?
5. Explain data augmentation techniques.
6. Explain Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN).
7. Explain LSTM and GRU layers.
8. How to implement Bidirectional RNN?
9. What is attention mechanism?
10. Explain embeddings in TensorFlow.
11. How to implement a custom layer?
12. How to implement a custom model subclassing tf.keras.Model?
13. How to implement a custom loss function?
14. How to implement a custom metric?
15. Explain TensorFlow Serving.
16. What is TensorFlow Lite?
17. How to deploy a model on mobile using TFLite?
18. Explain TensorFlow.js.
19. How to deploy a model in a browser using TensorFlow.js?
20. Explain tf.function and autograph.
21. How to optimize model performance with mixed precision?
22. How to use GPU for training?
23. How to profile TensorFlow models?
24. Explain distribution strategies (MirroredStrategy, MultiWorkerMirroredStrategy).
25. Explain saving models in SavedModel format vs HDF5 format.

Expert

1. How to implement custom training loops using GradientTape?
2. How to implement reinforcement learning in TensorFlow?
3. How to implement GANs in TensorFlow?
4. How to implement autoencoders?
5. How to implement seq2seq models?
6. How to handle large datasets with tf.data pipelines?
7. Explain TFRecord format and how to use it.
8. How to use tf.lookup for vocab and embeddings?
9. How to debug TensorFlow models?
10. Explain model quantization techniques.
11. How to implement pruning in TensorFlow?
12. How to implement distributed training on TPUs?
13. Explain checkpointing and restoring models.
14. How to implement multi-task learning in TensorFlow?
15. How to implement custom callbacks?
16. Explain TensorFlow Hub and how to use pretrained modules.
17. How to implement BERT using TensorFlow?
18. How to implement Transformers using TensorFlow?
19. How to implement attention layers manually?
20. How to implement multi-GPU training?
21. How to debug performance bottlenecks?
22. How to deploy models using TensorFlow Serving with REST API?
23. Explain pruning, quantization, and model optimization for production.
24. How to integrate TensorFlow with Keras preprocessing layers?
25. Best practices for building production-ready TensorFlow models.

Related Topics

#GO

Last updated    - V7 (19-Dec-2025)

Key Concepts

S.No	Topic	Sub-Topics
1	Introduction to Go	Overview of Go, History, Features, Go vs Other Languages, Use Cases
2	Environment Setup	Install Go, Configure GOPATH, Configure GOROOT, Setup IDE, Hello World program
3	Go Basics	Variables, Constants, Data Types, Operators, Input/Output
4	Control Structures	If-Else, Switch-Case, For Loop, Break/Continue, Nested Loops
5	Functions	Function Declaration, Parameters, Return Values, Multiple Returns, Variadic Functions
6	Packages & Modules	Package Declaration, Importing Packages, Creating Modules, go.mod, Standard Library Overview
7	Arrays & Slices	Array Declaration, Slice Creation, Append, Copy, Multi-dimensional Arrays
8	Maps	Map Declaration, Adding/Updating, Deleting Keys, Iterating Maps, Nested Maps
9	Structs	Struct Definition, Struct Literals, Nested Structs, Methods with Structs, Tags
10	Pointers	Pointer Basics, Dereferencing, Pointer to Struct, Pointer vs Value, Memory Allocation
11	Interfaces	Interface Definition, Implementing Interfaces, Type Assertion, Empty Interface, Polymorphism
12	Methods	Method Declaration, Receiver Types, Pointer vs Value Receiver, Method Sets, Struct Embedding
13	Error Handling	Error Type, Custom Errors, Panic & Recover, Logging, Best Practices
14	Goroutines	Concurrent Execution, Creating Goroutines, Goroutine Lifecycle, Synchronization, Examples
15	Channels	Channel Basics, Buffered vs Unbuffered, Send/Receive, Close Channel, Select Statement
16	Channel Patterns	Fan-in, Fan-out, Pipelines, Worker Pools, Timeout/Cancel
17	Concurrency Patterns	Mutex, WaitGroup, Atomic Operations, Context, Thread-Safe Data Structures
18	Go Concurrency Best Practices	Avoid Deadlocks, Avoid Race Conditions, Proper Channel Closing, Worker Pools, Context Cancellation
19	Go Standard Library	fmt, os, io, strings, strconv, time, math/rand, encoding/json
20	File Handling	Reading Files, Writing Files, File Modes, Buffered I/O, Error Handling
21	Testing in Go	Test Functions, go test Command, Table-Driven Tests, Benchmarking, Mocking
22	Go Modules & Dependency Management	go mod init, go get, go mod tidy, Versioning, Vendoring
23	JSON Handling	Marshal, Unmarshal, Struct Tags, Encoding/Decoding, Nested JSON
24	HTTP & Web Services	net/http Package, HTTP Server, HTTP Client, Routing, JSON API
25	REST API Development	Create REST Endpoints, GET/POST/PUT/DELETE, JSON Response, Query Parameters, Error Handling
26	Middleware in Go	Middleware Concept, Logging, Authentication, Error Handling, Chaining Handlers
27	Database Connectivity	database/sql Package, MySQL/PostgreSQL Driver, CRUD Operations, Connection Pooling, Transactions
28	Go Templates	text/template, html/template, Variables, Loops, Conditional Rendering
29	Go Project Structure	Folder Organization, main Package, internal Package, cmd Folder, Best Practices
30	Hands-on Project	Build CLI/REST API App, Use Goroutines, Connect DB, JSON Handling, Implement Tests

Interview question

Basic Level

1. What is Go (Golang) and why was it created?
2. List key features of Go.
3. Difference between Go and other languages like Java or Python.
4. What is a package in Go?
5. What is the difference between GOPATH and GOROOT?
6. How do you install Go on your system?
7. How to run a Go program?
8. What are variables and constants in Go?
9. Explain Go data types.
10. Difference between arrays and slices.
11. How do you declare and initialize a slice?
12. How do you declare a map in Go?
13. What is a struct in Go?
14. How do you define and call a function in Go?
15. What is the zero value in Go?
16. Explain Go?s control structures: if, for, switch.
17. Difference between break and continue.
18. What is defer in Go?
19. How do you write comments in Go?
20. Explain Go?s operators.
21. What is a pointer in Go?
22. How do you print output in Go?
23. How do you read input in Go?
24. Explain basic error handling using error type.
25. What is the difference between var and := syntax?

---

Intermediate Level

1. Explain Go modules and go.mod file.
2. How to import a package in Go?
3. Difference between value and pointer receivers in methods.
4. How do interfaces work in Go?
5. What is an empty interface?
6. How do you implement polymorphism in Go?
7. How do you use type assertion?
8. How to handle multiple return values?
9. Explain variadic functions in Go.
10. What are goroutines?
11. How do you create a goroutine?
12. What are channels in Go?
13. Difference between buffered and unbuffered channels.
14. How do you use select statement with channels?
15. Explain context package and cancellation.
16. How to handle race conditions in Go?
17. What is sync.WaitGroup and how to use it?
18. Explain mutex in Go.
19. How do you implement worker pools?
20. How do you handle JSON encoding and decoding?
21. How do you read and write files in Go?
22. Difference between pointer and value types.
23. Explain slice internals (capacity, length, underlying array).
24. What is panic and recover?
25. How to use Go?s standard library effectively?

---

Advanced Level

1. How do you create and use custom errors in Go?
2. How do you implement logging in Go?
3. How do you create REST APIs using net/http?
4. Explain routing using Gorilla Mux or similar frameworks.
5. How do you connect to a database in Go?
6. How do you handle transactions in Go?
7. Explain prepared statements.
8. How do you implement middleware in Go?
9. How do you implement authentication in Go web apps?
10. How do you implement JWT in Go?
11. Explain Go?s template package.
12. How do you render HTML templates in Go?
13. How do you implement caching in Go applications?
14. How to use go routines and channels for concurrent web requests?
15. Explain Go memory management and garbage collection.
16. How do you profile a Go program?
17. Explain Go?s race detector tool.
18. How do you handle signal interruptions?
19. How do you build a CLI tool in Go?
20. How to handle JSON schema validation in Go?
21. How to implement API versioning in Go?
22. How to implement rate limiting in Go web services?
23. How to implement a TCP/UDP server in Go?
24. How to handle WebSocket connections in Go?
25. How do you structure a large Go project?

---

Expert Level

1. How do you implement microservices architecture in Go?
2. How to implement event-driven architecture in Go?
3. How to use gRPC in Go?
4. How to use Protocol Buffers in Go?
5. How to handle streaming APIs in Go?
6. How to implement advanced caching strategies?
7. How do you perform load balancing in Go services?
8. How to implement health checks in Go applications?
9. How do you implement distributed tracing in Go?
10. How to integrate Go with Kubernetes?
11. How to implement zero-downtime deployments in Go services?
12. How to optimize Go programs for high performance?
13. How to implement message queues (Kafka/RabbitMQ) in Go?
14. How to integrate Go services with cloud platforms (AWS/GCP/Azure)?
15. How to implement authentication/authorization with OAuth2 in Go?
16. How to implement background jobs in Go?
17. How to use context for timeouts and deadlines effectively?
18. How do you implement graceful shutdown for Go services?
19. How to handle large JSON payloads efficiently?
20. How to implement circuit breakers in Go?
21. How to implement rate limiting using Redis or in-memory?
22. How to implement secure Go services (TLS, cert management)?
23. How to monitor Go applications (Prometheus, Grafana)?
24. How to perform integration testing for Go services?
25. Best practices for writing production-grade Go applications.

Related Topics

#Selenium

Last updated    - V7 (19-Dec-2025)

Key Concepts

S.No	Topic	Sub-Topics
1	Selenium	What is Selenium?, Features, Benefits, Selenium suite overview, Use cases
2	Selenium Architecture	Client-server architecture, Selenium IDE, WebDriver, Grid, Components overview
3	Selenium IDE	Installation, Record & playback, Commands, Test suite, Export scripts
4	Selenium WebDriver	Overview, Browser drivers, Language bindings, Advantages, Limitations
5	Locators in Selenium	ID, Name, ClassName, XPath, CSS Selector
6	WebDriver Commands	Get, FindElement, Click, SendKeys, GetText
7	Handling Web Elements	Text boxes, Buttons, Radio buttons, Checkboxes, Dropdowns
8	Synchronization in Selenium	Implicit wait, Explicit wait, Fluent wait, Page load timeout, Best practices
9	Browser Navigation	Open URL, Back, Forward, Refresh, Window management
10	Handling Alerts	Alert types, Accept, Dismiss, Get text, Send keys
11	Handling Frames & IFrames	Switch to frame, Switch by index, Switch by name/id, Switch back, Nested frames
12	Handling Windows & Tabs	Get window handles, Switch windows, Close window, Multiple tabs, Focus handling
13	Handling DropDowns	Select by index, Select by value, Select by visible text, Multi-select, De-select options
14	Keyboard & Mouse Actions	SendKeys, Key press, Key release, Mouse hover, Right click, Drag & Drop
15	Handling Checkboxes & Radio Buttons	Check status, Select, Deselect, IsEnabled, IsDisplayed
16	Taking Screenshots	Full page screenshot, Element screenshot, File saving, Formats, Automation reporting
17	Handling Tables	Rows & columns, Get cell data, Iterate table, Dynamic tables, XPath strategies
18	Handling JavaScript Alerts	Accept, Dismiss, Get text, Send text, Switch to alert
19	Handling Popups	Alert popups, File upload popups, Window popups, Frame popups, Close handling
20	File Upload & Download	SendKeys, Robot class, AutoIT, Handling download folder, Validation
21	JavaScript Executor	Execute script, Scroll into view, Click element, Change value, Handle dynamic content
22	Implicit vs Explicit Wait	Definitions, Use cases, Syntax, Pros & cons, Best practices
23	Selenium Grid	Hub & nodes, Parallel execution, Cross-browser testing, Configuration, Scaling
24	TestNG Integration	TestNG setup, Annotations, Assertions, Groups, Parameterization
25	Maven Integration	Maven project, Dependencies, POM file, Build lifecycle, Plugins
26	Jenkins Integration	Jenkins setup, CI/CD pipeline, Job configuration, Triggering builds, Reporting
27	Handling Dynamic Elements	Dynamic XPath, CSS selectors, Wait strategies, Loops, Element identification
28	Page Object Model (POM)	Design pattern, Page classes, Locators, Reusable methods, Implementation
29	Hybrid Framework	Keyword-driven, Data-driven, Combination, Implementation, Advantages
30	Hands-on Projects & Best Practices	Automation of login page, E-commerce site testing, Form submission, Reporting, Code organization

Interview question

Basic Level

1. What is Selenium?
2. What are the different components of Selenium?
3. What are Selenium WebDriver advantages?
4. What is the difference between Selenium 3 and Selenium 4?
5. What browsers does Selenium support?
6. What is a WebDriver?
7. What is the difference between findElement and findElements?
8. What is a WebElement?
9. How do you launch a browser in Selenium?
10. How do you open a URL using Selenium?
11. How do you locate elements in Selenium?
12. What are locators? Name the eight locators.
13. What is XPath?
14. What is the difference between absolute and relative XPath?
15. What is CSS Selector?
16. How do you handle text boxes in Selenium?
17. How do you click a button using Selenium?
18. How do you retrieve text from an element?
19. How do you close and quit the browser?
20. What is implicit wait?
21. What is explicit wait?
22. What is fluent wait?
23. What is getTitle() used for?
24. How do you check if an element is displayed?
25. What is the difference between driver.get() and driver.navigate().to()?

---

Intermediate Level

1. What are different types of waits in Selenium?
2. What is WebDriverWait? Give an example.
3. What is the Actions class in Selenium?
4. How do you perform mouse hover?
5. How to handle dropdowns in Selenium?
6. Difference between Select class and custom dropdowns.
7. How do you handle checkboxes and radio buttons?
8. How do you handle alerts in Selenium?
9. What are Frames and how do you switch to them?
10. How do you switch between windows/tabs?
11. What is JavaScriptExecutor in Selenium?
12. How do you scroll using Selenium?
13. How do you upload a file using Selenium?
14. How do you handle file downloads?
15. How do you take screenshots?
16. How do you capture full-page screenshots in Selenium 4?
17. What is Page Object Model (POM)?
18. What is Page Factory?
19. What is the @FindBy annotation?
20. What is TestNG? Why is it used with Selenium?
21. Explain the TestNG annotations.
22. How do you generate reports using TestNG?
23. What is data-driven testing?
24. How do you parameterize tests in TestNG?
25. What is the difference between soft assert and hard assert?
26. What is a headless browser?
27. How to run Selenium tests in headless mode?
28. What is WebDriverManager?
29. What is the difference between quit() and close()?
30. What is StaleElementReferenceException?
31. What are navigation commands in Selenium?
32. How do you maximize and minimize windows?
33. How do you wait for an element to be clickable?
34. What is XPath axes?
35. How do you validate broken links in Selenium?

---

Advanced Level

1. How do you handle dynamic elements?
2. How do you create custom XPath expressions?
3. What is Shadow DOM and how do you handle it in Selenium 4?
4. How do you handle WebSockets in Selenium 4?
5. Explain Relative Locators in Selenium 4.
6. How do you run tests in parallel using TestNG?
7. How do you integrate Selenium with Maven?
8. How do you integrate Selenium with Jenkins?
9. How do you run Selenium tests in Docker?
10. Explain Selenium Grid architecture.
11. How do you set up Selenium Grid 4?
12. What is distributed Parallel testing?
13. What is the role of Hub and Node in Selenium Grid?
14. How do you capture network logs in Selenium 4?
15. How do you intercept requests/responses in Selenium 4?
16. How do you automate authentication pop-ups?
17. How do you manage cookies in Selenium?
18. What is fluent design in automation framework?
19. What is a hybrid test framework?
20. What is Keyword-Driven Framework?
21. What is Data-Driven Framework?
22. What is Behavioral Driven Development (BDD)?
23. How do you integrate Selenium with Cucumber?
24. What is Hooks in Cucumber?
25. Explain Gherkin syntax with example.

---

Expert Level

1. How do you design a scalable Selenium automation framework?
2. Explain your framework architecture in detail.
3. How do you integrate Selenium with CI/CD pipeline?
4. How do you design reusable utilities in automation?
5. How do you apply SOLID principles in Selenium framework?
6. How do you implement a Factory design pattern in POM?
7. How do you implement the Builder pattern for tests?
8. How do you apply Strategy pattern in Selenium automation?
9. How do you manage test data for large test suites?
10. How to integrate Allure/Extent reports?
11. How do you perform cross-browser testing at scale?
12. How do you handle intermittent automation failures?
13. How do you set up cloud test execution using BrowserStack/Sauce Labs?
14. How do you implement Self-Healing locators?
15. Describe an enterprise-level Selenium automation solution you built.

Related Topics

String Handling

Last updated    - V7 (14-Dec-2025)

Key Concepts

1	Introduction to Strings	Definition, String vs character array, Memory concept, Immutable concept, String literal vs object
2	String Creation	Literal, new keyword, Intern pool, String constants, equals() behavior
3	Basic Operations	Concatenation, length(), substring(), charAt(), indexOf()
4	Equality & Comparison	equals(), == operator, compareTo(), equalsIgnoreCase(), best practices
5	String Pool	String intern(), memory saving, literal reuse, JVM mechanism, debugging pool
6	StringBuilder	Mutable concept, append(), insert(), reverse(), capacity()
7	StringBuffer	Thread safety, synchronization, performance, use case, compare with StringBuilder
8	Conversion	toCharArray(), getBytes(), valueOf(), parse methods, format() output
9	Useful Methods	trim(), replace(), split(), startsWith(), endsWith()
10	Regex Basics	Pattern, Matcher, meta characters, match(), replaceAll()
11	Advanced Regex	Groups, quantifiers, lookahead, lookbehind, capturing
12	Tokenization	StringTokenizer, Scanner use, split vs tokenizer, stream tokenization, parsing
13	String Formatting	printf(), format(), placeholders, locales, formatting numbers
14	Case Handling	toLowerCase(), toUpperCase(), locale support, Unicode cases, normalization
15	Substring & Indexing	Extract substring, boundaries, index operations, find substring, custom search
16	Searching Algorithms	Brute force search, KMP logic, pattern matching, rolling hash basics, use cases
17	Performance Optimization	Cost of concatenation, StringBuilder usage, profiling, memory leaks, repeated operations
18	Mutable vs Immutable	Deep dive, advantages, thread safety, identity hash code, security
19	Memory Management	Heap allocation, String pool garbage collection, intern optimization, examples
20	Unicode & Encoding	UTF-8, UTF-16, char vs byte, surrogate pairs, emoji handling
21	Character Handling	Character class, codePoint(), isDigit(), isLetter(), conversion
22	File & IO Strings	Reading text, StringBuilder for building, buffer read, split lines, writing
23	Stream API with Strings	map(), filter(), joining(), flatMap(), collectors
24	Security Aspects	Password handling, String vs char[], secure erase, log sanitization, risks
25	Localization	Locale, Collator, Comparator, region-based formatting, internationalization
26	Complex Parsing	JSON parsing basics, CSV parsing, escaping quotes, splitting rules, custom delimiters
27	Design Patterns	String pool pattern, builder pattern, flyweight pattern, factory use, internalization
28	Testing Strings	JUnit tests, assertions, regex tests, corner cases, mock inputs
29	Enterprise Use Cases	Logging, request handling, templates, localization, user input validation
30	Interview Prep	Top 20 questions, coding challenges, regex tasks, performance traps, custom implementation

Interview question

Basic Level

1. What is a String in Java?
2. How do you create a String object?
3. Difference between String and char[].
4. Why are Strings immutable in Java?
5. What is the String constant pool?
6. Difference between == and equals() in String comparison.
7. What does length() method return in a String?
8. How do you find a character at a specific index in a String?
9. Difference between charAt() and substring().
10. How do you check if a String is empty?
11. How do you concatenate two Strings?
12. What is the difference between + operator and concat() method?
13. How do you convert a String to lowercase or uppercase?
14. How do you trim whitespace from a String?
15. How do you compare two Strings ignoring case?
16. How do you find the index of a character in a String?
17. What does lastIndexOf() method do?
18. How do you check if a String contains another String?
19. What is startsWith() and endsWith() used for?
20. How do you replace characters in a String?
21. Difference between replace() and replaceAll().
22. How do you split a String by a delimiter?
23. How do you join Strings in Java 8?
24. How do you convert a String to a char[]?
25. How do you convert a char[] back to a String?

---

Intermediate Level

1. What is String interning in Java?
2. How does the intern() method work?
3. What is the difference between heap Strings and pool Strings?
4. How do you check if a String is a palindrome?
5. How do you reverse a String in Java?
6. What happens when you use + operator inside a loop with Strings?
7. Why is StringBuilder faster than String for concatenation?
8. Difference between StringBuffer and StringBuilder.
9. What is the substring() method used for?
10. How does substring() implementation differ in Java 6 vs Java 7?
11. How do you count the number of words in a String?
12. How do you count the number of occurrences of a character?
13. How do you extract only digits from a String?
14. How do you check if a String contains only alphabets?
15. How do you validate an email using Regex with Strings?
16. Difference between matches() and contains().
17. How do you remove special characters from a String?
18. How do you check if a String is numeric?
19. How do you find all substrings of a String?
20. How do you find duplicate characters in a String?
21. How do you sort the characters in a String?
22. How do you remove duplicate characters from a String?
23. How do you convert String to int and double?
24. How do you convert numbers to Strings?
25. How do you use String.format()?

---

Advanced Level

1. Explain memory allocation of Strings in Java.
2. How does garbage collection work with String literals?
3. Why are Strings immutable from a security perspective?
4. Why is char[] better than String for storing passwords?
5. How do you compare two Strings lexicographically?
6. How do you handle Unicode in Java Strings?
7. How do you normalize Unicode Strings?
8. How does encoding affect Strings in Java?
9. How do you convert a String to bytes?
10. How do you convert bytes back to a String?
11. How do you handle special characters in JSON Strings?
12. Explain the role of CharSequence interface.
13. What is StringJoiner introduced in Java 8?
14. How does StringJoiner work internally?
15. How do you join multiple Strings using Streams?
16. How do you split a multiline String into lines?
17. How do you check if a String is an anagram?
18. How do you implement case-insensitive search?
19. How do you replace multiple substrings at once?
20. How do you tokenize a String in Java?
21. What are Pattern and Matcher classes used for?
22. How does replaceAll() use Regex internally?
23. How do you extract a substring using Regex?
24. How do you efficiently join large Strings?
25. How do you check if two Strings are rotations of each other?

---

Expert Level

1. How does JVM optimize String usage internally?
2. How does String constant pool improve performance?
3. What are the performance implications of String immutability?
4. Explain lazy loading of Strings.
5. How does String concatenation compile into StringBuilder?
6. How do Streams improve String processing in Java 8+?
7. What are best practices for handling Strings in enterprise apps?
8. How do you handle memory leaks with Strings?
9. How does String interning affect garbage collection?
10. How do you measure performance of String operations?
11. What is the impact of substring() holding references to large arrays?
12. How was this fixed in Java 7 update?
13. How do you create a custom immutable String-like class?
14. How do you secure sensitive data stored in Strings?
15. What are pitfalls of using == in String comparison?
16. How do you handle locale-sensitive String operations?
17. What is collation in String comparison?
18. How do you optimize String-heavy applications?
19. How does StringBuilder grow internally?
20. What is the difference in thread safety between StringBuffer and StringBuilder?
21. How does String deduplication work in JVM?
22. How do you debug encoding issues with Strings?
23. How do you use Charset class with Strings?
24. How do you build efficient String utilities?
25. What is the future of String handling in modern Java versions?

Related Topics

StringBuilder

Java String - Sample Coding