22 December 2020

#Gradle

#V7 #2025, #Core Language, #DevOps #Gradle

Key Concepts


S.No Topic Sub-Topics
1Introduction to GradleWhat is Gradle, History, Benefits, Gradle vs Maven, Use cases
2Gradle ArchitectureBuild lifecycle, Gradle daemon, Project vs Task, Build cache, Plugin system
3Installing GradleManual installation, SDKMAN, Verify installation, Environment variables, Gradle wrapper
4Gradle WrapperWhat is Gradle wrapper, Advantages, Wrapper scripts, Version management, Usage in projects
5Gradle Build Scriptsbuild.gradle file, Groovy DSL, Kotlin DSL, Task definitions, Script structure
6Gradle TasksWhat is a task, Default tasks, Custom tasks, Task dependencies, Task lifecycle
7Project StructureSingle-project build, Multi-project build, Settings.gradle, Source sets, Directory conventions
8Dependency ManagementAdding dependencies, Configuration, Dependency types, Repositories, Transitive dependencies
9Gradle PluginsApplying plugins, Built-in plugins, Third-party plugins, Custom plugins, Plugin DSL
10Java Project SetupJava plugin, Source sets, Compiling Java code, Running tests, JAR packaging
11Groovy & Kotlin ProjectsGroovy plugin, Kotlin plugin, Compiling, Testing, Packaging
12Testing in GradleUnit testing, Test tasks, JUnit integration, Test reports, Test logging
13Gradle Build LifecycleInitialization phase, Configuration phase, Execution phase, Task graph, Lifecycle hooks
14Incremental BuildsWhat is incremental build, Inputs & outputs, Up-to-date checks, Avoiding unnecessary tasks, Build caching
15Multi-Project BuildsSettings.gradle, Subprojects, Project dependencies, Task dependencies, Multi-project best practices
16Gradle Propertiesgradle.properties file, System properties, Project properties, Environment variables, Overriding properties
17Custom TasksTask creation, Task type, doLast/doFirst, Inputs and outputs, Task dependencies
18Gradle Build ScansEnabling build scans, Publishing build scans, Analyzing performance, Task execution insights, Best practices
19Gradle Profiles & EnvironmentsEnvironment-specific properties, Conditional tasks, Profiles in Gradle, Build variants, Configurations
20Dependency Management StrategiesDependency constraints, Version conflict resolution, Dynamic versions, Locking dependencies, BOM usage
21Publishing ArtifactsMaven plugin, Ivy plugin, Publishing to local repo, Publishing to remote repo, Metadata configuration
22Gradle CachingBuild cache, Local cache, Remote cache, Configuring cache, Cache best practices
23Continuous IntegrationIntegrating with Jenkins, GitLab CI/CD, GitHub Actions, Pipeline configuration, Automating builds
24Code Quality PluginsCheckstyle, PMD, SpotBugs, SonarQube integration, Enforcing code standards
25Gradle Logging & DebuggingLogging levels, --info, --debug, --scan, Troubleshooting build failures
26Dependency Insight & ReportsDependency report, Task report, Insight report, Resolving conflicts, Visualizing dependencies
27Gradle Kotlin DSLDifference from Groovy DSL, build.gradle.kts, Type safety, Auto-completion, Migration from Groovy
28Advanced Gradle ScriptingCustom plugins, Extending tasks, Conditional logic, Loops in scripts, Reusable script snippets
29Performance OptimizationParallel execution, Configuration on demand, Avoid unnecessary tasks, Dependency optimization, Profiling builds
30Hands-on ProjectCreate Java project, Add dependencies, Configure plugins, Run tests, Package and publish artifact

Interview question

Basic Level

  1. What is Gradle and why is it used?
  2. Difference between Gradle and Maven.
  3. Benefits of using Gradle.
  4. What are build scripts in Gradle?
  5. What is a Gradle wrapper?
  6. How to install Gradle manually?
  7. How to verify Gradle installation?
  8. What is the role of build.gradle file?
  9. What are tasks in Gradle?
  10. How to run a task in Gradle?
  11. What is the difference between project and task?
  12. How to create a simple Java project with Gradle?
  13. What is the purpose of settings.gradle?
  14. What are Gradle plugins?
  15. How to apply a plugin in Gradle?
  16. What is dependency management in Gradle?
  17. How to add dependencies in Gradle?
  18. What are repositories in Gradle?
  19. How to list available tasks?
  20. What is Gradle daemon?
  21. Difference between incremental and full builds.
  22. What are default tasks in Gradle?
  23. How to clean a project in Gradle?
  24. How to build a JAR using Gradle?
  25. What is Gradle DSL?

Intermediate Level

  1. What is a multi-project build?
  2. Difference between single-project and multi-project builds.
  3. What are source sets?
  4. How to configure tasks dependencies?
  5. How to create custom tasks?
  6. What is doLast and doFirst in tasks?
  7. How to pass parameters to tasks?
  8. What are build phases in Gradle?
  9. What is the build lifecycle?
  10. How to configure task inputs and outputs?
  11. How to use Gradle properties?
  12. Difference between project properties and system properties.
  13. What are configurations in Gradle?
  14. How to resolve dependency conflicts?
  15. How to generate dependency reports?
  16. How to use Gradle cache?
  17. Difference between local and remote cache.
  18. How to use Gradle wrapper in CI/CD?
  19. How to execute Gradle tasks in parallel?
  20. How to skip tasks during build?
  21. How to run Gradle in offline mode?
  22. What are Gradle profiles?
  23. How to handle environment-specific configurations?
  24. How to integrate Gradle with Git?
  25. How to debug Gradle builds?

Advanced Level

  1. What is Gradle Kotlin DSL?
  2. Difference between Groovy DSL and Kotlin DSL.
  3. How to create multi-language projects?
  4. How to create custom Gradle plugins?
  5. Difference between script plugins and binary plugins.
  6. How to configure versioning in Gradle?
  7. How to implement CI/CD with Gradle?
  8. How to integrate Gradle with Jenkins?
  9. How to integrate Gradle with GitLab CI/CD?
  10. How to integrate Gradle with GitHub Actions?
  11. How to publish artifacts to Maven repository?
  12. How to publish artifacts to Ivy repository?
  13. How to implement build scans?
  14. How to use Gradle Enterprise?
  15. How to profile Gradle builds?
  16. How to implement code quality tools like Checkstyle, PMD, SpotBugs?
  17. How to configure automated tests in Gradle?
  18. How to run unit tests in Gradle?
  19. How to run integration tests in Gradle?
  20. How to generate test reports?
  21. How to configure multi-module dependency resolution?
  22. How to use Gradle for Android projects?
  23. How to implement version conflict resolution?
  24. How to customize build logic using init scripts?
  25. How to optimize build performance?

Expert Level

  1. How to implement Gradle caching strategies?
  2. How to implement incremental builds efficiently?
  3. How to use Gradle composite builds?
  4. How to use Gradle with Docker builds?
  5. How to implement continuous delivery pipelines with Gradle?
  6. How to secure build artifacts?
  7. How to handle large multi-project builds?
  8. How to integrate Gradle with Spring Boot projects?
  9. How to manage plugin versions in Gradle?
  10. How to handle transitive dependencies in complex projects?
  11. How to implement dependency locking?
  12. How to analyze Gradle build scans for optimization?
  13. How to implement modular monorepo with Gradle?
  14. How to migrate Maven builds to Gradle?
  15. How to implement task avoidance techniques?
  16. How to implement lazy task configuration?
  17. How to handle parallel builds in CI environments?
  18. How to debug complex multi-project builds?
  19. How to integrate Gradle with SonarQube?
  20. How to implement automated release pipelines?
  21. How to use Gradle for Kotlin Multiplatform projects?
  22. How to implement custom reporting in Gradle?
  23. How to handle dynamic dependencies effectively?
  24. How to monitor Gradle builds in production CI/CD?
  25. Best practices for large-scale Gradle project management.

Related Topics


#JFrog

#JFrog

Key Concepts


S.No Topic Sub-Topics
1Introduction to JFrogOverview of JFrog, JFrog products, Importance in DevOps, CI/CD integration, Benefits for artifact management
2JFrog Artifactory BasicsInstalling Artifactory, Artifactory UI overview, Repository types, Users and permissions, Basic configuration
3Repositories in ArtifactoryLocal repositories, Remote repositories, Virtual repositories, Repository layouts, Best practices
4Package TypesMaven, Gradle, npm, Docker, NuGet
5Managing ArtifactsUploading artifacts, Downloading artifacts, Artifact metadata, Versioning, Deleting artifacts
6JFrog CLIInstalling JFrog CLI, Basic commands, Upload/download, Environment variables, Automation scripts
7Build IntegrationCI/CD tools integration, Jenkins integration, TeamCity integration, Bamboo integration, Pipelines overview
8Docker & JFrogDocker repository setup, Pushing Docker images, Pulling Docker images, Tagging images, Docker build integration
9Security ManagementUsers and groups, Permissions, Access tokens, API keys, LDAP integration
10ReplicationLocal replication, Remote replication, Event-based replication, Cron replication, Multi-site setup
11JFrog Pipelines BasicsPipelines overview, Setting up pipelines, Stages and steps, Resources, Integrations
12Pipelines AdvancedTriggers, Conditional execution, Variables, Secrets management, Notifications
13Repository Management AutomationREST APIs, JFrog CLI scripting, Automated cleanup, Scheduled tasks, Repository templates
14Artifact PromotionPromotion concepts, Manual promotion, Automated promotion, Using REST API, Best practices
15Metadata & PropertiesArtifact properties, Using custom metadata, Queries with properties, Build info metadata, Automation
16Integrating JFrog with GitGit basics, Linking repos, Webhooks, CI/CD triggers, Best practices
17JFrog Xray BasicsIntroduction to Xray, Scanning artifacts, Security vulnerabilities, License compliance, Policies and Watches
18Xray AdvancedCustom policies, Detailed reports, Integration with Artifactory, Automation, Alerts & notifications
19Monitoring & LogsSystem logs, Audit logs, Health monitoring, Metrics dashboard, Alerts
20High Availability SetupHA architecture, Cluster setup, Load balancing, Failover, Performance tuning
21Backup & RestoreBackup strategies, Scheduling backups, Restore process, Disaster recovery, Best practices
22Integrating with KubernetesHelm charts, Kubernetes repositories, CI/CD pipelines, Secrets, Deployment strategies
23JFrog Mission ControlOverview, Managing multiple Artifactory instances, License management, Monitoring, Reporting
24JFrog DistributionDistribution overview, Release bundles, Signing artifacts, Edge nodes, Automation
25Performance OptimizationRepository optimization, Caching strategies, Storage management, Indexing, Monitoring performance
26Integrating with IDEsIntelliJ, Eclipse, Visual Studio, Plugins, Build integration
27REST API Deep DiveAuthentication, CRUD operations, Build info, Repository management, Automation scripts
28Advanced JFrog CLIMulti-repo commands, Build integration, Environment variables, Automation scripts, Error handling
29Best Practices & TroubleshootingSecurity best practices, CI/CD best practices, Performance tips, Common errors, Troubleshooting guide
30Final Project & ReviewSet up Artifactory repo, Upload artifacts, Integrate pipeline, Scan with Xray, Perform distribution

Interview question

📘 Basic Level

  1. What is JFrog Artifactory?
  2. What are the main features of JFrog Artifactory?
  3. Explain the difference between a local, remote, and virtual repository in JFrog.
  4. What is the purpose of JFrog CLI?
  5. Which package formats are supported by JFrog Artifactory?
  6. How does JFrog Artifactory integrate with CI/CD tools?
  7. What is the difference between JFrog Artifactory OSS and JFrog Pro?
  8. Explain the concept of metadata in JFrog repositories.
  9. What is the default storage mechanism used in Artifactory?
  10. How do you create a local repository in JFrog Artifactory?
  11. What is the JFrog Mission Control tool used for?
  12. Explain the concept of ?repository path? in Artifactory.
  13. How does authentication work in JFrog Artifactory?
  14. What are the different types of repositories in JFrog?
  15. Can JFrog Artifactory host Docker images?
  16. What is the role of artifactory.properties file?
  17. How do you access JFrog Artifactory via REST API?
  18. What is the purpose of the JFrog Xray product?
  19. Explain the concept of repository replication.
  20. How do you search for an artifact in Artifactory?
  21. What is the difference between Artifactory and Nexus?
  22. How do you configure users and groups in JFrog?
  23. What is the JFrog Platform?
  24. What is the purpose of access tokens in JFrog?
  25. Explain the basic installation steps for JFrog Artifactory.

📗 Intermediate Level

  1. How do you integrate JFrog Artifactory with Jenkins?
  2. Explain artifact promotion in JFrog.
  3. How does JFrog handle artifact versioning?
  4. What is the difference between "Snapshot" and "Release" repositories in Maven with JFrog?
  5. How do you configure SSL for JFrog Artifactory?
  6. What is JFrog Pipelines, and how does it differ from Jenkins?
  7. Explain the use of ?Build Info? in JFrog.
  8. How do you replicate a repository across multiple sites?
  9. What is the difference between push and pull replication?
  10. How do you monitor Artifactory performance?
  11. What are the benefits of using JFrog CLI over REST API?
  12. How do you backup and restore JFrog Artifactory data?
  13. What is the difference between anonymous and authenticated access?
  14. How do you configure API keys for automation in JFrog?
  15. Explain the role of access federation in JFrog.
  16. How do you configure retention policies for artifacts?
  17. What is the use of JFrog Access service?
  18. How do you configure LDAP or SAML authentication in JFrog?
  19. What is artifact resolution in JFrog?
  20. How do you enable high availability (HA) in JFrog?
  21. Explain the concept of "checksum-based storage".
  22. What is the difference between virtual and remote repositories?
  23. How do you enable fine-grained permissions for users?
  24. Explain how caching works in remote repositories.
  25. How do you monitor security vulnerabilities using JFrog Xray?

📕 Advanced Level

  1. How does JFrog Artifactory handle immutability of artifacts?
  2. Explain JFrog?s microservices architecture.
  3. How do you integrate JFrog Artifactory with Kubernetes?
  4. What are the scaling strategies for JFrog Artifactory in production?
  5. How do you secure Docker repositories in JFrog?
  6. Explain how JFrog Xray integrates with CI/CD pipelines.
  7. How do you handle artifact cleanup strategies?
  8. What is the difference between Smart Remote Repositories and Replication?
  9. How does JFrog Artifactory store binary files internally?
  10. How do you troubleshoot performance issues in JFrog?
  11. Explain how to configure distribution repositories in JFrog.
  12. How do you manage multi-site artifact distribution?
  13. How does JFrog handle database connectivity?
  14. What are some best practices for repository naming conventions?
  15. How do you configure JFrog for disaster recovery?
  16. Explain the use of ?Repository Layouts? in JFrog.
  17. What are JFrog Projects, and how are they useful?
  18. How do you automate artifact promotion with JFrog CLI?
  19. What is the role of metadata indexing in JFrog?
  20. How do you use AQL (Artifactory Query Language)?
  21. What is the difference between an artifact and a module?
  22. How do you configure security replication across multiple JFrog instances?
  23. What is the role of the router service in JFrog architecture?
  24. How do you integrate JFrog with HashiCorp Vault or Secret Managers?
  25. Explain the difference between hybrid and SaaS deployments of JFrog.

📓 Expert Level

  1. How do you design a multi-region JFrog deployment for enterprise scale?
  2. Explain the internals of JFrog?s checksum-based storage mechanism.
  3. How do you tune JFrog Garbage Collection for performance?
  4. What are the advanced security practices for securing JFrog repositories?
  5. How do you integrate JFrog with Service Mesh (Istio, Linkerd)?
  6. Explain the challenges of scaling JFrog in cloud-native environments.
  7. How do you design HA clusters for JFrog Artifactory?
  8. What are the advanced use cases of JFrog Xray?
  9. How do you handle petabyte-scale artifact storage in JFrog?
  10. Explain the role of Metadata Service in JFrog?s architecture.
  11. How do you debug microservice failures in JFrog Platform?
  12. What are the performance bottlenecks in JFrog, and how do you mitigate them?
  13. How do you configure fine-grained RBAC across thousands of users in JFrog?
  14. What are the differences between JFrog SaaS and self-hosted from a security perspective?
  15. How do you integrate JFrog with GitOps workflows?
  16. How do you migrate from Nexus/Harbor to JFrog Artifactory?
  17. Explain the process of onboarding enterprise teams into JFrog Platform.
  18. How do you configure JFrog Distribution for global software delivery?
  19. What is the best approach to securing API-driven automation in JFrog?
  20. How do you tune JFrog?s PostgreSQL for optimal performance?
  21. What are some strategies to reduce storage costs in JFrog Artifactory?
  22. How do you integrate JFrog with advanced observability tools (Prometheus, Grafana, ELK)?
  23. How do you implement a blue/green deployment strategy using JFrog?
  24. What is the future roadmap of JFrog (AI/ML integrations, advanced DevSecOps features)?
  25. Explain how JFrog can be part of a Zero Trust security model.

Related Topics


05 December 2020

#OpenShift

#Openshift

Key Concepts


S.No Topic Sub-Topics
1OpenShiftWhat is OpenShift, Features, OpenShift vs Kubernetes, Use cases, Benefits
2OpenShift ArchitectureMaster node, Worker node, ETCD, API server, Controllers
3OpenShift EditionsOpenShift Origin, OpenShift Container Platform, OpenShift Online, OpenShift Dedicated, Differences
4Installing OpenShiftPrerequisites, Minishift/CRC setup, Installation steps, CLI installation, Verification
5OpenShift CLIoc commands, Login, Project management, Viewing resources, Resource management
6OpenShift Web ConsoleDashboard overview, Navigation, Creating projects, Managing resources, Monitoring
7Projects & NamespacesCreating projects, Viewing projects, Deleting projects, Role assignments, Resource quotas
8OpenShift PodsWhat is a Pod, Pod lifecycle, Creating Pods, Viewing Pod logs, Deleting Pods
9OpenShift DeploymentsDeploymentConfig, Deployment strategies, Scaling deployments, Rollbacks, Monitoring deployments
10OpenShift ServicesClusterIP, NodePort, LoadBalancer, Creating services, Service discovery
11Routes & NetworkingWhat is a route, Creating routes, Exposing services, Path-based routing, TLS termination
12OpenShift BuildConfigWhat is BuildConfig, Source-to-Image (S2I), Docker builds, Binary builds, Triggering builds
13OpenShift ImagesImage streams, Pulling images, Tagging images, Managing image repositories, Updating images
14Secrets & ConfigMapsCreating secrets, Using secrets, Creating ConfigMaps, Using ConfigMaps, Mounting into pods
15OpenShift Persistent StoragePersistentVolume, PersistentVolumeClaim, Storage classes, Dynamic provisioning, Volume mounting
16OpenShift TemplatesCreating templates, Using templates, Parameterized templates, Deploying from templates, Best practices
17OpenShift OperatorsWhat is an Operator, Installing Operators, Custom Resource Definitions, Managing applications, OperatorHub
18OpenShift MonitoringPrometheus, Grafana, Alerts, Metrics, Logging
19OpenShift LoggingCluster logging, EFK stack, Viewing logs, Fluentd, Kibana
20OpenShift SecurityRBAC, Service accounts, SCC (Security Context Constraints), Network policies, Pod security
21OpenShift Quotas & LimitsResource quotas, Limit ranges, Enforcing quotas, Viewing usage, Best practices
22Scaling ApplicationsManual scaling, Autoscaling, Horizontal Pod Autoscaler, Resource metrics, Scaling strategies
23OpenShift CI/CD IntegrationJenkins integration, Pipelines, OpenShift Pipelines (Tekton), Deploy triggers, Best practices
24OpenShift Routes & IngressRoute types, TLS, Path-based routing, Host-based routing, Load balancing
25OpenShift NetworkingCluster networking, SDN types, Network policies, Service mesh integration, Troubleshooting networking
26OpenShift TroubleshootingPod issues, Logs inspection, Event monitoring, Node issues, Common errors
27OpenShift Backup & RestoreETCD backup, Cluster backup, Restore strategies, Persistent volume backup, Disaster recovery
28OpenShift Upgrades & PatchingUpgrade strategies, CLI upgrade, Web console upgrade, Rolling updates, Best practices
29OpenShift Best PracticesResource management, Security, CI/CD pipelines, Monitoring, Scaling strategies
30Hands-on ProjectCreate project, Deploy application, Configure services & routes, Setup persistent storage, Implement CI/CD pipeline

Interview question

Basic Level

  1. What is OpenShift and why is it used?
  2. Difference between OpenShift and Kubernetes.
  3. Key features of OpenShift.
  4. What is OpenShift Origin (OKD)?
  5. What is OpenShift Container Platform (OCP)?
  6. What are OpenShift Editions and their differences?
  7. What is a project in OpenShift?
  8. What is a namespace in OpenShift?
  9. How to log in to OpenShift using CLI?
  10. What is oc command?
  11. How to view OpenShift resources?
  12. How to create a project using CLI?
  13. How to delete a project?
  14. What is the OpenShift Web Console?
  15. How to navigate OpenShift Web Console?
  16. What are pods in OpenShift?
  17. What are nodes in OpenShift?
  18. What is a deployment in OpenShift?
  19. What are services in OpenShift?
  20. Difference between ClusterIP, NodePort, and LoadBalancer services.
  21. What are routes in OpenShift?
  22. What is Source-to-Image (S2I)?
  23. What is BuildConfig in OpenShift?
  24. How to create a pod using CLI?
  25. How to view pod logs?

Intermediate Level

  1. What are deployment strategies in OpenShift?
  2. Difference between rolling, recreate, and blue-green deployment.
  3. How to scale applications manually?
  4. How to enable autoscaling?
  5. What are Horizontal Pod Autoscalers?
  6. What is an ImageStream?
  7. How to update images in OpenShift?
  8. What are ConfigMaps and how to use them?
  9. What are Secrets and how to use them?
  10. How to mount ConfigMaps into pods?
  11. How to mount Secrets into pods?
  12. What is persistent storage in OpenShift?
  13. Difference between PersistentVolume and PersistentVolumeClaim.
  14. How to use storage classes in OpenShift?
  15. How to implement dynamic provisioning of storage?
  16. What are OpenShift templates?
  17. How to create and use templates?
  18. What are Operators in OpenShift?
  19. How to install Operators from OperatorHub?
  20. What are Custom Resource Definitions (CRDs)?
  21. How to manage applications using Operators?
  22. How to monitor pods and nodes?
  23. What is Prometheus in OpenShift?
  24. How to use Grafana dashboards?
  25. What is cluster logging in OpenShift?

Advanced Level

  1. What is RBAC in OpenShift?
  2. What are Service Accounts?
  3. What are Security Context Constraints (SCC)?
  4. How to implement network policies?
  5. How to troubleshoot pod failures?
  6. How to view events in OpenShift?
  7. How to manage image registry in OpenShift?
  8. How to configure routes with TLS termination?
  9. How to configure path-based routing?
  10. How to implement continuous integration using Jenkins?
  11. How to implement pipelines with OpenShift Pipelines (Tekton)?
  12. How to trigger builds automatically?
  13. How to configure resource quotas and limits?
  14. How to manage multi-project deployments?
  15. How to implement application versioning?
  16. How to rollback deployments?
  17. How to use labels and selectors effectively?
  18. How to implement application monitoring with alerts?
  19. How to view metrics using OpenShift monitoring tools?
  20. How to manage secrets securely?
  21. How to implement blue-green deployments?
  22. How to implement canary deployments?
  23. How to debug network issues in OpenShift?
  24. How to integrate OpenShift with external CI/CD tools?
  25. How to backup and restore etcd?

Expert Level

  1. How to implement disaster recovery strategies?
  2. How to handle cluster upgrades and patches?
  3. How to optimize OpenShift performance?
  4. How to configure OpenShift high availability?
  5. How to manage multi-cluster OpenShift environments?
  6. How to implement security best practices in OpenShift?
  7. How to integrate OpenShift with LDAP or Active Directory?
  8. How to implement SSO in OpenShift?
  9. How to use OpenShift with Helm charts?
  10. How to implement service mesh in OpenShift (Istio/OSSM)?
  11. How to manage OpenShift network plugins (SDN/CNI)?
  12. How to implement custom operators?
  13. How to monitor large-scale OpenShift deployments?
  14. How to configure audit logging in OpenShift?
  15. How to integrate OpenShift with GitOps tools (ArgoCD/Flux)?
  16. How to implement persistent storage for stateful applications?
  17. How to optimize image builds and registry usage?
  18. How to implement automated security scanning for images?
  19. How to implement fine-grained role-based access controls?
  20. How to integrate OpenShift with cloud providers (AWS/Azure/GCP)?
  21. How to implement multi-tenancy in OpenShift?
  22. How to handle pod security and compliance requirements?
  23. How to debug complex application failures in production?
  24. How to implement custom CI/CD pipelines with Tekton or Jenkins?
  25. Best practices for maintaining scalable and secure OpenShift clusters.

Related Topics


12 November 2020

#Postgresql

#PostgreSql

Key Concepts


S.No Topic Sub-Topics
1 PostgreSQL PostgreSQL, Features, Advantages, Use cases, Editions
2 Installation & Setup Installing on Windows/Linux/Mac, Configuration, pgAdmin setup, Connecting to DB, Environment setup
3 PostgreSQL Architecture Processes, Memory management, Storage architecture, WAL, Transaction management
4 Databases, Schemas, and Tables Creating databases, Schemas overview, Creating tables, Table types, Best practices
5 Data Types Numeric, Character, Boolean, Date/Time, JSON/JSONB
6 Constraints Primary key, Foreign key, Unique, Not null, Check constraints
7 SQL Basics SELECT statements, WHERE clause, ORDER BY, GROUP BY, LIMIT/OFFSET
8 Joins INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN, FULL OUTER JOIN, Self join
9 Subqueries Single-row, Multi-row, Correlated subqueries, EXISTS, IN clause
10 Views Creating views, Materialized views, Updating views, Security, Performance considerations
11 Indexes B-Tree, Hash, GIN, GiST, BRIN
12 Sequences Creating sequences, Using in tables, nextval, currval, Sequence options
13 Transactions BEGIN, COMMIT, ROLLBACK, Savepoints, Isolation levels
14 Stored Procedures Creating functions, PL/pgSQL, Parameters, RETURN values, Error handling
15 Triggers Trigger types, BEFORE/AFTER triggers, Row-level, Statement-level, Trigger functions
16 Data Import & Export psql COPY command, pg_dump, pg_restore, CSV import/export, Data migration
17 Full Text Search tsvector, tsquery, Indexing, Ranking, Search functions
18 JSON & JSONB Storing JSON, JSONB vs JSON, Querying JSON, Indexing JSONB, Functions & operators
19 Partitioning Range partitioning, List partitioning, Hash partitioning, Creating partitions, Performance benefits
20 Replication Streaming replication, Synchronous vs asynchronous, Hot standby, Failover, Configuration
21 Backup & Recovery pg_dump, pg_restore, Continuous archiving, PITR, Best practices
22 Performance Tuning Query optimization, EXPLAIN, Index tuning, VACUUM & ANALYZE, Connection pooling
23 Security Authentication, Roles & privileges, GRANT & REVOKE, SSL/TLS, Row-level security
24 Monitoring pg_stat_activity, Logging, Performance metrics, Tools (pgAdmin, Grafana), Alerts
25 Extensions PostGIS, pg_trgm, citext, hstore, Custom extensions
26 Advanced Queries Window functions, CTEs, Recursive queries, Set-returning functions, Advanced joins
27 Database Design ER modeling, Normalization, Denormalization, Index strategy, Schema best practices
28 Cloud PostgreSQL AWS RDS, Google Cloud SQL, Azure Database, Cloud backups, Scaling options
29 Testing & Mocking Unit testing with SQL, Integration testing, Test data setup, pgTAP, Mock databases
30 Projects & Certification Hands-on CRUD project, Performance tuning lab, Replication lab, Cloud deployment project, Certification prep

Interview question

Basic Level

  1. What is PostgreSQL and how is it different from other RDBMS like MySQL or Oracle?
  2. What are the main features of PostgreSQL?
  3. Explain the architecture of PostgreSQL.
  4. How do you install PostgreSQL on Linux and Windows?
  5. What is psql in PostgreSQL?
  6. How do you create a new database in PostgreSQL?
  7. How do you list all databases in PostgreSQL?
  8. What are schemas in PostgreSQL?
  9. How do you connect to a PostgreSQL database using psql?
  10. Explain the difference between CHAR, VARCHAR, and TEXT in PostgreSQL.
  11. How do you create a table in PostgreSQL?
  12. What are the different data types available in PostgreSQL?
  13. How do you insert data into a PostgreSQL table?
  14. How do you update and delete data in PostgreSQL?
  15. What are sequences in PostgreSQL?
  16. How do you create a sequence in PostgreSQL?
  17. What is a primary key in PostgreSQL?
  18. How do you define a foreign key in PostgreSQL?
  19. What are indexes in PostgreSQL?
  20. How do you create an index in PostgreSQL?
  21. What is the difference between DELETE and TRUNCATE?
  22. What is the purpose of the RETURNING clause in PostgreSQL?
  23. How do you enable case-insensitive search in PostgreSQL?
  24. Explain the difference between NULL and an empty string.
  25. How do you backup and restore a PostgreSQL database?

Intermediate Level

  1. What are PostgreSQL system catalogs?
  2. How does PostgreSQL handle transactions?
  3. Explain the concept of MVCC (Multi-Version Concurrency Control).
  4. What is the difference between COMMIT and ROLLBACK?
  5. How do you implement foreign key constraints with cascading actions?
  6. What is a materialized view in PostgreSQL?
  7. How do you refresh a materialized view?
  8. Explain the difference between VIEW and MATERIALIZED VIEW.
  9. What are window functions in PostgreSQL?
  10. How do you use ROW_NUMBER(), RANK(), and DENSE_RANK()?
  11. What are PostgreSQL extensions? Give examples.
  12. What is the pgAdmin tool used for?
  13. How do you monitor queries in PostgreSQL?
  14. What is the EXPLAIN command used for?
  15. How do you optimize queries in PostgreSQL?
  16. Explain the difference between INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN, and FULL JOIN.
  17. How do you implement recursive queries in PostgreSQL?
  18. What is the difference between NOW() and CURRENT_DATE?
  19. Explain COALESCE() function in PostgreSQL.
  20. How do you use JSON and JSONB data types in PostgreSQL?
  21. How do you create and query an array column in PostgreSQL?
  22. What are PostgreSQL operators for pattern matching?
  23. Explain IS DISTINCT FROM operator in PostgreSQL.
  24. How do you grant and revoke privileges in PostgreSQL?
  25. What is the role of pg_hba.conf?

Advanced Level

  1. Explain Write-Ahead Logging (WAL) in PostgreSQL.
  2. How does PostgreSQL ensure data consistency?
  3. What are the different types of indexes in PostgreSQL?
  4. When should you use GIN vs BTREE indexes?
  5. Explain Partial Indexes in PostgreSQL.
  6. What is a covering index in PostgreSQL?
  7. How do you implement full-text search in PostgreSQL?
  8. Explain the difference between TO_CHAR() and TO_DATE().
  9. How does PostgreSQL handle concurrency and locking?
  10. What are advisory locks in PostgreSQL?
  11. How does VACUUM work in PostgreSQL?
  12. What is the difference between VACUUM and VACUUM FULL?
  13. What is ANALYZE used for?
  14. How does PostgreSQL query planner work?
  15. What are parallel queries in PostgreSQL?
  16. Explain logical vs physical replication.
  17. How do you configure replication in PostgreSQL?
  18. What are hot standby servers in PostgreSQL?
  19. Explain Point-In-Time Recovery (PITR) in PostgreSQL.
  20. How do you implement partitioning in PostgreSQL?
  21. Explain the difference between range and list partitioning.
  22. What is a foreign data wrapper (FDW)?
  23. How do you connect PostgreSQL with other databases using FDW?
  24. What are stored procedures in PostgreSQL?
  25. How do you write PL/pgSQL functions?

Expert Level

  1. Explain PostgreSQL?s process architecture (postmaster, background workers, autovacuum).
  2. How do you handle deadlocks in PostgreSQL?
  3. What strategies can be used for PostgreSQL performance tuning?
  4. How do you tune work_mem, shared_buffers, and effective_cache_size?
  5. What are PostgreSQL tablespaces?
  6. How do you create and use a tablespace?
  7. What is sharding in PostgreSQL? How can it be implemented?
  8. How does PostgreSQL differ from distributed databases like CockroachDB or Citus?
  9. What is the difference between synchronous and asynchronous replication?
  10. How do you set up synchronous replication?
  11. How do you monitor replication lag in PostgreSQL?
  12. How do you implement high availability (HA) in PostgreSQL?
  13. Explain connection pooling in PostgreSQL.
  14. What is PgBouncer and how is it used?
  15. How do you implement partition pruning in PostgreSQL?
  16. Explain JIT (Just-In-Time) compilation in PostgreSQL.
  17. How do you debug performance issues in PostgreSQL queries?
  18. What are generated columns in PostgreSQL?
  19. How do you implement Row-Level Security (RLS)?
  20. How do you use event triggers in PostgreSQL?
  21. Explain logical decoding in PostgreSQL.
  22. What is WAL archiving and how is it configured?
  23. How does PostgreSQL handle large objects (LOBs)?
  24. What are common PostgreSQL anti-patterns to avoid?
  25. Compare PostgreSQL with NoSQL databases in terms of scalability and flexibility.

Related Topics


11 November 2020

#CoreJava_08

#CoreJava_08

Key Concepts


S.No Topic Sub-Topics
1Java 8 OverviewJava 8 introduction, Why Java 8, Major enhancements, Backward compatibility, Java 8 use cases
2Functional Programming Functional programming basics, Pure functions, Immutability, Stateless behavior, Lambda-driven design
3Lambda Expressions - BasicsLambda syntax, Lambda parameters, Lambda body, Lambda vs anonymous class, Lambda advantages
4Lambda Expressions - AdvancedLambda with collections, Lambda with threads, Lambda with methods, Effectively final variables, Lambda limitations
5Functional Interfaces @FunctionalInterface , Single abstract method, Lambda compatibility, Custom functional interfaces
6Built-in Functional InterfacesPredicate, Function, Consumer, Supplier, Bi-functional interfaces
7Predicate Interfacetest() method, Predicate chaining, and(), or(), negate(), Real-time examples
8Function Interfaceapply() method, Function chaining, compose(), andThen(), Real-time use cases
9Consumer Interfaceaccept() method, Consumer chaining, forEach usage, Logging examples, Printing data
10Supplier Interfaceget() method, Lazy value generation, Supplier vs Function, Factory usage, Random value generation
11Method ReferencesStatic method reference, Instance method reference, Constructor reference, Syntax (::), Lambda replacement
12Stream API - IntroductionWhat is stream, Stream vs collection, Stream pipeline, Intermediate operations, Terminal operations
13Stream CreationStream from collection, Stream.of(), Arrays.stream(), Infinite streams, Empty streams
14Stream Intermediate Operationsfilter(), map(), flatMap(), distinct(), sorted()
15Stream Terminal OperationsforEach(), collect(), reduce(), count(), findFirst()
16Stream CollectorsCollectors.toList(), toSet(), toMap(), groupingBy(), partitioningBy()
17Stream Reduction Operationsreduce() method, Identity value, Accumulator, Combiner, Aggregation examples
18Parallel StreamsparallelStream(), ForkJoinPool, Performance benefits, Thread safety issues, When to use parallel streams
19Optional ClassOptional creation, isPresent(), ifPresent(), orElse(), orElseThrow()
20Default Methods in InterfaceDefault method syntax, Multiple inheritance resolution, Diamond problem, Overriding defaults, Use cases
21Static Methods in InterfaceStatic method rules, Invocation syntax, Difference from default methods, Utility methods, Best practices
22ForEach MethodIterable forEach(), Lambda usage, Method reference usage, Internal iteration, Comparison with loops
23Nashorn JavaScript EngineNashorn overview, JavaScript execution, ScriptEngine API, Java-JS interaction, Use cases
24New Date & Time API - BasicsProblems with old Date API, LocalDate, LocalTime, LocalDateTime, Immutability
25New Date & Time API - AdvancedZonedDateTime, Period, Duration, DateTimeFormatter, Time zones
26CompletableFutureFuture limitations, CompletableFuture basics, Async execution, thenApply(), thenAccept()
27Collectors Grouping & PartitioninggroupingBy(), partitioningBy(), downstream collectors, Multi-level grouping, Real examples
28Stream PerformanceLazy evaluation, Short-circuiting, Stream reuse rules, Avoiding side effects, Performance tuning
29Java 8 Coding PatternsFilter-map-reduce pattern, Functional pipelines, Optional usage patterns, Lambda best practices, Stream refactoring
30Java 8 Revision & Interview PrepJava 8 feature recap, Common interview questions, Coding scenarios, Performance discussions, Best practices

Interview question

Basic Level

  1. What are the major features introduced in Java 8?
  2. Why was Java 8 introduced?
  3. What is functional programming in Java 8?
  4. What is a lambda expression?
  5. What problems do lambda expressions solve?
  6. What is the syntax of a lambda expression?
  7. Difference between lambda expression and anonymous class?
  8. What is a functional interface?
  9. What is @FunctionalInterface annotation?
  10. Can a functional interface have default methods?
  11. Can a functional interface have static methods?
  12. What are built-in functional interfaces?
  13. What is Predicate interface?
  14. What is Function interface?
  15. What is Consumer interface?
  16. What is Supplier interface?
  17. What is method reference?
  18. Types of method references?
  19. What is Stream API?
  20. Why streams are introduced?
  21. Difference between stream and collection?
  22. What is stream pipeline?
  23. What are intermediate operations?
  24. What are terminal operations?
  25. What is forEach() method?

Intermediate Level

  1. How to create a stream?
  2. What is filter() in streams?
  3. What is map() in streams?
  4. Difference between map() and flatMap()?
  5. What is distinct()?
  6. What is sorted()?
  7. What is limit() and skip()?
  8. What is collect()?
  9. What is Collectors class?
  10. What is Collectors.toList()?
  11. What is Collectors.toSet()?
  12. What is Collectors.toMap()?
  13. What is groupingBy()?
  14. What is partitioningBy()?
  15. Difference between groupingBy and partitioningBy?
  16. What is reduce() operation?
  17. What is Optional class?
  18. Why Optional was introduced?
  19. How to create Optional?
  20. Difference between orElse() and orElseGet()?
  21. What is ifPresent()?
  22. What are default methods?
  23. Why default methods are introduced?
  24. What is static method in interface?
  25. Can we override default methods?

Advanced Level

  1. How lambda expressions work internally?
  2. What is effectively final variable?
  3. Why local variables must be effectively final in lambda?
  4. How streams process data internally?
  5. What is lazy evaluation in streams?
  6. What is short-circuiting in streams?
  7. What is findFirst()?
  8. What is findAny()?
  9. Difference between findFirst and findAny?
  10. What is anyMatch(), allMatch(), noneMatch()?
  11. What are parallel streams?
  12. Difference between stream() and parallelStream()?
  13. When should we use parallel streams?
  14. Problems with parallel streams?
  15. What is ForkJoinPool?
  16. How parallel stream uses ForkJoinPool?
  17. What is Java 8 Date and Time API?
  18. Problems with old Date API?
  19. What is LocalDate?
  20. What is LocalTime?
  21. What is LocalDateTime?
  22. What is ZonedDateTime?
  23. What is Period?
  24. What is Duration?
  25. What is DateTimeFormatter?

Expert Level

  1. How groupingBy works internally?
  2. What are downstream collectors?
  3. How to perform multi-level grouping?
  4. How reduce() works internally?
  5. Difference between reduce() and collect()?
  6. How Optional avoids NullPointerException?
  7. Anti-patterns of Optional?
  8. Exception handling in lambda expressions?
  9. Exception handling in streams?
  10. How to debug stream pipelines?
  11. Performance comparison: stream vs loop?
  12. When streams should be avoided?
  13. CompletableFuture introduction?
  14. Difference between Future and CompletableFuture?
  15. What is thenApply()?
  16. What is thenAccept()?
  17. What is thenCombine()?
  18. What is async execution in Java 8?
  19. What is Nashorn JavaScript engine?
  20. Use cases of Nashorn?
  21. Best practices for lambda expressions?
  22. Best practices for Stream API?
  23. Java 8 real-time project use cases?
  24. Common Java 8 interview traps?
  25. Java 8 coding round expectations?

Related Topics


   Functional Interfaces   
   Lambda Expressions   
   Stream API   
   Built-in Functional Interfaces   
   Optional Class   
   Default Method   

10 November 2020

#Azure

#Azure

Key Concepts


S.No Topic Sub-Topics
1 Introduction to Azure What is Azure?, Azure architecture, Regions and Availability Zones, Key services overview, Use cases
2 Azure Subscriptions & Resource Groups Creating subscriptions, Resource groups, Management groups, Tagging resources, Organizing resources
3 Azure Active Directory (AAD) Users and groups, Roles and permissions, Conditional access, B2B and B2C, Integration with services
4 Azure Virtual Machines VM types, Images, Networking, Storage options, Availability sets and zones
5 Azure App Services Web Apps, Mobile Apps, App Service Plans, Scaling, Deployment slots
6 Azure Functions Serverless overview, Trigger types, Deployment, Scaling, Integration with other services
7 Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS) AKS overview, Clusters, Node pools, Deploying workloads, Autoscaling
8 Azure Storage Blob Storage, File Storage, Queue Storage, Table Storage, Access control
9 Azure SQL Database SQL Database overview, Elastic pools, Backup and restore, High availability, Security
10 Azure Cosmos DB Global distribution, Consistency levels, Partitioning, API options, Scaling and performance
11 Azure Virtual Network (VNet) VNet overview, Subnets, Network security groups, Route tables, VNet peering
12 Azure Load Balancer Types of load balancers, Backend pools, Health probes, Rules, Autoscaling integration
13 Azure Application Gateway Web application firewall, URL routing, SSL termination, Autoscaling, Integration with AKS
14 Azure DNS DNS zones, Records, Traffic manager, Custom domains, Integration with services
15 Azure Content Delivery Network (CDN) CDN overview, Caching rules, Edge locations, Integration with storage, Security
16 Azure Event Grid Event routing, Event sources, Event handlers, Topics and subscriptions, Integration
17 Azure Event Hub Streaming data, Partitions, Consumer groups, Event processing, Security
18 Azure Data Factory ETL overview, Pipelines, Datasets, Activities, Monitoring
19 Azure Databricks Workspace overview, Clusters, Notebooks, Jobs, Integration with storage
20 Azure Synapse Analytics Data warehouses, SQL pools, Pipelines, Security, Monitoring
21 Azure Machine Learning Workspace, Datasets, Models, Experimentation, Deployment
22 Azure Cognitive Services Vision API, Language API, Speech services, Decision APIs, Integration with apps
23 Azure Bot Service Bot framework, Channels, Deployment, Testing, Integration with cognitive services
24 Azure Monitoring & Logging Azure Monitor, Log Analytics, Alerts, Dashboards, Integration with services
25 Azure Security & Compliance Azure Security Center, Policies, Key Vault, Role-based access control, Compliance reports
26 Azure Resource Manager (ARM) Templates, Deployments, Parameters, Automation, Versioning
27 Azure Cost Management Budgets, Cost analysis, Alerts, Resource tagging, Optimization
28 Azure DevOps Repos, Pipelines, Boards, Artifacts, Integration with GitHub
29 Azure CLI & PowerShell Installation, Core commands, Scripting, Automation, Integration with services
30 Azure Labs & Projects Hands-on labs, Multi-service projects, Deploy sample apps, Real-time scenarios, Certification preparation

Interview question

Basic Level

  1. What is Microsoft Azure?
  2. What are the main advantages of using Azure?
  3. Explain the difference between IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS.
  4. What are Azure Regions and Availability Zones?
  5. What is Azure Resource Manager (ARM)?
  6. What is an Azure Subscription?
  7. What is the difference between Azure Tenant and Subscription?
  8. What is Azure Virtual Machine (VM)?
  9. What is the difference between VM Scale Sets and Availability Sets?
  10. What are Azure App Services?
  11. What is Azure Functions?
  12. What is Azure Logic Apps?
  13. What is Azure Blob Storage?
  14. What are the storage tiers in Azure?
  15. Difference between Blob, File, Queue, and Table storage.
  16. What is an Azure Virtual Network (VNet)?
  17. What are Network Security Groups (NSGs)?
  18. What is Azure Load Balancer?
  19. What is Application Gateway?
  20. What is ExpressRoute?
  21. What is Azure SQL Database?
  22. What is the difference between SQL Database and Managed Instance?
  23. What is Cosmos DB?
  24. What is Azure Synapse Analytics?
  25. What is Azure Active Directory (AAD)?
  26. What is the difference between Azure AD and AD DS?
  27. What is Role-Based Access Control (RBAC)?
  28. What is Multi-Factor Authentication (MFA) in Azure?
  29. What is Azure Key Vault?
  30. What is Azure Monitor?
  31. What is Log Analytics in Azure?
  32. What is Application Insights?
  33. What is Azure Advisor?
  34. What is Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS)?
  35. What is Azure Container Registry (ACR)?
  36. What are Azure Container Instances?
  37. What is Azure Event Grid?
  38. What is Azure Service Bus?
  39. What is Azure DevOps?
  40. What are Pipelines in Azure DevOps?
  41. What are Repos and Artifacts in Azure DevOps?
  42. What are Boards in Azure DevOps?
  43. What is Cognitive Services in Azure?
  44. What is Azure Machine Learning?
  45. What is Azure Databricks?
  46. What is Azure Data Factory?
  47. What is Azure Arc?
  48. What is Azure Stack HCI?
  49. What is Azure Site Recovery?
  50. What is Azure Migrate?

Intermediate Level

  1. How does Azure VM Scale Sets provide scalability?
  2. What are Availability Zones vs Availability Sets?
  3. How do you secure Azure Virtual Machines?
  4. How do you configure Azure Bastion?
  5. What is Azure Application Gateway with WAF?
  6. How does Azure Front Door work?
  7. What is the difference between Azure Load Balancer and Front Door?
  8. What is a VNet Peering?
  9. Difference between VPN Gateway and ExpressRoute.
  10. What is Private Link in Azure?
  11. What is a Service Endpoint in Azure Networking?
  12. How does Cosmos DB handle partitioning?
  13. What are consistency levels in Cosmos DB?
  14. How does Cosmos DB provide multi-region replication?
  15. What is Synapse Analytics used for?
  16. What is PolyBase in Synapse?
  17. What is Azure Data Lake Storage Gen2?
  18. What are Managed Identities in Azure?
  19. What is Conditional Access in Azure AD?
  20. What is Privileged Identity Management (PIM)?
  21. How does Azure Key Vault integrate with applications?
  22. What are Diagnostic Settings in Azure Monitor?
  23. How does Log Analytics query language (KQL) work?
  24. How does Application Insights help in distributed tracing?
  25. What is Azure Policy?
  26. What is the difference between Azure Monitor and Azure Security Center?
  27. What is Azure Defender for Cloud?
  28. What is AKS node pool?
  29. How do you scale AKS clusters?
  30. How do Helm charts work in AKS?
  31. What is Azure Functions Consumption Plan?
  32. What are Durable Functions in Azure?
  33. How does Event Grid integrate with Logic Apps?
  34. What is the difference between Event Hub and Service Bus?
  35. How does Azure DevOps integrate with GitHub Actions?
  36. What are YAML pipelines in Azure DevOps?
  37. What are Deployment Groups?
  38. What are Artifacts in Azure DevOps used for?
  39. What is Azure Cognitive Search?
  40. What are Prebuilt Models in Cognitive Services?
  41. How does Azure Machine Learning handle model deployment?
  42. What is Databricks Delta Lake?
  43. How does Azure Data Factory perform ETL?
  44. What is Azure Lighthouse?
  45. How does Azure Arc help with hybrid management?
  46. How does Site Recovery work for DR scenarios?
  47. What is Database Migration Service (DMS)?
  48. What is Azure Blueprints?
  49. How does Cost Management + Billing work?
  50. What is Azure Pricing Calculator?

Advanced Level

  1. How to design a hub-and-spoke network topology in Azure?
  2. How does Azure Firewall work?
  3. Difference between Firewall and NSG.
  4. How do you design a global VNet architecture?
  5. How to implement ExpressRoute Global Reach?
  6. How does Azure Traffic Manager work?
  7. How do you configure load balancing across regions?
  8. How does Cosmos DB scale elastically?
  9. How to tune indexing policies in Cosmos DB?
  10. How to design for strong consistency vs eventual consistency?
  11. How to optimize Synapse pipelines for big data?
  12. How to integrate Synapse with Power BI?
  13. How does Data Lake Gen2 handle hierarchical namespace?
  14. How to secure storage accounts with Private Endpoints?
  15. How to rotate keys in Key Vault automatically?
  16. How to implement Conditional Access policies for external users?
  17. How does Azure Sentinel integrate with Security Center?
  18. How to configure Just-In-Time (JIT) access to VMs?
  19. How to enforce least privilege in RBAC at scale?
  20. How to configure Azure Policy for compliance enforcement?
  21. How to deploy multi-region AKS clusters?
  22. How to secure AKS clusters using Azure AD integration?
  23. How to configure network policies in AKS?
  24. How does Azure Functions integrate with VNETs?
  25. How to optimize cold start in Functions?
  26. What is an Event-driven serverless architecture with Event Grid?
  27. How does Durable Functions support fan-out/fan-in?
  28. How to design enterprise DevOps pipelines in Azure?
  29. How to implement approvals in multi-stage pipelines?
  30. How to use service connections securely in Azure DevOps?
  31. How does Azure ML pipeline work?
  32. How to monitor ML models in production with Azure Monitor?
  33. How to scale Databricks clusters dynamically?
  34. How to optimize Data Factory performance for large ETL jobs?
  35. How to configure monitoring with Application Insights at scale?
  36. How to use Azure Blueprints for governance?
  37. How to implement hybrid Kubernetes clusters with Azure Arc?
  38. How does Lighthouse manage multiple tenants?
  39. How to configure advanced disaster recovery with Site Recovery?
  40. How to migrate enterprise SAP workloads to Azure?
  41. How to integrate Azure AD with on-prem Active Directory?
  42. How to implement passwordless authentication in Azure?
  43. How to use Azure Privileged Identity Management at scale?
  44. How to handle data residency and compliance in Azure?
  45. How to secure multi-cloud with Azure Security Center?
  46. How to enforce compliance using Azure Defender?
  47. How to design FinOps practices in Azure?
  48. How to implement tagging governance?
  49. How to use Managed Grafana in Azure Monitor?
  50. How to implement custom log ingestion into Log Analytics?

Expert Level

  1. How to design enterprise-scale landing zones in Azure?
  2. How to enforce governance using Azure Policy at enterprise scale?
  3. How to design Zero Trust architecture in Azure?
  4. How to implement enterprise-wide RBAC strategy?
  5. How to secure multi-tenant SaaS applications in Azure?
  6. How to manage hybrid cloud with Azure Arc across multiple clouds?
  7. How to configure cross-region traffic routing with Traffic Manager + Front Door?
  8. How to implement Azure ExpressRoute with MPLS?
  9. How to integrate Azure Stack with on-prem data centers?
  10. How to manage sovereignty and compliance with Azure Government cloud?
  11. How to secure highly regulated workloads (HIPAA, GDPR) in Azure?
  12. How to design Cosmos DB for financial-grade workloads?
  13. How to implement multi-master replication in Cosmos DB?
  14. How to optimize Synapse Analytics for enterprise data warehouses?
  15. How to implement Data Mesh with Azure Data Lake + Synapse?
  16. How to implement cross-region failover with Azure SQL Hyperscale?
  17. How to optimize ML lifecycle with MLOps in Azure?
  18. How to integrate Databricks with Synapse for real-time analytics?
  19. How to implement advanced data governance in Azure Purview?
  20. How to build enterprise-scale IoT solutions with Azure IoT Hub?
  21. How to integrate IoT Hub with Event Grid and Stream Analytics?
  22. How to secure IoT devices with Azure Defender for IoT?
  23. How to build digital twins using Azure Digital Twins?
  24. How to implement edge computing with Azure IoT Edge?
  25. How to build 5G-enabled solutions with Azure Private MEC?
  26. How to integrate Azure with AWS and GCP in a multi-cloud strategy?
  27. How to manage cost governance across multi-cloud with Azure Cost Management?
  28. How to use Lighthouse for managed service providers (MSPs)?
  29. How to enforce enterprise-wide tagging compliance?
  30. How to implement chaos engineering in Azure?
  31. How to implement automated incident response with Logic Apps?
  32. How to build self-healing systems with Azure Monitor + Automation?
  33. How to design HA/DR for SAP on Azure?
  34. How to secure Kubernetes workloads across multi-region AKS?
  35. How to implement service mesh (Istio/Linkerd) in AKS?
  36. How to secure CI/CD pipelines with Azure DevOps + Key Vault?
  37. How to implement GitOps in AKS using Flux/ArgoCD?
  38. How to implement enterprise blockchain solutions with Azure Blockchain Service?
  39. How to design HPC clusters in Azure for research workloads?
  40. How to optimize large-scale video streaming with Azure Media Services?
  41. How to design AI at scale using Azure Cognitive Services?
  42. How to build enterprise knowledge mining solutions with Cognitive Search?
  43. How to integrate Azure Synapse with Power Platform at scale?
  44. How to secure enterprise ML pipelines with Responsible AI?
  45. How to use Azure Arc-enabled Kubernetes for hybrid governance?
  46. How to implement DevSecOps pipelines in Azure?
  47. How to enforce compliance with Azure Policy + Defender across 1000+ subscriptions?
  48. How to implement disaster recovery for multi-cloud apps?
  49. How to run confidential computing workloads with Azure Confidential VMs?
  50. How to architect for 99.999% availability on Azure?

Related Topics


   Azure_DevOps   

#GraphQL

#GraphQL

Key Concepts


S.No Topic Sub-Topics
1 GraphQL What is GraphQL?, Features, Advantages, Use cases, REST vs GraphQL
2 GraphQL Architecture Server, Client, Schema, Resolver, Type System
3 Setting Up GraphQL Installation, Apollo Server, GraphQL Yoga, Express integration, Node.js setup
4 GraphQL Schema Type definitions, Scalars, Object types, Enums, Interfaces
5 Queries Basic queries, Nested queries, Arguments, Aliases, Fragments
6 Mutations Creating mutations, Arguments, Input types, Payloads, Return values
7 Resolvers Query resolvers, Mutation resolvers, Field resolvers, Parent and args, Context
8 GraphQL Types Scalar types, Object types, Enum types, Union types, Input types
9 Variables Query variables, Mutation variables, Default values, Validation, Security
10 Fragments Reusable fragments, Fragment syntax, Nested fragments, Inline fragments, Best practices
11 Directives @include, @skip, @deprecated, Custom directives, Use cases
12 GraphQL Playground & Tools GraphiQL, Apollo Studio, Insomnia, Postman, Playground setup
13 Error Handling Errors in resolvers, Formatting errors, Error codes, Logging, Best practices
14 Authentication & Authorization JWT tokens, OAuth integration, Role-based access, Context handling, Securing endpoints
15 Pagination Offset-based, Cursor-based, Relay style, Performance optimization, Best practices
16 Filtering & Sorting Query filters, Logical operators, Sorting by fields, Nested filters, Best practices
17 GraphQL Subscriptions Real-time updates, WebSockets, Setup with Apollo, Publish/Subscribe model, Use cases
18 Batching & Caching DataLoader, Query batching, Response caching, Client-side caching, Server-side caching
19 Performance Optimization Query complexity analysis, Caching, Persisted queries, Lazy loading, Resolver optimization
20 GraphQL with Databases SQL integration, NoSQL integration, ORM usage, Query mapping, Data fetching strategies
21 GraphQL Federation Microservices architecture, Apollo Federation, Schema stitching, Resolver delegation, Best practices
22 Schema Design Best Practices Modular schemas, Naming conventions, Versioning, Documentation, Extensibility
23 Testing GraphQL APIs Unit tests, Integration tests, Mocking resolvers, Jest, Apollo testing utilities
24 Security Best Practices Query depth limiting, Query cost analysis, Authentication, Authorization, Input validation
25 GraphQL Clients Apollo Client, Relay, URQL, React integration, Angular/ Vue integration
26 GraphQL Server Deployment Hosting options, Docker deployment, Kubernetes, Scaling, Monitoring
27 Versioning & Maintenance Schema evolution, Deprecating fields, Backward compatibility, Documentation, Change management
28 Advanced Features Union types, Interfaces, Custom scalars, Schema stitching, Middleware
29 Hands-on Projects CRUD API project, Real-time chat app, E-commerce API, Social media API, Analytics dashboard API
30 Certification & Career Path GraphQL certification, Job roles, Portfolio projects, Learning resources, Career opportunities

Interview question

Basic

  1. What is GraphQL?
  2. Who developed GraphQL?
  3. What are the main benefits of GraphQL over REST?
  4. What is a GraphQL schema?
  5. What are queries in GraphQL?
  6. What are mutations in GraphQL?
  7. What are subscriptions in GraphQL?
  8. What is a resolver in GraphQL?
  9. What is the difference between query and mutation?
  10. What are GraphQL types?
  11. What are scalar types in GraphQL?
  12. What are enums in GraphQL?
  13. What are lists in GraphQL?
  14. What are non-null types in GraphQL?
  15. What is introspection in GraphQL?
  16. What is a fragment in GraphQL?
  17. What are directives in GraphQL?
  18. What is the default HTTP method for GraphQL requests?
  19. How is GraphQL strongly typed?
  20. What is the difference between GraphQL and SQL?
  21. Can GraphQL work without a database?
  22. What is the role of __typename in GraphQL?
  23. What is batching in GraphQL?
  24. What is the purpose of GraphQL variables?
  25. What are the limitations of GraphQL?

Intermediate

  1. What is the role of GraphQL schema definition language (SDL)?
  2. How do you define custom scalar types in GraphQL?
  3. Explain input types in GraphQL.
  4. What are unions in GraphQL?
  5. What are interfaces in GraphQL?
  6. How do you validate GraphQL queries?
  7. How does GraphQL handle versioning?
  8. What are the best practices for naming in GraphQL schema?
  9. What is query complexity analysis?
  10. How does GraphQL handle over-fetching and under-fetching?
  11. What are nested resolvers?
  12. What is the N+1 problem in GraphQL?
  13. How can you solve the N+1 problem in GraphQL?
  14. What is DataLoader in GraphQL?
  15. How does GraphQL handle error reporting?
  16. What are partial responses in GraphQL?
  17. How does GraphQL differ from gRPC?
  18. How do you use variables with fragments in GraphQL?
  19. How does caching work in GraphQL?
  20. What is persisted queries in GraphQL?
  21. What is GraphQL Playground?
  22. What is Apollo Server?
  23. What is Relay in GraphQL?
  24. How do GraphQL subscriptions work with WebSockets?
  25. What are the security concerns in GraphQL?

Advanced

  1. What are GraphQL Federation and schema stitching?
  2. What is Apollo Federation?
  3. What is the difference between schema stitching and federation?
  4. What is GraphQL Gateway?
  5. How do you implement authentication in GraphQL?
  6. How do you implement authorization in GraphQL?
  7. What are GraphQL directives and how do you create custom ones?
  8. How do you handle file uploads in GraphQL?
  9. What is GraphQL mesh?
  10. What are GraphQL unions vs interfaces?
  11. How do you implement batching in GraphQL resolvers?
  12. What are best practices for designing GraphQL mutations?
  13. How do you handle pagination in GraphQL?
  14. What are Relay-style pagination and connections?
  15. How do you handle rate limiting in GraphQL APIs?
  16. What is query depth limiting in GraphQL?
  17. How does GraphQL handle subscriptions at scale?
  18. How does GraphQL integrate with microservices?
  19. How do you monitor GraphQL performance?
  20. How do you trace GraphQL queries in production?
  21. What is schema federation in Apollo?
  22. What are schema delegation techniques in GraphQL?
  23. How do you modularize large GraphQL schemas?
  24. What is GraphQL schema stitching middleware?
  25. What are GraphQL schema directives for logging and tracing?

Expert

  1. How do you secure GraphQL APIs against DoS attacks?
  2. What is query cost analysis in GraphQL?
  3. How do you handle caching in GraphQL at scale?
  4. How do you integrate GraphQL with REST APIs?
  5. How do you integrate GraphQL with gRPC?
  6. How do you optimize GraphQL queries in production?
  7. What are advanced DataLoader patterns?
  8. How do you implement GraphQL schema federation in microservices architecture?
  9. How do you version GraphQL schemas in large organizations?
  10. How does GraphQL fit into Event-Driven Architectures (EDA)?
  11. How do you monitor and log GraphQL errors?
  12. How do you integrate GraphQL with Kafka?
  13. How do you handle real-time updates in GraphQL at scale?
  14. What is Apollo Gateway architecture?
  15. How do you build resilient GraphQL APIs?
  16. What are GraphQL SDL limitations and solutions?
  17. How do you implement GraphQL authorization at field level?
  18. How do you manage breaking changes in GraphQL APIs?
  19. What are GraphQL best practices for microfrontends?
  20. How do you design GraphQL APIs for large-scale enterprise systems?
  21. What is GraphQL-over-HTTP vs GraphQL-over-WebSockets?
  22. How do you handle federation across multiple teams in GraphQL?
  23. What are common GraphQL anti-patterns?
  24. What is the future of GraphQL in API design?
  25. Compare GraphQL, REST, gRPC, and OData for enterprise use cases.

Related Topics


09 November 2020

#SonarQube

#SonarQube

Key Concepts


S.No Topic Sub-Topics
1Introduction to SonarQubeWhat is SonarQube, Purpose, Benefits, Overview of code quality, Use cases
2SonarQube ArchitectureSonarQube server, Database, Compute Engine, Web server, Scanner
3Installation & SetupDownload SonarQube, Install on Linux/Windows, Configure database, Start server, Access web UI
4SonarQube EditionsCommunity, Developer, Enterprise, Data Center, Features comparison
5SonarQube ScannerWhat is Scanner, Installation, Configuration, Running analysis, Integration with CI/CD
6Analyzing ProjectsSingle project analysis, Multi-module projects, Language support, Scan report, Interpretation of results
7Quality GatesDefinition, Default rules, Pass/Fail conditions, Custom rules, Integration with pipelines
8Quality ProfilesPurpose, Language-specific profiles, Default vs Custom, Rule activation/deactivation, Assigning profiles to projects
9Code RulesTypes of rules, Coding standards, Rule severity, Adding custom rules, Best practices
10Code SmellsDefinition, Common examples, Detection, Fixing strategies, Best practices
11Bugs DetectionDefinition, Types of bugs, Automatic detection, Prioritization, Resolving bugs
12VulnerabilitiesSecurity vulnerabilities, Types, Detection methods, SonarQube rules, Remediation strategies
13DuplicationsCode duplication, Detection, Metrics, Reducing duplication, Refactoring
14Test CoverageUnit test coverage, Integration test coverage, Tools integration, Metrics, Improving coverage
15Test Execution ReportsIntegration with JUnit/TestNG, Import reports, Analysis of results, Coverage vs Execution, Reporting best practices
16Code MetricsComplexity, Lines of code, Duplications, Coverage, Maintainability, Reliability
17Project ManagementProject creation, Assigning quality profiles, Setting quality gates, Managing permissions, Project branching
18User Management & SecurityUsers, Groups, Permissions, Authentication, Roles, Access control
19Integrating with Version ControlGit, SVN, Branch analysis, Pull request decoration, SonarQube hooks
20Integrating with CI/CDJenkins, GitLab CI, GitHub Actions, Pipeline setup, Automated analysis
21Pull Request AnalysisDefinition, Setting up PR analysis, Quality gates for PRs, Feedback on PRs, Best practices
22Branch AnalysisLong-lived branches, Short-lived branches, Configuration, Metrics tracking, Reporting
23WebhooksDefinition, Setup, Triggering external services, Notifications, Integration examples
24SonarQube PluginsTypes of plugins, Installation, Marketplace, Custom plugins, Plugin management
25Web UI NavigationDashboard, Projects, Measures, Issues, Activity, Administration panel
26Notifications & ReportingEmail notifications, Weekly reports, Metrics export, PDF reports, Custom reporting
27Backup & RestoreDatabase backup, SonarQube configuration backup, Restore process, Best practices, Disaster recovery
28Performance TuningDatabase tuning, Scanner optimization, Parallel scans, Caching, Hardware recommendations
29Best PracticesCode quality standards, CI/CD integration, Branch strategy, PR analysis, Security guidelines
30Hands-on ProjectSetup SonarQube, Analyze sample project, Apply quality gate, Fix issues, Generate reports

Interview question

📘 Basic Level

  1. What is SonarQube and why is it used?
  2. What are the key features of SonarQube?
  3. Explain the difference between SonarQube Community and Enterprise editions.
  4. What is a SonarQube Scanner?
  5. What is a Quality Gate in SonarQube?
  6. What is a Quality Profile in SonarQube?
  7. What types of issues can SonarQube detect?
  8. What is the difference between a bug, vulnerability, and code smell?
  9. How do you install SonarQube on Linux/Windows?
  10. What database backends are supported by SonarQube?
  11. How do you create a new project in SonarQube?
  12. What is the default port for SonarQube?
  13. How do you run a SonarQube scan on a Java project?
  14. What is SonarLint, and how is it related to SonarQube?
  15. What is the difference between SonarScanner CLI and Maven/Gradle plugins?
  16. How do you view the analysis report in SonarQube?
  17. What is the role of the sonar-project.properties file?
  18. How do you set up users and permissions in SonarQube?
  19. How do you assign a Quality Profile to a project?
  20. What are SonarQube rules?
  21. How do you suppress false positives in SonarQube?
  22. What is meant by code coverage in SonarQube?
  23. What programming languages are supported in the Community edition?
  24. What is meant by ?technical debt? in SonarQube?
  25. What is the purpose of SonarQube dashboards?

📗 Intermediate Level

  1. How do you integrate SonarQube with Jenkins?
  2. How do you configure GitHub pull request decoration in SonarQube?
  3. How do you integrate SonarQube with GitLab CI/CD?
  4. What is branch analysis in SonarQube?
  5. How do you configure SonarQube for multi-language projects?
  6. What are hotspots in SonarQube?
  7. How do you create a custom Quality Gate?
  8. What are conditions in Quality Gates?
  9. What is the role of Quality Profiles in enforcing coding standards?
  10. How do you install and manage SonarQube plugins?
  11. How do you configure email notifications in SonarQube?
  12. How do you monitor project metrics such as coverage and duplications?
  13. What are the default metrics tracked by SonarQube?
  14. How do you perform incremental analysis with SonarQube?
  15. How does SonarQube integrate with Azure DevOps pipelines?
  16. What are portfolio dashboards in SonarQube Enterprise edition?
  17. How do you migrate SonarQube to a new server?
  18. How do you back up SonarQube?
  19. What is SonarQube?s role in DevOps pipelines?
  20. How do you enforce mandatory Quality Gates in CI/CD?
  21. How do you configure role-based access control (RBAC) in SonarQube?
  22. How do you use the Web API in SonarQube?
  23. What are the differences between SonarLint and SonarQube?
  24. How do you analyze a project with Gradle in SonarQube?
  25. How do you handle authentication in SonarQube?

📕 Advanced Level

  1. How does SonarQube measure maintainability?
  2. Explain the architecture of SonarQube.
  3. What are the roles of Elasticsearch in SonarQube?
  4. How do you tune SonarQube performance for large codebases?
  5. What are custom rules in SonarQube?
  6. How do you write a custom rule for Java in SonarQube?
  7. How do you configure advanced Quality Profiles?
  8. How do you perform zero-downtime upgrades of SonarQube?
  9. How do you handle branch analysis in Community vs Developer edition?
  10. What are duplications in SonarQube, and how are they detected?
  11. How do you configure SonarQube with PostgreSQL?
  12. How do you enforce OWASP Top 10 checks in SonarQube?
  13. How does SonarQube detect SQL injection vulnerabilities?
  14. How do you configure LDAP or SAML authentication in SonarQube?
  15. What are portfolio management features in SonarQube Enterprise?
  16. How do you implement governance in SonarQube?
  17. What are leak periods in SonarQube?
  18. How do you integrate SonarQube with Bitbucket pipelines?
  19. How do you manage multi-tenant projects in SonarQube?
  20. How do you configure project tags and categories in SonarQube?
  21. How do you automate SonarQube analysis in a pipeline?
  22. How do you customize dashboards in SonarQube?
  23. How do you manage rule inheritance in Quality Profiles?
  24. What is differential analysis in SonarQube?
  25. How do you monitor SonarQube with Prometheus and Grafana?

📓 Expert Level

  1. How do you design a scalable SonarQube architecture for enterprise?
  2. How do you configure horizontal scaling in SonarQube?
  3. How do you secure SonarQube against OWASP vulnerabilities?
  4. How do you optimize SonarQube for thousands of concurrent scans?
  5. What are best practices for managing Quality Gates across 500+ projects?
  6. How do you configure multi-region SonarQube deployments?
  7. How do you develop a custom SonarQube plugin?
  8. What are the internals of SonarQube?s rule engine?
  9. How do you implement advanced CI/CD with SonarQube and Kubernetes?
  10. How do you integrate SonarQube with service mesh environments?
  11. How do you perform root-cause analysis on SonarQube performance issues?
  12. How do you configure enterprise-grade RBAC across hundreds of teams?
  13. How do you manage SonarQube in hybrid cloud setups?
  14. How do you integrate SonarQube with enterprise SSO providers?
  15. How do you secure secrets in SonarQube pipelines?
  16. How do you configure compliance reports for financial regulations?
  17. How do you monitor SonarQube logs at scale using ELK?
  18. How do you implement zero trust security in SonarQube?
  19. How do you manage petabyte-scale code analysis in SonarQube?
  20. What are challenges in migrating from Fortify/Checkmarx to SonarQube?
  21. How do you integrate SonarQube with AI/ML pipelines?
  22. What is the future of SonarQube in the DevSecOps ecosystem?
  23. How do you optimize rule sets for microservices architectures?
  24. How do you manage SonarQube for 1000+ developers?
  25. How do you enforce enterprise-wide technical debt reduction with SonarQube?


Related Topics


08 November 2020

#Hibernate

#Hibernate

Key Concepts


S.No Topic Sub-Topics
1 Introduction to Hibernate What is Hibernate?, Features, Advantages, ORM concept, Use cases
2 Hibernate Architecture Configuration, SessionFactory, Session, Transaction, Query Interface
3 Environment Setup Hibernate installation, IDE setup, Database setup, Maven/Gradle dependencies, Configuration files
4 Hibernate Configuration hibernate.cfg.xml, hibernate.properties, DataSource configuration, Dialects, Connection pooling
5 Entity Mapping @Entity annotation, @Table annotation, @Id annotation, @Column annotation, Mapping strategies
6 Primary Key Generation IDENTITY, SEQUENCE, TABLE, AUTO, Custom generators
7 Hibernate Session Opening session, Closing session, SessionFactory, Session methods, Best practices
8 CRUD Operations Save, Update, Delete, Load, Get
9 Hibernate Query Language (HQL) Basics of HQL, SELECT queries, WHERE clause, JOINs, Aggregation functions
10 Criteria API Creating Criteria, Restrictions, Projections, Ordering, Pagination
11 Native SQL Queries Executing SQL, Result mapping, Named queries, Parameters, Pagination
12 Associations in Hibernate One-to-One, One-to-Many, Many-to-One, Many-to-Many, Mapping strategies
13 Collection Mapping List, Set, Map, Bag, Array mapping
14 Inheritance Mapping Single Table strategy, Table per Class strategy, Joined strategy, Discriminator column, Annotations
15 Component Mapping Embedded objects, @Embeddable, @Embedded annotation, Reusability, Nested components
16 Hibernate Caching First-level cache, Second-level cache, Query cache, Cache providers, Configuration
17 Hibernate Transactions Transaction API, ACID properties, Commit, Rollback, Transaction propagation
18 Lazy vs Eager Loading Lazy loading, Eager loading, FetchType, Performance impact, Use cases
19 Hibernate Event Listeners PreInsert, PostInsert, PreUpdate, PostUpdate, Configuration
20 Hibernate Interceptors Session interceptor, Methods, Custom interceptors, Performance, Use cases
21 Hibernate Validator Bean validation, @NotNull, @Size, Custom constraints, Integration
22 Hibernate Filters Defining filters, Enabling filters, Parameters, Dynamic filtering, Use cases
23 Named Queries Defining queries, Using @NamedQuery, Using @NamedNativeQuery, Parameters, Reusability
24 Batch Processing Bulk insert, Bulk update, Stateless session, JDBC batch, Performance optimization
25 Optimistic & Pessimistic Locking Optimistic locking, Pessimistic locking, Versioning, Lock modes, Concurrency control
26 Hibernate with Spring Spring ORM, SessionFactory integration, Transaction management, DAO pattern, Configuration
27 Performance Tuning Query optimization, Fetch strategies, Caching strategies, Connection pooling, Monitoring tools
28 Logging & Monitoring Hibernate logging, SQL logging, Statistics, JMX monitoring, Tools
29 Projects & Hands-on Labs CRUD project, Association mapping project, Inheritance mapping project, Caching project, Spring integration project
30 Certification & Career Path Hibernate certification, Job roles, Learning resources, Real-time projects, Best practices

Interview question

Basic

  1. What is Hibernate?
  2. Difference between Hibernate and JDBC?
  3. What are the advantages of Hibernate ORM?
  4. What is JPA and how is it related to Hibernate?
  5. Explain ORM in simple terms.
  6. What is the role of hibernate.cfg.xml?
  7. What is the use of SessionFactory?
  8. What is the difference between Session and SessionFactory?
  9. Explain the lifecycle of a Hibernate Session.
  10. What are persistent objects in Hibernate?
  11. What is the difference between transient, persistent, and detached objects?
  12. Explain the role of @Entity annotation.
  13. How do you map a table to a class in Hibernate?
  14. What is @Id and @GeneratedValue annotation used for?
  15. How do you configure database connection in Hibernate?
  16. What is Hibernate Dialect?
  17. Explain HQL (Hibernate Query Language).
  18. What is the difference between HQL and SQL?
  19. How do you perform CRUD operations in Hibernate?
  20. What is the default fetching strategy in Hibernate?
  21. Difference between get() and load() methods?
  22. What are named queries in Hibernate?
  23. Explain the role of @Table annotation.
  24. What is the use of hibernate.properties file?
  25. Explain the difference between save(), persist(), and saveOrUpdate().

Intermediate

  1. What are the different types of entity mapping in Hibernate?
  2. How do you implement one-to-one mapping in Hibernate?
  3. How do you implement one-to-many mapping in Hibernate?
  4. How do you implement many-to-many mapping in Hibernate?
  5. Explain cascading in Hibernate.
  6. What is lazy loading in Hibernate?
  7. Difference between lazy and eager fetching?
  8. What is the N+1 select problem?
  9. How to solve N+1 problem in Hibernate?
  10. What are embedded objects in Hibernate?
  11. Explain inheritance mapping strategies in Hibernate.
  12. Difference between Single Table and Joined strategy?
  13. How do you configure table per class hierarchy?
  14. What is the role of @Inheritance annotation?
  15. Explain the role of @MappedSuperclass.
  16. What are Hibernate annotations used for composite keys?
  17. How do you handle versioning in Hibernate?
  18. Explain optimistic and pessimistic locking.
  19. What is Hibernate Criteria API?
  20. Difference between HQL and Criteria API?
  21. What are projections in Criteria API?
  22. How do you add restrictions in Criteria API?
  23. What is the use of CriteriaBuilder in JPA?
  24. How do you perform pagination in Hibernate?
  25. Difference between Query, TypedQuery, and CriteriaQuery?

Advanced

  1. What is the role of Session.flush()?
  2. What is the difference between flush() and commit()?
  3. Explain clear() and evict() methods.
  4. How do you detach an entity in Hibernate?
  5. What is the use of merge() in Hibernate?
  6. What is the difference between merge() and update()?
  7. What is the first-level cache in Hibernate?
  8. What is the second-level cache in Hibernate?
  9. What cache providers can be used with Hibernate?
  10. What is query-level cache in Hibernate?
  11. How do you configure Ehcache in Hibernate?
  12. Explain Hibernate?s integration with Spring.
  13. What is the role of LocalSessionFactoryBean in Spring?
  14. How do you configure transaction management in Spring + Hibernate?
  15. Difference between programmatic and declarative transactions?
  16. What are Interceptors in Hibernate?
  17. Difference between Interceptor and EventListener?
  18. Explain entity lifecycle events in Hibernate.
  19. How do you use Hibernate with stored procedures?
  20. How do you map native SQL queries in Hibernate?
  21. What are named native queries?
  22. How do you log SQL queries in Hibernate?
  23. Explain batch processing in Hibernate.
  24. How do you configure batch size in Hibernate?
  25. What is StatelessSession in Hibernate?

Expert

  1. What are best practices for Hibernate performance tuning?
  2. How do you optimize Hibernate for large datasets?
  3. How do you use Fetch Joins in Hibernate?
  4. Explain DTO projection using Hibernate.
  5. What is Hibernate Validator and how is it used?
  6. What is JSR-303 Bean Validation in Hibernate?
  7. How do you configure custom validators in Hibernate?
  8. What is a proxy object in Hibernate?
  9. What are bytecode enhancement techniques in Hibernate?
  10. Explain dirty checking in Hibernate.
  11. How does Hibernate detect changes in entities?
  12. What is Hibernate Envers?
  13. How do you implement auditing in Hibernate?
  14. Explain multi-tenancy support in Hibernate.
  15. Difference between schema, database, and discriminator-based multi-tenancy?
  16. How does Hibernate integrate with NoSQL databases?
  17. What is Hibernate OGM?
  18. Explain Hibernate Search and its use cases.
  19. How does Hibernate integrate with Elasticsearch?
  20. Explain polyglot persistence with Hibernate.
  21. How do you handle migration and versioning with Hibernate?
  22. How do you integrate Hibernate with Flyway or Liquibase?
  23. How do you debug Hibernate performance issues?
  24. How does Hibernate differ from JPA, MyBatis, and EclipseLink?
  25. Future of Hibernate: How does it fit into modern microservices and cloud-native architectures?

Related Topics