16 September 2025

#JIRA

#JIRA

Key Concepts


Topic Sub-Topics Basic Intermediate Advanced Expert
Introduction What is JIRA, Features, Benefits, Use Cases
Projects & Issues Project types, Issue types, Issue lifecycle, Components, Versions
Workflows Workflow design, Statuses, Transitions, Conditions, Validators, Post Functions
Boards & Agile Scrum boards, Kanban boards, Backlogs, Sprints, Epics, Stories
Filters & Queries JQL (Jira Query Language), Saved filters, Advanced search, Filtering issues
Dashboards & Reports Creating dashboards, Gadgets, Reports, Burndown, Velocity, Pie charts
Permissions & Security Permission schemes, Roles, Project permissions, Issue security, Groups
Notifications & Automation Notification schemes, Email notifications, Automation rules, Triggers
Integrations Confluence, Bitbucket, Git, Jenkins, Webhooks, Marketplace apps
Administration Project settings, Global settings, Custom fields, Screens, Schemes, System settings
Advanced Features Custom workflows, Advanced JQL, Automation scripts, REST API usage
Troubleshooting & Best Practices Common issues, Performance tuning, Data cleanup, Audit logs

Interview question

1. Introduction

  1. What is JIRA and what are its main features?
  2. How is JIRA used in Agile and DevOps environments?
  3. What are the different types of projects in JIRA?
  4. How does JIRA differ from other project management tools?
  5. What are the benefits of using JIRA?
  6. Explain the JIRA issue lifecycle.
  7. What is the difference between JIRA Cloud and JIRA Server?
  8. What are common use cases of JIRA in software development?
  9. How does JIRA support collaboration among teams?
  10. What are the limitations of JIRA?

2. Projects & Issues

  1. What are the different types of issues in JIRA?
  2. How do you create a new project in JIRA?
  3. What are components and versions in JIRA?
  4. How do you manage multiple projects in JIRA?
  5. How can you link issues in JIRA?
  6. What is the difference between sub-task and parent task?
  7. How do you assign issues to users?
  8. How do you track issue progress?
  9. What is the difference between Story, Bug, Task, and Epic?
  10. How do you use labels and tags in JIRA?

3. Workflows

  1. What is a JIRA workflow?
  2. How do you create custom workflows?
  3. What are workflow statuses?
  4. What are workflow transitions?
  5. How do you configure conditions in workflows?
  6. How do validators work in JIRA workflows?
  7. What are post functions in workflows?
  8. How do you manage inactive workflows?
  9. How do you assign workflows to projects?
  10. How can workflows improve team efficiency?

4. Boards & Agile

  1. What is a Scrum board in JIRA?
  2. What is a Kanban board in JIRA?
  3. How do you manage sprints in JIRA?
  4. How do you track epics and stories?
  5. How do you configure swimlanes?
  6. What is backlog grooming?
  7. How do you estimate story points?
  8. How do you track burndown charts?
  9. How do you prioritize tasks on a board?
  10. What is the difference between active and future sprints?

5. Filters & Queries

  1. What is JQL (JIRA Query Language)?
  2. How do you use JQL for advanced search?
  3. What are the common JQL functions?
  4. How do you save and share filters?
  5. How do you filter issues by assignee or reporter?
  6. How do you filter by status or priority?
  7. How do you use wildcards in JQL?
  8. How do you sort query results?
  9. How do you combine multiple conditions in JQL?
  10. How do you schedule filter subscriptions?

6. Dashboards & Reports

  1. How do you create a dashboard in JIRA?
  2. What are gadgets in JIRA dashboards?
  3. How do you customize dashboards for different users?
  4. What are the common types of JIRA reports?
  5. How do you generate burndown reports?
  6. How do you generate velocity charts?
  7. How do you generate pie charts for issues?
  8. How do you export dashboard data?
  9. How can dashboards help with project monitoring?
  10. How do you refresh dashboard data automatically?

7. Permissions & Security

  1. What are permission schemes in JIRA?
  2. How do you assign roles to users?
  3. How do project permissions differ from global permissions?
  4. How do you restrict access to certain issues?
  5. What are issue security schemes?
  6. How do you manage groups in JIRA?
  7. How do you configure access for anonymous users?
  8. How do you audit permission changes?
  9. How do you grant temporary access to users?
  10. What best practices exist for JIRA security?

8. Notifications & Automation

  1. How do notification schemes work in JIRA?
  2. How do you configure email notifications?
  3. What are JIRA automation rules?
  4. How do triggers work in automation?
  5. How do conditions work in automation rules?
  6. How do actions work in automation rules?
  7. How do you test automation rules before deployment?
  8. How do you monitor automation rule execution?
  9. How do you prevent notification spam?
  10. How can automation improve team efficiency?

9. Integrations

  1. How does JIRA integrate with Confluence?
  2. How does JIRA integrate with Bitbucket or Git?
  3. How does JIRA integrate with Jenkins?
  4. What are webhooks in JIRA?
  5. How do you configure REST API access?
  6. What are some popular JIRA Marketplace apps?
  7. How do you integrate JIRA with Slack or Teams?
  8. How do you import/export data from other tools?
  9. How do you synchronize JIRA with other project management tools?
  10. How do integrations improve DevOps workflows?

10. Administration & Advanced Features

  1. How do you configure project settings?
  2. How do you manage global settings in JIRA?
  3. How do you create custom fields?
  4. How do you manage screens and schemes?
  5. How do you manage workflows at an admin level?
  6. How do you use advanced JQL features?
  7. How do you create automation scripts for complex tasks?
  8. How do you use REST API for automation and reporting?
  9. How do you troubleshoot performance issues in JIRA?
  10. What are the best practices for JIRA administration?

Related Topics


#Microservice

#Microservice

Key Concepts


Topic Sub-Topics (comma separated) Basic Intermediate Advanced Expert
Fundamentals Monolith vs Microservices, Benefits, Challenges, 12-Factor App
Architecture Styles SOA vs Microservices, Layered, Event-Driven, Hexagonal, Serverless
Service Decomposition Business Capability, Subdomain, Strangler Fig, Self-contained Service
API Design REST, gRPC, GraphQL, API Gateway, BFF
Communication REST, gRPC, Messaging (Kafka, RabbitMQ), Event Streaming
Service Discovery Eureka, Consul, etcd, DNS Discovery, Kubernetes
Data Management Database per Service, Shared DB, CQRS, Saga, Event Sourcing
Resiliency Patterns Circuit Breaker, Retry, Bulkhead, Timeout, Fallback
Security JWT, OAuth2, RBAC, Zero Trust, Secrets Management
Observability Logging, Distributed Tracing, Metrics, Health Checks, OpenTelemetry
Deployment Docker, Kubernetes, Sidecar, Adapter, Serverless
Release Strategies Blue-Green Deployment, Canary Release, Rolling Updates, A/B Testing
Workflow & Transactions Saga, Orchestration, Choreography, Compensating Transactions
Testing Unit Testing, Contract Testing, Integration Testing, Chaos Testing
Scalability Horizontal Scaling, Sharding, Caching, Auto-scaling
Cloud-Native Enhancements Service Mesh, Multi-Region, Sharding, API Composition
Governance Versioning, Backward Compatibility, Standards, Policies
DevOps & CI/CD Jenkins, GitHub Actions, ArgoCD, Tekton, GitOps
Performance JVM Tuning, Async I/O, Profiling, Caching
Anti-Patterns Shared DB, God Service, Hardcoded Endpoints, Nano-services

Interview question

1. Fundamentals

  1. What are microservices and how are they different from monoliths in Java projects?
  2. Explain the role of Spring Boot in building microservices.
  3. Why are microservices considered loosely coupled and highly cohesive?
  4. What is the advantage of using embedded servers (Tomcat/Jetty) in Spring Boot microservices?
  5. How do you configure properties in Spring Boot microservices?
  6. What is the significance of application.yml in Spring Boot?
  7. What are the benefits of using microservices for large Java enterprise apps?
  8. How do microservices promote independent deployments?
  9. What challenges exist when moving a legacy Java monolith to microservices?
  10. How does Domain-Driven Design (DDD) help in microservices design?
  11. What is bounded context and why is it important?
  12. How do you choose the right service granularity in Java projects?
  13. What is a self-contained system in microservices?
  14. Compare modular monolith vs microservices in Java.
  15. How do you externalize configuration in Java microservices?
  16. What is the role of Spring Initializr in microservices development?
  17. Why are fat JARs preferred in Java microservices?
  18. How do you secure configuration properties in Spring Boot?
  19. What is the role of profiles (@Profile) in Spring Boot?
  20. How do you bootstrap a microservice ecosystem for a Java enterprise app?

2. Architecture & Design Patterns

  1. What are common design patterns in microservices (e.g., Saga, CQRS, API Gateway)?
  2. Explain the role of API Gateway in a Spring Cloud ecosystem.
  3. What is the strangler fig pattern in migrating Java monoliths?
  4. Explain choreography vs orchestration with Java examples.
  5. What is the role of Spring Cloud in microservice architectures?
  6. Compare layered architecture vs hexagonal (ports & adapters).
  7. What are the drawbacks of distributed monoliths?
  8. How do you handle inter-service communication in Java microservices?
  9. What is the Backend-for-Frontend (BFF) pattern?
  10. How do you apply the Circuit Breaker pattern in Spring Cloud?
  11. What is the Sidecar pattern in microservices?
  12. How do you apply the Bulkhead pattern in Java microservices?
  13. What is service choreography with Kafka in Java?
  14. How do you implement the Strangler pattern in a Java migration project?
  15. What is the Saga pattern in distributed transactions?
  16. How is CQRS implemented in Java with Spring Boot?
  17. Explain repository vs DAO pattern in a microservices context.
  18. What is eventual consistency and how do you achieve it in Java?
  19. How do you handle cross-cutting concerns (logging, security) in Java microservices?
  20. Compare synchronous and asynchronous architecture styles with examples in Java.

3. Communication

  1. How do microservices communicate using REST in Spring Boot?
  2. How do you implement synchronous calls using RestTemplate vs WebClient?
  3. What are the pros/cons of synchronous REST vs asynchronous messaging?
  4. What is Feign Client in Spring Cloud?
  5. How do you handle retries and timeouts in Feign clients?
  6. Explain circuit breaker with Feign + Resilience4j.
  7. How do you propagate request headers across services?
  8. What is gRPC and can it be used with Java microservices?
  9. How do you implement Pub/Sub messaging using Kafka in Java?
  10. What is a dead-letter queue in Kafka?
  11. How do you ensure idempotency in message processing?
  12. What is Spring Cloud Stream?
  13. How does backpressure work in Kafka consumers?
  14. How do you secure inter-service communication in Java?
  15. What is distributed event streaming?
  16. How do you implement request-response over Kafka?
  17. Compare RabbitMQ and Kafka in Java microservices.
  18. How do you implement fan-out communication in Kafka?
  19. What is correlation ID and how do you implement it in Java microservices?
  20. How do you monitor message delivery in Kafka?

4. Service Discovery

  1. What is service discovery in microservices?
  2. How do you use Netflix Eureka with Spring Boot?
  3. What is client-side vs server-side discovery?
  4. Compare Eureka, Consul, and Zookeeper.
  5. How do you configure Eureka client in Spring Boot?
  6. What is Ribbon and how does it work with Eureka?
  7. Why was Ribbon deprecated and what replaces it?
  8. What is Spring Cloud LoadBalancer?
  9. How do you integrate service discovery with Kubernetes?
  10. How do you secure service discovery in production?
  11. How do you handle stale instances in service registry?
  12. What is DNS-based discovery in cloud environments?
  13. What are the benefits of Consul over Eureka?
  14. How do you achieve multi-region discovery in Java?
  15. What happens if a service registry goes down?
  16. How do you scale service registries?
  17. What is the difference between service discovery and API Gateway routing?
  18. What is health check integration with discovery?
  19. How do you refresh service registration dynamically?
  20. How does Kubernetes service discovery differ from Spring Cloud Eureka?

5. Data Management

  1. Why is ?database per service? recommended in microservices?
  2. What are the challenges with shared databases?
  3. How do you implement distributed transactions in Java microservices?
  4. What is the Saga pattern and how is it implemented in Java?
  5. What is event sourcing and how can it be implemented in Java?
  6. What is the CQRS pattern and its use in microservices?
  7. How do you maintain data consistency across services?
  8. How do you implement distributed caching in Java?
  9. What is API composition in microservices?
  10. How do you use Spring Data JPA in microservices?
  11. What is optimistic locking vs pessimistic locking?
  12. How do you handle schema evolution in microservices?
  13. What is polyglot persistence?
  14. How do you ensure transactional boundaries in microservices?
  15. What are compensating transactions?
  16. How do you replicate data across services?
  17. What is eventual consistency and how to achieve it with Kafka?
  18. What is database sharding?
  19. How do you monitor database performance in microservices?
  20. What is distributed caching with Redis in Java?

6. Resiliency & Fault Tolerance

  1. What is fault tolerance in microservices?
  2. How do you implement circuit breakers in Java microservices?
  3. Compare Netflix Hystrix and Resilience4j.
  4. How do you implement retries with exponential backoff in Spring Boot?
  5. What is bulkhead pattern and how is it used?
  6. How do you configure timeouts in Spring Cloud?
  7. What is fallback in Resilience4j?
  8. How do you prevent cascading failures in microservices?
  9. What is rate limiting and how is it implemented?
  10. How do you handle service unavailability in Java?
  11. How do you test resiliency in microservices?
  12. What is the fail-fast principle?
  13. How do you isolate thread pools in Resilience4j?
  14. What is adaptive throttling?
  15. How do you handle retries in Kafka consumers?
  16. What is chaos engineering?
  17. How do you build self-healing microservices?
  18. What is service degradation?
  19. How do you monitor circuit breaker metrics?
  20. What is the difference between fault tolerance and high availability?

7. Security

  1. How do you secure REST APIs in Spring Boot?
  2. What is OAuth2 and how is it implemented in Spring Security?
  3. What is JWT and how do you use it in microservices?
  4. Compare session-based vs token-based authentication.
  5. How do you implement Single Sign-On (SSO) in microservices?
  6. How does Keycloak integrate with Java microservices?
  7. What is mTLS (mutual TLS) and why is it used?
  8. How do you store and manage secrets in Java apps?
  9. What is role-based access control (RBAC)?
  10. What is attribute-based access control (ABAC)?
  11. How do you handle API Gateway security in Spring Cloud?
  12. How do you rotate secrets and keys?
  13. What is zero-trust security model?
  14. How do you handle CSRF in microservices?
  15. What is rate limiting for security?
  16. How do you secure Kafka topics?
  17. What is API throttling?
  18. How do you perform penetration testing for Java microservices?
  19. What are OWASP top risks for microservices?
  20. How do you implement security monitoring in microservices?

8. Observability

  1. What is observability in microservices?
  2. Difference between monitoring and observability?
  3. How do you implement centralized logging in Java microservices?
  4. What is ELK/EFK stack?
  5. How do you implement distributed tracing with Sleuth?
  6. What is Zipkin and how is it integrated?
  7. What is Jaeger and how is it different from Zipkin?
  8. What is OpenTelemetry and how does it work?
  9. How do you trace a request across services?
  10. How do you implement correlation IDs?
  11. How do you implement health checks in Spring Boot?
  12. What is Micrometer in Spring Boot?
  13. How do you integrate Prometheus with Spring Boot?
  14. What is Grafana and how do you use it with Prometheus?
  15. How do you implement custom metrics in Spring Boot?
  16. How do you set up alerts for microservices?
  17. How do you debug slow API calls in distributed systems?
  18. What is log aggregation?
  19. How do you handle log correlation in async flows?
  20. What are golden signals in observability?

9. Deployment (Docker & Kubernetes)

  1. Why are containers used in microservices?
  2. How do you Dockerize a Spring Boot microservice?
  3. What is a Dockerfile and how is it written for Java apps?
  4. What is the difference between ENTRYPOINT and CMD in Docker?
  5. How do you configure environment variables in Docker?
  6. What is Kubernetes and why is it used with microservices?
  7. What is a Kubernetes pod?
  8. What is a deployment in Kubernetes?
  9. What is a Kubernetes service?
  10. How do you expose microservices using Ingress?
  11. What is ConfigMap in Kubernetes?
  12. What is a Secret in Kubernetes?
  13. What is a sidecar container?
  14. What is Istio and what problems does it solve?
  15. How do you implement service mesh in Kubernetes?
  16. What is rolling update in Kubernetes?
  17. How do you implement blue-green deployment in Kubernetes?
  18. What is canary deployment?
  19. How do you handle scaling in Kubernetes?
  20. How do you secure microservices in Kubernetes?

10. Testing

  1. How do you test microservices in Java?
  2. What is unit testing in Spring Boot?
  3. What is integration testing with Spring Boot Test?
  4. How do you use TestContainers in microservices testing?
  5. What is contract testing and why is it important?
  6. How do you use Pact for consumer-driven contracts?
  7. How do you mock dependencies in unit tests?
  8. What is WireMock and how do you use it?
  9. How do you test asynchronous flows?
  10. What is chaos testing?
  11. How do you load test microservices?
  12. How do you use JMeter for performance testing?
  13. How do you use Gatling for load testing?
  14. What is resilience testing?
  15. How do you test API Gateway routes?
  16. How do you test security in microservices?
  17. What is fault injection testing?
  18. How do you automate tests in CI/CD?
  19. What is canary testing?
  20. What is end-to-end testing in microservices?


Related Topics


13 September 2025

#Mockito

#Mockito

Key Concepts


Topic Sub-Topics (comma separated) Basic Intermediate Advanced Expert
Mockito Basics Introduction, What is Mockito, Benefits, Setup with Maven/Gradle, Simple Example
Annotations @Mock, @InjectMocks, @Spy, @Captor, @RunWith(MockitoJUnitRunner.class), @ExtendWith(MockitoExtension.class)
Mocking & Stubbing Creating mocks, when()?thenReturn(), thenThrow(), doReturn(), doThrow(), void methods, Chained stubbing
Verification verify(), times(), never(), atLeast(), atMost(), inOrder(), timeout(), verifyNoMoreInteractions()
Argument Matchers any(), eq(), ArgumentCaptor, Custom matchers, Hamcrest matchers
Spies @Spy annotation, Difference between mock() and spy(), Partial mocking
Mocking Advanced Cases Static methods (Mockito.mockStatic), Final classes, Private methods (with PowerMockito), Constructors
BDD Style BDDMockito.given(), willReturn(), willThrow(), then(), BDD vs Classic Mockito
Integration with JUnit JUnit 4 Runner, JUnit 5 Extension, Assertions with Mockito, Parameterized tests
Spring Integration @MockBean, @SpyBean, SpringBootTest with Mockito, Injecting mocks into Spring context
Exception Testing thenThrow(), doThrow(), Custom exceptions, Checked vs Unchecked exception mocking
InOrder Verification Multiple mocks order verification, Complex interaction order checks, inOrder with argument matchers
Timeout & Async Testing verify(mock, timeout()), Async behavior verification, Advanced concurrency scenarios
Best Practices Test readability, Avoiding overuse of mocks, Test maintenance, Test isolation principles
Limitations & Pitfalls What Mockito cannot do, Common mistakes, Alternatives (EasyMock, JMockit, PowerMockito), Migration strategies

Interview question

1. Mockito Basics (20 Questions)

  1. What is Mockito, and why is it used in unit testing?
  2. How does Mockito differ from JUnit?
  3. How do you create a simple mock object using Mockito?
  4. Explain the benefits of using Mockito in test-driven development.
  5. How do you add Mockito dependencies in Maven or Gradle?
  6. What are the main features of Mockito?
  7. Can Mockito mock interfaces and abstract classes?
  8. How do you annotate a test class to use Mockito?
  9. What is the role of the MockitoAnnotations.initMocks() method?
  10. Difference between mock() method and @Mock annotation?
  11. Can Mockito be used without JUnit?
  12. What is the default behavior of a mock object in Mockito?
  13. What happens if you call a non-stubbed method on a mock?
  14. How does Mockito improve test readability?
  15. Why is mocking preferred over stubbing real objects?
  16. What is the default return value of primitive types in Mockito?
  17. Can Mockito mock generic types?
  18. What is the difference between a real object and a mock object?
  19. Why is Mockito considered lightweight compared to PowerMockito?
  20. Explain limitations of Mockito compared to real implementations.

2. Annotations (20 Questions)

  1. What is the purpose of the @Mock annotation?
  2. How is @InjectMocks different from @Mock?
  3. Explain the use of @Spy in Mockito.
  4. How does @Captor work in Mockito?
  5. What is the role of @RunWith(MockitoJUnitRunner.class)?
  6. How does JUnit 5 handle Mockito annotations?
  7. Explain the use of @ExtendWith(MockitoExtension.class).
  8. What is the difference between @Spy and @Mock?
  9. How does @InjectMocks help in dependency injection?
  10. Can you use @MockBean in Spring Boot tests?
  11. What are the risks of overusing @InjectMocks?
  12. How do you initialize mocks without using runners/extensions?
  13. What is the difference between @MockBean and @Mock in Spring?
  14. How do you use multiple @Captor annotations in a test?
  15. Can annotations be used together in the same test class?
  16. How do you mock a dependency injected via constructor using @InjectMocks?
  17. What happens if you forget to initialize @Mock annotations?
  18. How do you combine Mockito with JUnit5 Jupiter annotations?
  19. What is the advantage of using annotations over manual mock creation?
  20. Can you combine Mockito annotations with Spring Boot test annotations?

3. Mocking & Stubbing (20 Questions)

  1. How do you stub a method to return a value in Mockito?
  2. What is the difference between when().thenReturn() and doReturn().when()?
  3. How do you stub a void method in Mockito?
  4. Can you stub consecutive calls with different return values?
  5. How do you handle exceptions in stubbing?
  6. Explain chained stubbing in Mockito.
  7. What happens if you stub the same method multiple times?
  8. How do you stub methods that return collections or arrays?
  9. Difference between stubbing real methods vs mock methods?
  10. How do you mock final methods in Mockito?
  11. What happens when you don?t stub a method in Mockito?
  12. How to mock methods that return Optional in Java 8?
  13. How do you mock default methods in interfaces?
  14. Can you stub private methods directly in Mockito?
  15. How do you simulate network failure with stubbing?
  16. How to simulate delay or timeout in stubbing?
  17. Can you stub methods of an abstract class?
  18. How do you stub methods to return null values?
  19. Difference between doThrow() and thenThrow()?
  20. What are best practices for stubbing in Mockito?

4. Verification (20 Questions)

  1. What is the purpose of the verify() method in Mockito?
  2. How do you verify that a method was called once?
  3. How to verify that a method was never called?
  4. How to verify the number of method invocations?
  5. Explain atLeast() and atMost() in verification.
  6. How do you verify the order of method calls?
  7. What happens if a method is called more times than verified?
  8. Can you verify overloaded methods?
  9. How do you verify no more interactions occurred?
  10. Difference between verify() and verifyNoInteractions()?
  11. How to verify that a method was called with specific arguments?
  12. How do you use ArgumentCaptor in verification?
  13. Can you verify async calls with Mockito?
  14. How does timeout() work in verification?
  15. How do you verify multiple mocks together?
  16. Can you verify methods on a spy object?
  17. Difference between inOrder() verification and multiple verify()?
  18. How do you verify methods in a loop?
  19. What happens if you verify a non-stubbed method?
  20. Best practices for verification in unit tests?

5. Argument Matchers (20 Questions)

  1. What are argument matchers in Mockito?
  2. Difference between eq() and any()?
  3. Can you use custom argument matchers?
  4. How to implement ArgumentMatcher interface?
  5. What happens if you mix argument matchers and raw values?
  6. How does ArgumentCaptor work in detail?
  7. How to capture multiple values with ArgumentCaptor?
  8. How do you verify arguments of overloaded methods?
  9. Difference between assertEquals() and using matchers?
  10. Can you use Hamcrest matchers in Mockito?
  11. Can ArgumentCaptor capture generic types?
  12. How to use multiple matchers in the same method?
  13. What happens if no argument matches?
  14. Can you capture arguments from multiple calls?
  15. How to use matchers with varargs methods?
  16. Difference between ArgumentCaptor.capture() vs getValue()?
  17. How do you chain multiple argument matchers?
  18. Can matchers be used with spies?
  19. What is the difference between captor and verify()?
  20. Best practices for argument matchers?

6. Spies (20 Questions)

  1. What is a spy in Mockito?
  2. Difference between a mock and a spy?
  3. How do you create a spy object?
  4. What is partial mocking in Mockito?
  5. When should you use a spy over a mock?
  6. How to stub methods in a spy?
  7. Can you spy on final classes?
  8. What happens if you don?t stub a spy method?
  9. Can you spy on private methods?
  10. How do you spy on collections like List/Map?
  11. How to verify method calls on a spy object?
  12. Difference between real method calls and spy behavior?
  13. Can you use spies with @Spy annotation?
  14. Can spies throw exceptions like mocks?
  15. How do spies handle default return values?
  16. What are common pitfalls with spies?
  17. Can you combine spies and mocks in the same test?
  18. How does a spy behave in dependency injection?
  19. Can spies be used with @InjectMocks?
  20. Best practices for using spies in unit testing?

7. Advanced Mocking (20 Questions)

  1. How do you mock static methods in Mockito?
  2. Can you mock constructors in Mockito?
  3. How do you mock private methods with PowerMockito?
  4. Can you mock final classes without PowerMockito?
  5. What is deep stubbing in Mockito?
  6. How do you enable deep stubbing?
  7. When should deep stubbing be avoided?
  8. How to mock chained method calls?
  9. What is the drawback of deep stubs?
  10. How do you mock multiple return values for chained calls?
  11. Can you mock methods with generics?
  12. How to mock utility classes with static methods?
  13. How to mock singleton classes?
  14. Can you mock default methods in interfaces?
  15. Difference between mockStatic() and mockConstruction()?
  16. What is the role of MockedStatic in Mockito?
  17. How to verify static method calls?
  18. How to reset static mocks after test execution?
  19. Can you mock enum methods?
  20. Limitations of advanced mocking in Mockito?

8. BDD Style (20 Questions)

  1. What is BDDMockito in Mockito?
  2. Difference between BDDMockito.given() and when()?
  3. How to use willReturn() in BDD style?
  4. How to use willThrow() in BDD style?
  5. Difference between then() and verify()?
  6. How to structure BDD-style test cases?
  7. Benefits of using BDD style in Mockito?
  8. Can BDDMockito work with spies?
  9. How to verify multiple interactions in BDD style?
  10. Can you mix BDDMockito with classic Mockito syntax?
  11. Example of given-when-then using Mockito?
  12. What is the difference between assertThat() in BDD and JUnit assertions?
  13. How do you improve readability using BDDMockito?
  14. Can BDDMockito be integrated with Cucumber?
  15. How to chain multiple BDD stubbings?
  16. Can you use ArgumentCaptor in BDD style?
  17. How do you test exceptions in BDD style?
  18. Is BDDMockito limited to JUnit only?
  19. What are best practices for BDD-style tests?
  20. When not to use BDDMockito?

9. Integration with JUnit & Spring (20 Questions)

  1. How do you integrate Mockito with JUnit 4?
  2. How do you integrate Mockito with JUnit 5?
  3. What is the purpose of MockitoJUnitRunner?
  4. How to use MockitoExtension in JUnit 5?
  5. Can you use Mockito with TestNG?
  6. Difference between @MockBean and @Mock in Spring Boot tests?
  7. How do you test REST controllers with Mockito?
  8. How do you test service layer with @InjectMocks?
  9. Can Mockito mock Spring Data JPA repositories?
  10. What is @SpyBean in Spring Boot?
  11. How do you use Mockito with @SpringBootTest?
  12. Difference between Mockito and MockMvc?
  13. How do you mock external API calls in Spring Boot with Mockito?
  14. Can Mockito work with dependency injection frameworks other than Spring?
  15. How do you inject mocks in beans with constructors?
  16. How do you test @Transactional methods with Mockito?
  17. How to mock Spring Security dependencies with Mockito?
  18. Can you mock environment variables in Spring tests?
  19. How to use Mockito with Spring Boot test slices?
  20. Best practices for integrating Mockito with Spring?

10. Best Practices & Pitfalls (20 Questions)

  1. What are common pitfalls in using Mockito?
  2. Why should you avoid overusing mocks?
  3. What is a test smell in mocking?
  4. How do you prevent flaky tests with Mockito?
  5. Why should you prefer constructor injection with @InjectMocks?
  6. How to avoid NullPointerExceptions with mocks?
  7. When to use mocks vs real objects?
  8. What is the danger of verifying implementation details?
  9. How to structure tests for readability with Mockito?
  10. Why is it important to reset mocks between tests?
  11. What is the role of Mockito.reset()?
  12. Difference between using mocks in unit vs integration testing?
  13. Why should you avoid deep stubbing?
  14. When should you not use spies?
  15. How to ensure isolation in unit tests with mocks?
  16. Why avoid mocking value objects (e.g., String, DTOs)?
  17. How to ensure maintainability of Mockito-based tests?
  18. What is the relationship between mocking and TDD?
  19. How does Mockito help achieve loose coupling in tests?
  20. Final best practices for enterprise-grade testing with Mockito?


Related Topics


#GenAI

#GenAI

Key Concepts


Level Topic Subtopics
Basic Generative AI What is Generative AI, History of Generative AI, Applications, Difference from Discriminative Models, Overview of Generative AI Models
AI & ML Fundamentals Basics of Machine Learning, Neural Networks, Supervised vs Unsupervised Learning, Reinforcement Learning, Probability & Statistics for Generative Models
Data Preparation Data Collection, Data Cleaning, Feature Engineering, Dataset Splits, Evaluation Metrics Basics
Tools & Frameworks Python, TensorFlow, PyTorch, Hugging Face Transformers, OpenAI APIs, Google Colab
Ethics & Safety Bias in Generative Models, Deepfakes, Misinformation, Responsible AI, Copyright Considerations
Intermediate Generative Models Variational Autoencoders (VAE), Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN), Conditional GANs, Diffusion Models, Flow-based Models
Text Generation Language Models, GPT Architecture, Tokenization, Text Preprocessing, Prompt Engineering
Image Generation Convolutional Networks, Image-to-Image Translation, Style Transfer, Image Augmentation, Pretrained Models
Model Training Loss Functions, Optimization, Gradient Descent, Regularization, Training Stability
Evaluation & Metrics Perplexity, FID Score, Inception Score, BLEU Score, Human Evaluation
Advanced Advanced Generative Architectures Transformers, Attention Mechanism, Diffusion Models, Large Language Models (LLMs), Multi-modal Models
Fine-Tuning & Adaptation Transfer Learning, Domain Adaptation, Parameter Efficient Fine-Tuning (PEFT), LoRA, Prompt Tuning
Multi-Modal Generative AI Text-to-Image, Text-to-Audio, Text-to-Video, Cross-Modal Retrieval, Embedding Spaces
Model Deployment & Scaling Serving Models, APIs, Latency Optimization, Distributed Training, Cloud Deployment
Security & Robustness Adversarial Attacks, Model Poisoning, Hallucinations, Bias Mitigation, Model Auditing
Expert State-of-the-Art Generative AI GPT-4/5, DALL-E, Stable Diffusion, MidJourney, Open-Source LLMs, Advanced Diffusion Techniques
Research & Innovation Self-Supervised Learning, Few-Shot & Zero-Shot Learning, Reinforcement Learning with Human Feedback (RLHF), AI Alignment, Generative Model Evaluation Research
Explainability & Interpretability SHAP, LIME, Counterfactual Explanations, Understanding Latent Spaces, Debugging Generative Models
Ethics, Governance & Policy Regulation of Generative AI, Deepfake Detection, Intellectual Property, Privacy-Preserving AI, Responsible Deployment Strategies
Performance & Optimization Mixed Precision Training, Memory Optimization, Inference Acceleration, Efficient Architectures, Energy-Efficient AI

Interview question

1. Generative AI Basics

  1. What is Generative AI and how does it differ from discriminative AI?
  2. Explain common applications of Generative AI.
  3. How did Generative AI evolve over the years?
  4. Difference between supervised, unsupervised, and generative learning.
  5. Explain the concept of latent space in Generative AI.
  6. What are some real-world use cases of Generative AI?
  7. Explain the difference between deterministic and probabilistic models.
  8. What is the role of probability and statistics in Generative AI?
  9. Explain tokenization in NLP generative models.
  10. Difference between text generation, image generation, and multi-modal generation.
  11. What are ethical concerns in Generative AI?
  12. How does copyright affect AI-generated content?
  13. Explain model hallucinations in Generative AI.
  14. How do you evaluate a generative model qualitatively?
  15. Difference between narrow AI and generative AI capabilities.
  16. What is overfitting in Generative AI models?
  17. Explain underfitting in generative models.
  18. How do generative models learn patterns from data?
  19. Difference between pretraining and fine-tuning in Generative AI.
  20. What is prompt engineering in text generation?
  21. How do generative AI tools handle user data?
  22. Explain the role of embeddings in generative models.
  23. What is the difference between shallow and deep generative models?
  24. How do you preprocess data for Generative AI models?
  25. Explain evaluation metrics like BLEU and FID.

2. Intermediate Generative Models

  1. Explain Variational Autoencoders (VAE).
  2. What is a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN)?
  3. Difference between GAN and VAE.
  4. Explain Conditional GANs and their use cases.
  5. How do Diffusion Models work?
  6. What is Flow-based generative modeling?
  7. How do you implement tokenization for GPT-style models?
  8. Explain embedding representations in generative text models.
  9. Difference between RNN-based and Transformer-based generative models.
  10. How do you perform sequence generation?
  11. Explain beam search in text generation.
  12. What is temperature in text generation models?
  13. Explain the role of attention mechanism in generative models.
  14. How do you fine-tune a pre-trained generative model?
  15. Difference between supervised fine-tuning and reinforcement fine-tuning.
  16. What are prompt-based models?
  17. Explain training instability in GANs.
  18. How do you prevent mode collapse in GANs?
  19. How do you handle overfitting in VAEs?
  20. Difference between text-to-text and text-to-image generation.
  21. How do you evaluate generative models quantitatively?
  22. Explain Inception Score (IS) and Fréchet Inception Distance (FID).
  23. How do you handle multi-modal generative tasks?
  24. Explain the importance of data augmentation in generative training.
  25. What are the limitations of intermediate generative models?

3. Advanced Generative AI

  1. Explain transformer architecture for generative AI.
  2. How does self-attention work in transformers?
  3. What is GPT architecture and its key components?
  4. Difference between GPT and BERT.
  5. Explain large language models (LLMs).
  6. How do diffusion models generate high-quality images?
  7. Explain latent diffusion models.
  8. What is fine-tuning with LoRA (Low-Rank Adaptation)?
  9. How do you perform parameter-efficient fine-tuning (PEFT)?
  10. Difference between few-shot, zero-shot, and one-shot learning.
  11. Explain reinforcement learning with human feedback (RLHF).
  12. How do generative models handle multi-turn conversations?
  13. Explain text-to-image models like DALL-E or Stable Diffusion.
  14. What are attention-based cross-modal models?
  15. Explain embedding spaces for multi-modal AI.
  16. How do you optimize generative AI for inference speed?
  17. Explain memory-efficient training techniques.
  18. What are common failure modes in advanced generative models?
  19. How do you handle hallucinations in generative outputs?
  20. Explain evaluation metrics for advanced generative AI.
  21. How do you monitor and log generative model performance?
  22. Explain model distillation for large generative models.
  23. How do you perform continuous learning in generative AI?
  24. Explain token mixing and positional encoding.
  25. How do you deploy generative models in production?

4. Expert-Level Generative AI

  1. Explain GAN variants (StyleGAN, CycleGAN, BigGAN).
  2. How do advanced diffusion models work?
  3. Explain text-to-video generative models.
  4. How do generative AI models scale to billions of parameters?
  5. Explain multimodal foundation models.
  6. How do you implement RLHF at scale?
  7. Explain alignment challenges in generative AI.
  8. What is AI interpretability for generative models?
  9. How do you use SHAP or LIME for generative models?
  10. Explain model auditing and debugging in production.
  11. How do you detect and mitigate bias in generative AI?
  12. Explain privacy-preserving generative AI.
  13. How do you handle copyright and licensing issues for generated content?
  14. Explain federated learning for generative AI.
  15. How do you evaluate generative AI in open-ended tasks?
  16. Explain multimodal embeddings and cross-modal retrieval.
  17. How do you combine diffusion and transformer architectures?
  18. Explain advanced tokenization strategies for large models.
  19. How do you optimize large-scale training costs?
  20. Explain energy-efficient architectures for generative AI.
  21. How do you implement AI alignment techniques?
  22. How do you monitor hallucinations in deployed LLMs?
  23. Explain safety measures for generative AI in production.
  24. How do you research state-of-the-art generative AI techniques?
  25. What are future trends in generative AI research and deployment?

Related Topics


#LLM

#LLM

Key Concepts


Topic Sub-Topics Basic Intermediate Advanced Expert
Introduction to LLMs What are LLMs, Evolution (GPT, BERT, LLaMA, etc.), Applications
Foundations of NLP Tokenization, Embeddings, Bag of Words, Word2Vec, Transformers
Architecture Transformer architecture, Attention mechanism, Encoder vs Decoder models
Training Fundamentals Pretraining, Fine-tuning, Self-supervised learning, Transfer learning
Optimization & Scaling Gradient descent, Optimizers (Adam, RMSProp), Scaling laws, Mixed precision training
Datasets & Preprocessing Text cleaning, Tokenization strategies (BPE, SentencePiece), Data augmentation
Evaluation Metrics Perplexity, BLEU, ROUGE, Accuracy, Human eval, Bias & toxicity tests
Prompt Engineering Zero-shot, Few-shot, Chain-of-thought, Instruction tuning
Fine-Tuning Techniques Full fine-tuning, LoRA, Prefix tuning, Parameter-efficient methods
Knowledge & Memory Context windows, Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG), Vector databases
Model Deployment API serving, Model quantization, ONNX/TensorRT, Edge deployment
Scaling Infrastructure Distributed training, Model parallelism, Pipeline parallelism, GPUs vs TPUs
Ethics & Safety Bias, Fairness, Hallucinations, Responsible AI, Red-teaming
Security Concerns Prompt injection, Data leakage, Model stealing, Adversarial attacks
Open-Source vs Proprietary LLMs Hugging Face models, LLaMA, Falcon, vs GPT, Claude, Gemini
Multimodal LLMs Text-to-Image (Stable Diffusion), Text-to-Speech, Vision-Language models
Applications Chatbots, Code generation, Search, Healthcare, Finance
Advanced Topics RLHF (Reinforcement Learning with Human Feedback), Constitutional AI, MoE (Mixture of Experts)
Future Trends AGI, Continual learning, Energy efficiency, Neuromorphic LLMs

Interview question

1. Fundamentals of LLMs

  1. What is a Large Language Model?
  2. How do LLMs differ from traditional NLP models?
  3. Why did transformers replace RNNs and LSTMs?
  4. What is self-supervised learning in LLMs?
  5. Explain tokenization and its importance.
  6. What are embeddings in NLP?
  7. Explain positional encoding in transformers.
  8. What is the difference between BERT and GPT?
  9. What is a context window?
  10. What are hallucinations in LLMs?
  11. What are scaling laws for LLMs?
  12. What is transfer learning in LLMs?
  13. Why are LLMs considered ?foundation models??
  14. What is the difference between open-source and proprietary LLMs?
  15. What are the common applications of LLMs?

2. Transformer Architecture

  1. Explain the transformer architecture.
  2. What is self-attention?
  3. What is multi-head attention and why is it used?
  4. Explain feed-forward networks in transformers.
  5. Why do transformers use residual connections?
  6. How does layer normalization help?
  7. What is causal masking in transformers?
  8. What is cross-attention?
  9. Encoder-only vs decoder-only vs encoder-decoder models.
  10. Why are transformers parallelizable?
  11. How does positional encoding support sequence modeling?
  12. What is the difference between GPT-3 and GPT-4 architectures?
  13. How does memory usage grow in transformers?
  14. What are sparsity-based transformer variants?
  15. What is the role of attention weights interpretability?

3. Training & Optimization

  1. What is masked language modeling?
  2. What is causal language modeling?
  3. What is curriculum learning in LLMs?
  4. What datasets are used in pretraining?
  5. What is catastrophic forgetting?
  6. Explain fine-tuning vs pretraining.
  7. What is RLHF (Reinforcement Learning with Human Feedback)?
  8. How does PPO work in RLHF?
  9. What is gradient checkpointing?
  10. Explain mixed precision training.
  11. What is pipeline parallelism?
  12. What is model parallelism?
  13. How do you avoid exploding gradients?
  14. Why is batch size important in training?
  15. What are hyperparameters that affect convergence?

4. Prompt Engineering

  1. What is prompt engineering?
  2. Zero-shot vs few-shot prompting.
  3. What is chain-of-thought prompting?
  4. What is instruction tuning?
  5. Explain in-context learning.
  6. What is prompt injection?
  7. What are system prompts?
  8. Explain role of examples in few-shot prompting.
  9. What is contextual priming?
  10. What are negative prompts?
  11. How to mitigate hallucination via prompts?
  12. Explain chain-of-verification prompting.
  13. What is multi-turn prompting?
  14. How does temperature affect responses?
  15. How does top-k vs nucleus sampling affect outputs?

5. Fine-Tuning & Adaptation

  1. Full fine-tuning vs parameter-efficient tuning.
  2. What is LoRA (Low-Rank Adaptation)?
  3. What is prefix-tuning?
  4. What are adapter layers?
  5. Why is fine-tuning expensive?
  6. What is multi-task fine-tuning?
  7. What is instruction fine-tuning?
  8. Explain domain adaptation in LLMs.
  9. What is continual learning?
  10. What are challenges in domain-specific LLMs?
  11. What is RAG (retrieval-augmented generation)?
  12. What is knowledge distillation for LLMs?
  13. What is model quantization?
  14. Explain distillation vs pruning.
  15. What is Constitutional AI?

6. Evaluation & Metrics

  1. What is perplexity?
  2. What is BLEU score?
  3. Difference between BLEU, ROUGE, METEOR.
  4. Why accuracy isn?t enough for LLMs?
  5. Explain human evaluation in LLMs.
  6. What are bias and fairness metrics?
  7. How do you measure hallucination?
  8. What is calibration in evaluation?
  9. What is truthfulness evaluation?
  10. What is diversity in generation?
  11. How do you evaluate summarization quality?
  12. What is MMLU benchmark?
  13. What is HellaSwag benchmark?
  14. How do leaderboards rank LLMs?
  15. What are limitations of benchmarks?

7. Knowledge & Memory

  1. What is a context window limit?
  2. How do LLMs handle long-context inputs?
  3. What is retrieval augmentation?
  4. What is a vector database?
  5. Why is chunking needed for documents?
  6. What are embeddings in retrieval pipelines?
  7. What is knowledge grounding?
  8. How do LLMs ?forget? knowledge?
  9. What is catastrophic forgetting in updates?
  10. What is external memory augmentation?
  11. How does RAG reduce hallucination?
  12. Explain knowledge distillation for memory.
  13. What are hybrid retrieval methods?
  14. How does FAISS work in retrieval?
  15. What is long-term memory in LLM agents?

8. Deployment & Infrastructure

  1. What is inference latency?
  2. What is batching in inference?
  3. What is model quantization?
  4. Difference between float32, float16, int8 quantization.
  5. What is distillation for deployment?
  6. How do GPUs accelerate inference?
  7. How do TPUs differ from GPUs?
  8. What is ONNX?
  9. How does TensorRT optimize models?
  10. What is model sharding?
  11. What is elastic scaling?
  12. How do you deploy LLMs in Kubernetes?
  13. How do you reduce cloud inference costs?
  14. What is serverless LLM inference?
  15. What are edge deployment challenges?

9. Safety, Ethics & Security

  1. What is bias in LLMs?
  2. How do LLMs perpetuate stereotypes?
  3. What is toxicity in outputs?
  4. How do you prevent data leakage?
  5. What is prompt injection?
  6. What are adversarial attacks?
  7. What is model stealing?
  8. What is red teaming?
  9. What is Responsible AI?
  10. What are ethical risks in healthcare use?
  11. Explain fairness in AI models.
  12. What is explainability in LLMs?
  13. How do you align models with human values?
  14. What are copyright concerns in LLM training data?
  15. What are future ethical frameworks needed?

10. Advanced & Future Directions

  1. What is Mixture of Experts (MoE)?
  2. How does sparse activation work?
  3. What is meta-learning in LLMs?
  4. What is continual lifelong learning?
  5. What is federated training for LLMs?
  6. What are neuromorphic LLMs?
  7. What is self-improving AI?
  8. What are multi-agent LLM systems?
  9. What is chain-of-thought reasoning?
  10. What is reasoning vs memorization in LLMs?
  11. How will energy efficiency shape LLM future?
  12. Open-source vs proprietary future ? which dominates?
  13. What is AGI and how close are we?
  14. How do you align LLMs with AGI goals?
  15. What is the future of alignment & safety research?

Related Topics


#AI

#AI
Level Topic Subtopics
Basic Introduction to AI What is AI, History of AI, Applications of AI, Types of AI (Narrow, General, Super AI), AI vs Human Intelligence
AI Techniques & Concepts Problem Solving, Search Techniques, Heuristics, Knowledge Representation, Reasoning
Machine Learning Basics Supervised Learning, Unsupervised Learning, Reinforcement Learning, Regression, Classification
AI Tools & Libraries Python for AI, Numpy, Pandas, Scikit-learn, Matplotlib, TensorFlow Basics
AI Ethics & Society AI Ethics, Bias in AI, Responsible AI, AI in Society, Limitations of AI
Intermediate Machine Learning Algorithms Decision Trees, Random Forest, K-Nearest Neighbors, Support Vector Machines, Naive Bayes
Neural Networks Perceptron, Feedforward Neural Network, Backpropagation, Activation Functions, Gradient Descent
Natural Language Processing Text Preprocessing, Tokenization, Lemmatization, Stopwords, Bag-of-Words, TF-IDF
Reinforcement Learning Markov Decision Processes, Q-Learning, Policy & Value Functions, Exploration vs Exploitation
AI Model Evaluation Confusion Matrix, Accuracy, Precision, Recall, F1 Score, ROC-AUC
Advanced Deep Learning Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN), Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN), LSTM, GRU, Autoencoders
Computer Vision Image Classification, Object Detection, Image Segmentation, OpenCV, Pretrained Models
Advanced NLP Word Embeddings, Word2Vec, GloVe, Transformer Models, BERT, GPT
Optimization Techniques Gradient Descent Variants, Regularization, Dropout, Hyperparameter Tuning, Early Stopping
AI Pipelines & Deployment Model Deployment, API Creation, Model Versioning, Monitoring, MLOps Basics
Expert Generative AI GANs, Variational Autoencoders, Diffusion Models, Text-to-Image Generation, DeepFakes
Advanced Reinforcement Learning Deep Q-Networks, Policy Gradient Methods, Actor-Critic Models, Multi-Agent RL
Explainable AI (XAI) SHAP, LIME, Interpretability Techniques, Model Transparency, Trust in AI
AI Research & Trends Large Language Models, Self-Supervised Learning, Few-Shot Learning, AI Alignment, Quantum AI
AI Ethics & Governance AI Regulation, AI Accountability, Fairness Metrics, Privacy-Preserving AI, AI Risk Management

1. Introduction to AI

  1. What is Artificial Intelligence?
  2. Differentiate between ANI, AGI, and ASI.
  3. List real-world applications of AI.
  4. What are the main goals of AI?
  5. How does AI differ from traditional programming?
  6. What is the Turing Test?
  7. Define intelligent agents in AI.
  8. Explain rationality in AI systems.
  9. What is the role of search algorithms in AI?
  10. Define heuristic in AI context.
  11. Difference between strong AI and weak AI.
  12. What is knowledge representation?
  13. Explain ontology in AI.
  14. Difference between deterministic and stochastic environments.
  15. Explain adversarial search with examples.
  16. What is game theory in AI?
  17. Explain production systems.
  18. Define utility-based agents.
  19. What is the frame problem in AI?
  20. Explain the concept of AI winter.
  21. What is fuzzy logic in AI?
  22. Define expert systems with examples.
  23. What is the difference between AI and Machine Learning?
  24. Explain natural intelligence vs artificial intelligence.
  25. What are the challenges in AI adoption?

2. Machine Learning

  1. Define machine learning.
  2. Types of machine learning: supervised, unsupervised, reinforcement.
  3. Difference between classification and regression.
  4. What is overfitting?
  5. Explain underfitting.
  6. What is bias-variance tradeoff?
  7. Define cross-validation.
  8. Difference between training and testing dataset.
  9. Explain confusion matrix.
  10. What is precision and recall?
  11. Define ROC curve and AUC.
  12. Explain clustering with examples.
  13. What is dimensionality reduction?
  14. PCA vs LDA -- difference.
  15. Define feature engineering.
  16. Explain ensemble learning.
  17. Bagging vs Boosting -- difference.
  18. Explain Random Forest algorithm.
  19. Explain Support Vector Machines (SVM).
  20. Define k-nearest neighbors (KNN).
  21. Difference between parametric and non-parametric models.
  22. What is gradient descent?
  23. Difference between batch and stochastic gradient descent.
  24. What is a cost function?
  25. Explain reinforcement learning in detail.

3. Deep Learning

  1. Define deep learning.
  2. Difference between AI, ML, and DL.
  3. Explain artificial neural networks.
  4. What is backpropagation?
  5. Role of activation functions in neural networks.
  6. Explain sigmoid, ReLU, and tanh functions.
  7. What is dropout in neural networks?
  8. Define vanishing and exploding gradient problems.
  9. What is gradient clipping?
  10. Difference between CNN and RNN.
  11. Explain convolution operation in CNNs.
  12. What are pooling layers?
  13. Explain LSTM architecture.
  14. GRU vs LSTM difference.
  15. Define attention mechanism.
  16. What is transfer learning?
  17. Explain fine-tuning in deep learning.
  18. What is batch normalization?
  19. Define optimizer -- SGD, Adam, RMSProp.
  20. Explain cost functions in neural networks.
  21. What is autoencoder?
  22. Define generative adversarial networks (GANs).
  23. Explain diffusion models.
  24. What is reinforcement learning with deep networks (Deep Q-Network)?
  25. Challenges in deep learning implementation.

4. Natural Language Processing (NLP)

  1. What is NLP?
  2. Explain tokenization.
  3. Difference between stemming and lemmatization.
  4. Define POS tagging.
  5. Explain n-grams in NLP.
  6. What is bag-of-words model?
  7. TF-IDF -- explain its use.
  8. Define word embeddings.
  9. Difference between Word2Vec and GloVe.
  10. Explain sequence-to-sequence models.
  11. What is machine translation in NLP?
  12. Define sentiment analysis.
  13. What are named entity recognitions (NER)?
  14. Explain text summarization techniques.
  15. What is speech recognition?
  16. Explain conversational AI and chatbots.
  17. Define transformer architecture.
  18. What is BERT?
  19. What is GPT and how does it work?
  20. Explain RNN in NLP context.
  21. Difference between CNN and RNN in NLP tasks.
  22. What is semantic search?
  23. Explain retrieval-augmented generation (RAG).
  24. What is prompt engineering?
  25. Challenges in NLP.

5. AI Ethics & Safety

  1. What is AI bias?
  2. Define fairness in AI.
  3. Explain transparency in AI models.
  4. What is explainable AI?
  5. What is SHAP and LIME in interpretability?
  6. Define ethical AI principles.
  7. What is responsible AI?
  8. Explain GDPR's impact on AI.
  9. What are risks of AI misuse?
  10. Define AI governance.
  11. Explain accountability in AI systems.
  12. What is adversarial attack in AI?
  13. Difference between black-box and white-box attacks.
  14. Define robustness in AI systems.
  15. What are AI hallucinations in LLMs?
  16. Define data privacy in AI.
  17. Explain ethical concerns of autonomous vehicles.
  18. What is algorithmic discrimination?
  19. What is AI safety research?
  20. Explain human-in-the-loop in AI systems.
  21. What is trustworthy AI?
  22. Role of audits in AI ethics.
  23. Challenges in AI regulation.
  24. What is AI alignment problem?
  25. Future scope of responsible AI.
   Machine Learning       LLM       GenAI       Deep Learning       NLP   

#RestAssured

#RestAssured

Key Concepts


Topic Sub-Topics (comma separated) Basic Intermediate Advanced Expert
Introduction What is RestAssured, Features, Advantages, Setup in Maven/Gradle, Basic Syntax
HTTP Methods GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, PATCH basics
Request & Response RequestSpecification, Response object, ValidatableResponse, Logging
Assertions Status code validation, Header validation, Body content validation, Hamcrest matchers
Authentication Basic Auth, Digest Auth, Preemptive Auth, OAuth1, OAuth2, Token-based auth
Parameters & Headers Path parameters, Query parameters, Form params, Custom headers
JSON & XML Handling JSONPath, XPath, Schema validation, Parsing responses
Request/Response Specification Reusable request specs, response specs, Filters
Data-Driven Testing Parameterization, TestNG DataProvider, External file inputs (CSV/Excel/JSON)
Chaining Requests Extracting tokens, Reusing values across requests, Session management
Advanced Validations Nested JSON, Arrays, Complex conditions, Response time validation
File Handling File upload, Multipart requests, File download testing
Filters & Interceptors Logging filters, Custom filters, Mocking requests
Performance & Security Testing SLA validation, Stress testing basics, Security checks
Framework Integration RestAssured with TestNG, JUnit, Cucumber BDD
CI/CD & Best Practices Project structuring, Reusable utilities, CI/CD pipeline integration, Reporting (Allure, Extent)

Interview question

1. Basics of REST Assured

  1. What is REST Assured?
  2. What are the key features of REST Assured?
  3. How do you add REST Assured dependency in Maven/Gradle?
  4. What protocols are supported by REST Assured?
  5. How do you configure BaseURI and BasePath in REST Assured?
  6. Write a simple REST Assured GET request example.
  7. How do you log requests and responses in REST Assured?
  8. What are common annotations used with REST Assured and TestNG?
  9. How do you validate the status code in REST Assured?
  10. What is the difference between given(), when(), then()?
  11. How do you test an HTTPS API using REST Assured?
  12. What are common HTTP methods supported in REST Assured?
  13. How do you pass query parameters in REST Assured?
  14. How do you pass path parameters in REST Assured?
  15. How do you validate response headers in REST Assured?
  16. What are the different logging options available?
  17. How do you disable SSL validation in REST Assured?
  18. How do you set custom request headers?
  19. What is the role of RestAssured.defaultParser?
  20. What are common challenges in setting up REST Assured?
  21. What are the advantages of using REST Assured over Postman?
  22. Can REST Assured test SOAP services?
  23. What is a Response object in REST Assured?
  24. How do you validate cookies in REST Assured?
  25. How do you pretty print the response body?

2. HTTP Methods

  1. How do you perform a GET request in REST Assured?
  2. How do you perform a POST request with JSON body?
  3. How do you send form data in REST Assured?
  4. How do you perform a PUT request in REST Assured?
  5. How do you perform a DELETE request in REST Assured?
  6. What is the difference between PUT and PATCH?
  7. How do you handle PATCH requests in REST Assured?
  8. How do you add query parameters to a GET request?
  9. How do you pass multiple headers in REST Assured?
  10. What are path parameters and how do you use them?
  11. How do you upload a file using REST Assured?
  12. How do you download a file using REST Assured?
  13. How do you send XML body in POST requests?
  14. How do you send JSON body using POJO classes?
  15. What is multi-part request in REST Assured?
  16. How do you validate response time for an API?
  17. How do you test API response codes?
  18. How do you test different content types (JSON, XML)?
  19. How do you test redirects using REST Assured?
  20. How do you send raw string as request body?
  21. How do you test APIs that require form authentication?
  22. How do you reuse common request configurations?
  23. How do you chain multiple requests in REST Assured?
  24. What is ResponseSpecification in REST Assured?
  25. What is RequestSpecification in REST Assured?

3. JSON Handling

  1. How do you parse JSON response in REST Assured?
  2. What is JsonPath in REST Assured?
  3. How do you extract a single field from JSON response?
  4. How do you extract a list of values from JSON response?
  5. How do you validate nested JSON objects?
  6. How do you validate JSON arrays in REST Assured?
  7. How do you compare two JSON responses?
  8. What are common JsonPath functions used?
  9. How do you handle optional fields in JSON validation?
  10. How do you extract response as a String?
  11. How do you validate JSON response length?
  12. How do you deserialize JSON to a POJO in REST Assured?
  13. What is the difference between Gson and Jackson in REST Assured?
  14. How do you validate partial JSON response?
  15. How do you validate numeric values in JSON?
  16. How do you handle dynamic keys in JSON response?
  17. How do you validate JSON schema in REST Assured?
  18. How do you pretty print JSON response?
  19. How do you assert null values in JSON response?
  20. How do you handle JSON arrays with mixed objects?
  21. How do you use JsonPath with filters?
  22. What are common errors in JSON parsing?
  23. How do you map nested JSON into POJOs?
  24. How do you handle missing fields in JSON response?
  25. How do you ignore extra fields while parsing JSON?

4. XML Handling

  1. How do you send XML as request body in REST Assured?
  2. How do you parse XML response in REST Assured?
  3. What is XmlPath in REST Assured?
  4. How do you extract elements from XML response?
  5. How do you validate XML attributes?
  6. How do you validate nested XML elements?
  7. What is the difference between JsonPath and XmlPath?
  8. How do you validate XML schema in REST Assured?
  9. How do you pretty print XML response?
  10. How do you handle namespaces in XML response?
  11. How do you compare two XML responses?
  12. How do you handle XML arrays?
  13. What is XPath and how is it used in REST Assured?
  14. How do you extract text values from XML elements?
  15. How do you validate optional XML elements?
  16. How do you handle large XML responses?
  17. How do you validate order of XML nodes?
  18. How do you ignore white spaces in XML validation?
  19. How do you validate numeric values in XML?
  20. How do you handle special characters in XML?
  21. What are common XML parsing exceptions?
  22. How do you convert XML response to POJO?
  23. How do you test SOAP APIs with REST Assured?
  24. How do you validate mixed content XML nodes?
  25. How do you handle CDATA in XML?

5. Authentication & Authorization

  1. How do you pass basic authentication in REST Assured?
  2. How do you pass preemptive basic authentication?
  3. How do you handle digest authentication?
  4. How do you handle form authentication in REST Assured?
  5. How do you pass OAuth2 tokens in REST Assured?
  6. How do you get OAuth2 token programmatically?
  7. How do you refresh an OAuth2 token?
  8. What is the difference between OAuth1 and OAuth2?
  9. How do you send Bearer tokens in REST Assured?
  10. How do you handle API keys in REST Assured?
  11. How do you handle certificate-based authentication?
  12. How do you bypass SSL validation?
  13. How do you validate secured endpoints?
  14. How do you test expired tokens in REST Assured?
  15. How do you test invalid credentials?
  16. How do you test access denied scenarios?
  17. How do you test token revocation?
  18. How do you automate token fetching for APIs?
  19. How do you pass custom authentication headers?
  20. How do you simulate session-based authentication?
  21. How do you test JWT-based APIs?
  22. How do you validate token expiry in API tests?
  23. How do you implement re-authentication in REST Assured tests?
  24. What are best practices for storing credentials in automation?
  25. How do you test multi-factor authentication APIs?

6. Assertions & Validations

  1. What are assertions in REST Assured?
  2. How do you validate HTTP status codes?
  3. How do you validate response headers?
  4. How do you validate response body?
  5. How do you use Hamcrest matchers in REST Assured?
  6. How do you check if response contains a string?
  7. How do you validate numeric values in response?
  8. How do you validate collection size in response?
  9. How do you check if a value exists in JSON array?
  10. How do you validate boolean fields in response?
  11. How do you perform soft assertions in REST Assured?
  12. How do you validate schema of response?
  13. How do you check if header exists in response?
  14. How do you validate multiple values in response body?
  15. How do you validate response time?
  16. How do you chain multiple assertions together?
  17. How do you perform conditional assertions?
  18. What are custom assertions in REST Assured?
  19. How do you assert null values in response?
  20. How do you validate against regex patterns?
  21. How do you validate dynamic fields in response?
  22. How do you assert order of elements in response?
  23. How do you use extract().path() for validation?
  24. How do you assert exact matches in response?
  25. How do you perform negative assertions?

7. Serialization & Deserialization

  1. What is serialization in REST Assured?
  2. What is deserialization in REST Assured?
  3. How do you serialize a POJO to JSON?
  4. How do you deserialize JSON to POJO?
  5. How do you use Gson in REST Assured?
  6. How do you use Jackson in REST Assured?
  7. What is the difference between Gson and Jackson?
  8. How do you handle nested objects in serialization?
  9. How do you handle lists in serialization?
  10. How do you handle maps in serialization?
  11. How do you use @JsonProperty in serialization?
  12. How do you ignore unknown fields in deserialization?
  13. How do you handle optional fields in POJO?
  14. How do you validate POJO mapping with JSON response?
  15. How do you serialize POJO to XML?
  16. How do you deserialize XML to POJO?
  17. How do you handle custom serializers?
  18. How do you handle custom deserializers?
  19. How do you validate object mapping in tests?
  20. How do you handle date/time serialization?
  21. How do you handle enums in serialization?
  22. How do you handle polymorphic types in serialization?
  23. What are common errors in serialization/deserialization?
  24. How do you debug serialization issues?
  25. How do you validate JSON schema against POJO?

8. Framework Integration

  1. How do you integrate REST Assured with TestNG?
  2. How do you integrate REST Assured with JUnit?
  3. How do you integrate REST Assured with Cucumber BDD?
  4. How do you implement Data Driven Testing with REST Assured?
  5. How do you use Excel as data source in REST Assured?
  6. How do you generate reports in REST Assured framework?
  7. What is Extent Reports and how do you use it?
  8. How do you use Allure Reports with REST Assured?
  9. How do you use log4j with REST Assured?
  10. How do you integrate REST Assured with Maven?
  11. How do you integrate REST Assured with Gradle?
  12. How do you integrate REST Assured with Jenkins?
  13. How do you run REST Assured tests in CI/CD pipeline?
  14. How do you run parallel tests with REST Assured?
  15. How do you implement tagging in REST Assured tests?
  16. How do you manage configuration in framework?
  17. How do you externalize test data in REST Assured framework?
  18. How do you reuse request specifications across tests?
  19. How do you create a base test class?
  20. How do you implement retry logic in framework?
  21. How do you handle environment-specific configurations?
  22. How do you implement parameterization in Cucumber with REST Assured?
  23. How do you integrate REST Assured with Docker?
  24. How do you run REST Assured tests in cloud CI tools?
  25. How do you organize large-scale REST Assured frameworks?

9. Advanced Features

  1. What are Filters in REST Assured?
  2. How do you implement a logging filter?
  3. How do you create custom filters?
  4. What is the use of ResponseFilter?
  5. What is the use of RequestFilter?
  6. How do you chain multiple filters?
  7. How do you capture request and response logs?
  8. How do you implement request/response modification with filters?
  9. How do you debug API traffic using filters?
  10. How do you use RequestSpecification with filters?
  11. How do you measure response time with filters?
  12. How do you integrate filters with reporting?
  13. What are common use cases of filters?
  14. How do you capture authentication tokens with filters?
  15. How do you modify headers using filters?
  16. How do you capture request body using filters?
  17. How do you capture response body using filters?
  18. How do you implement reusable filter libraries?
  19. How do you handle performance monitoring with filters?
  20. How do you extend REST Assured using filters?
  21. What are common pitfalls in using filters?
  22. How do you secure sensitive logs in filters?
  23. How do you debug failed requests with filters?
  24. How do you track API metrics with filters?
  25. How do you integrate filters in custom frameworks?

10. Best Practices & API Testing Strategy

  1. What are best practices for API testing with REST Assured?
  2. How do you design maintainable REST Assured tests?
  3. How do you structure a REST Assured project?
  4. How do you manage configuration in large test suites?
  5. How do you externalize test data in API testing?
  6. How do you handle test environment differences?
  7. How do you manage authentication tokens in frameworks?
  8. How do you secure sensitive data in test scripts?
  9. How do you ensure idempotency in API tests?
  10. How do you test negative scenarios in REST Assured?
  11. How do you implement data-driven testing strategy?
  12. How do you test APIs with dependencies?
  13. How do you manage test data setup/teardown?
  14. How do you ensure scalability of REST Assured tests?
  15. How do you balance API and UI testing in projects?
  16. What are common challenges in REST Assured automation?
  17. How do you measure API coverage in testing?
  18. How do you handle flaky API tests?
  19. How do you integrate contract testing with REST Assured?
  20. How do you implement CI/CD for API automation?
  21. How do you monitor API performance using tests?
  22. What are security considerations in API testing?
  23. How do you test rate limiting in APIs?
  24. How do you test resilience and retries in APIs?
  25. What is the future of API test automation with REST Assured?

Related Topics


#Javascript

#Javascript

Key Concepts


Topic Sub-Topics Basic Intermediate Advanced Expert
Introduction History of JS, ES versions, JS vs Java
Basics & Syntax Variables (var/let/const), Data types, Operators
Control Flow if/else, switch, loops (for, while, do-while)
Functions Function declaration, Expression, Arrow functions
Scope & Hoisting Global vs Local scope, Hoisting behavior
Objects Object literals, Properties, Methods, this keyword
Arrays Array methods (map, filter, reduce), Iteration
Strings String methods, Template literals
DOM Manipulation getElementById, querySelector, Events
Events Event bubbling, Event delegation, addEventListener
Error Handling try/catch, throw, Error objects
Asynchronous JS Callbacks, Promises, async/await
Timers setTimeout, setInterval, requestAnimationFrame
Prototypes & OOP Prototype chain, Classes, Inheritance
Closures Lexical scope, Private variables
Modules ES Modules (import/export), CommonJS, AMD
Regular Expressions Patterns, Flags, Validation use cases
Advanced Functions Higher-order functions, Currying, Memoization
Event Loop Call stack, Microtasks, Macrotasks, Job queue
Async Patterns Promise.all, Promise.race, Observables
Error Handling (Advanced) Custom errors, Global error handling, try...finally
Web APIs Fetch API, LocalStorage/SessionStorage, Geolocation
ES6+ Features Destructuring, Spread/rest, Optional chaining
Functional Programming Immutability, Pure functions, Composition
Performance Optimization Debouncing, Throttling, Lazy loading
Security in JS XSS prevention, CSP, Sanitization
Testing in JS Unit testing (Jest, Mocha), Mocks, Spies
Build Tools Webpack, Babel, ESLint, Prettier
Runtime & Engines V8, SpiderMonkey, JIT Compilation
Design Patterns Singleton, Factory, Observer, Module Pattern
Advanced Memory Mgmt Garbage collection, WeakMap/WeakSet, Leaks
Meta-programming Proxy, Reflect, Symbols
Concurrency & Workers Web Workers, Service Workers, Shared Workers
Expert Level Concepts AST, JS engines internals, Event loop internals, Polyfills

Interview question

1. Basics & Fundamentals

  1. What is JavaScript and how is it different from Java?
  2. Explain the difference between ES5 and ES6.
  3. What are variables in JavaScript?
  4. Differentiate between var, let, and const.
  5. What are primitive data types in JavaScript?
  6. What are reference types in JavaScript?
  7. Explain type coercion in JavaScript.
  8. What is the difference between == and ===?
  9. What are template literals in ES6?
  10. What is the typeof operator?
  11. How do you check if a variable is an array?
  12. What is NaN in JavaScript?
  13. What is the difference between null and undefined?
  14. How do you convert a string to a number in JavaScript?
  15. What are truthy and falsy values?
  16. What is the difference between implicit and explicit type conversion?
  17. What is hoisting in JavaScript?
  18. How does variable shadowing work?
  19. What is the difference between block scope and function scope?
  20. Explain the concept of scope chain.
  21. What is the difference between shallow copy and deep copy?
  22. How do you clone an object in JavaScript?
  23. What is the difference between pass by value and pass by reference?
  24. What are reserved keywords in JavaScript?
  25. What is the difference between synchronous and asynchronous execution?

2. Functions

  1. What is a function in JavaScript?
  2. Differentiate between function declaration and function expression.
  3. What are arrow functions and how are they different?
  4. What are higher-order functions?
  5. What is a callback function?
  6. Explain function currying with an example.
  7. What are default parameters in functions?
  8. What is the rest parameter in ES6?
  9. What is the spread operator in functions?
  10. Explain recursion in JavaScript.
  11. What is the difference between pure and impure functions?
  12. How do you memoize a function?
  13. What is the difference between call, apply, and bind?
  14. How do you implement function overloading in JavaScript?
  15. Explain the concept of closures.
  16. What are immediately invoked function expressions (IIFE)?
  17. What is function hoisting?
  18. Explain anonymous functions in JavaScript.
  19. What are generator functions?
  20. Explain async functions in JavaScript.
  21. What is tail call optimization?
  22. How do you debounce a function?
  23. How do you throttle a function?
  24. What is the difference between named and anonymous functions?
  25. How does the this keyword behave in functions?

3. Objects & Arrays

  1. What are objects in JavaScript?
  2. How do you create an object in JavaScript?
  3. What is object destructuring?
  4. What are object methods in ES6?
  5. Explain the difference between Object.seal and Object.freeze.
  6. What are object prototypes?
  7. How do you check if an object has a property?
  8. How do you loop through object properties?
  9. What are computed property names?
  10. What is Object.assign used for?
  11. Explain the difference between Map and Object.
  12. What is a WeakMap?
  13. What is a WeakSet?
  14. What is the difference between Set and Array?
  15. What are array methods like map, filter, reduce?
  16. Explain the difference between forEach and map.
  17. How do you flatten a nested array in JavaScript?
  18. What is array destructuring?
  19. How do you remove duplicates from an array?
  20. How do you merge two arrays in JavaScript?
  21. What is the difference between slice and splice?
  22. How do you find the maximum value in an array?
  23. What is the difference between find and filter?
  24. What are array-like objects?
  25. What is the difference between mutable and immutable objects?

4. DOM Manipulation

  1. What is the DOM?
  2. How do you select an element by ID in JavaScript?
  3. How do you select elements by class name?
  4. What is the difference between querySelector and querySelectorAll?
  5. How do you create an element in JavaScript?
  6. How do you append a child element?
  7. How do you remove a DOM element?
  8. What is innerHTML vs textContent?
  9. How do you change the style of an element dynamically?
  10. What are DOM events?
  11. What is the difference between inline, inline-block, and block elements?
  12. What is event bubbling in JavaScript?
  13. What is event capturing in JavaScript?
  14. How do you use event delegation?
  15. What is the difference between addEventListener and onclick?
  16. How do you trigger a click event programmatically?
  17. How do you prevent the default behavior of an event?
  18. What is stopPropagation in JavaScript?
  19. How do you handle form validation with JavaScript?
  20. How do you dynamically create and add CSS classes?
  21. How do you toggle a class on an element?
  22. How do you implement drag-and-drop in JavaScript?
  23. How do you detect when the DOM is fully loaded?
  24. What is the difference between DOMContentLoaded and load events?
  25. How do you manipulate attributes of a DOM element?

5. Asynchronous JavaScript

  1. What is asynchronous programming in JavaScript?
  2. What is a callback function?
  3. What is the difference between synchronous and asynchronous code?
  4. What is the event loop in JavaScript?
  5. What are microtasks and macrotasks?
  6. Explain the difference between setTimeout and setInterval.
  7. What is Promise in JavaScript?
  8. What are the states of a Promise?
  9. What is the difference between resolve and reject?
  10. How do you chain promises?
  11. What is Promise.all?
  12. What is Promise.race?
  13. What is Promise.any?
  14. What is Promise.allSettled?
  15. What are async/await keywords?
  16. How do you handle errors in async/await?
  17. What is the difference between async and defer in script tags?
  18. What is callback hell?
  19. How do you avoid callback hell?
  20. What are generators in JavaScript?
  21. What are Observables?
  22. What are Web Workers?
  23. What is the Fetch API?
  24. How does Axios differ from Fetch?
  25. What is JSON and how is it used in async calls?

6. Scope, Execution & Closures

  1. What is lexical scope in JavaScript?
  2. What is the scope chain?
  3. What is the difference between global and local scope?
  4. What is block scope?
  5. What is function scope?
  6. Explain execution context in JavaScript.
  7. What are phases of execution context?
  8. What is variable environment?
  9. Explain closure with an example.
  10. What are use cases of closures?
  11. What is the difference between closure and scope?
  12. How do closures help in data hiding?
  13. What is the difference between module pattern and closures?
  14. What are memory leaks in closures?
  15. What is temporal dead zone (TDZ)?
  16. What is strict mode in JavaScript?
  17. What happens if you forget var/let/const in strict mode?
  18. What is the difference between this inside arrow function and normal function?
  19. How does this keyword behave in different scopes?
  20. What is globalThis?
  21. What is eval in JavaScript?
  22. Why is eval discouraged?
  23. How do closures help in implementing currying?
  24. How do you implement a private counter with closures?
  25. What is the difference between closure and garbage collection?

7. Prototypes & OOP

  1. What is prototype in JavaScript?
  2. What is the prototype chain?
  3. What is proto in JavaScript?
  4. How do you implement inheritance using prototypes?
  5. What is the difference between prototype and class in ES6?
  6. How do you define a class in ES6?
  7. What are class fields in ES6?
  8. What are static methods in classes?
  9. What is the difference between constructor and class methods?
  10. How do you extend a class in ES6?
  11. What is super() keyword?
  12. What is encapsulation in JavaScript?
  13. What is polymorphism in JavaScript?
  14. What is abstraction in JavaScript?
  15. What is the difference between composition and inheritance?
  16. What are mixins in JavaScript?
  17. What is method chaining in JavaScript?
  18. What is the difference between ES6 classes and function constructors?
  19. How do you create a singleton object in JavaScript?
  20. What are private fields in ES2022?
  21. What are getters and setters in classes?
  22. How do you override methods in JavaScript?
  23. What is multiple inheritance in JavaScript?
  24. What is the difference between instanceof and typeof?
  25. How do you check if an object is created from a specific class?

8. Error Handling & Debugging

  1. What is error handling in JavaScript?
  2. What is the difference between syntax error and runtime error?
  3. What is try-catch-finally in JavaScript?
  4. How do you throw custom errors?
  5. What are error objects in JavaScript?
  6. What is stack trace in errors?
  7. How do you handle asynchronous errors?
  8. What is the difference between onerror and addEventListener('error')?
  9. What is the difference between console.log, console.error, and console.warn?
  10. How do you use console.table?
  11. What is the difference between debugger statement and console.log?
  12. How do you use breakpoints in browser DevTools?
  13. How do you debug promises?
  14. How do you debug async/await functions?
  15. How do you monitor network requests in JavaScript?
  16. What are uncaught exceptions?
  17. What are unhandled promise rejections?
  18. How do you handle global errors?
  19. How do you implement error boundaries in frontend apps?
  20. What is try...finally without catch?
  21. How do you create custom error classes?
  22. How do you differentiate between operational and programmer errors?
  23. What is strict mode?s effect on errors?
  24. How do you log errors in production?
  25. What are common debugging tools for JavaScript?

9. Advanced Topics

  1. What are JavaScript modules?
  2. What is the difference between CommonJS and ES6 modules?
  3. What is dynamic import in JavaScript?
  4. What is tree-shaking in JavaScript bundlers?
  5. What is memoization in JavaScript?
  6. How do you implement caching in JavaScript?
  7. What is an EventEmitter?
  8. What is reactive programming in JavaScript?
  9. What are promises vs observables?
  10. What is the difference between synchronous iteration and asynchronous iteration?
  11. What are WebSockets?
  12. How do you implement pub-sub in JavaScript?
  13. What is service worker in JavaScript?
  14. What is push notification API?
  15. What are streams in JavaScript?
  16. How do you use fetch with streams?
  17. What is WebRTC?
  18. What are shared workers?
  19. How does JavaScript handle concurrency?
  20. What are atomics in JavaScript?
  21. What is the difference between BigInt and Number?
  22. What is Intl API in JavaScript?
  23. How do you internationalize a JavaScript app?
  24. What is Proxy in JavaScript?
  25. What is Reflect API?

10. Performance & Best Practices

  1. How do you improve JavaScript performance?
  2. What is debouncing and how do you implement it?
  3. What is throttling and how do you implement it?
  4. How do you optimize loops in JavaScript?
  5. What is lazy loading in JavaScript?
  6. How do you use requestAnimationFrame?
  7. What is the difference between localStorage, sessionStorage, and cookies?
  8. How do you use IndexedDB in JavaScript?
  9. How do you handle memory leaks in JavaScript?
  10. What is garbage collection in JavaScript?
  11. How do you profile JavaScript performance?
  12. What is the difference between minification and compression?
  13. How do you use Web Workers for performance?
  14. How do you handle long-running tasks in JavaScript?
  15. What is event delegation?s role in performance?
  16. What are best practices for writing maintainable JavaScript code?
  17. How do you structure large-scale JavaScript applications?
  18. What is code splitting in modern bundlers?
  19. How do you optimize bundle size in JavaScript apps?
  20. What is tree-shaking in bundlers like Webpack?
  21. How do you optimize React/Angular apps using JavaScript?
  22. How do you secure JavaScript code in frontend apps?
  23. What is CSP and how does it help security?
  24. How do you handle performance bottlenecks in SPAs?
  25. What are common pitfalls to avoid in JavaScript?

Related Topics