#Circuit Breaker

#CoreJava

Last updated    - V4 (16-Sep-2025)

Key Concepts

Topic	Sub-Topics	Basic	Intermediate	Advanced	Expert
Java Basics	History, Features, JVM, JRE, JDK, Hello World, Data Types, Variables, Operators, Keywords	✅
Control Statements	if-else, switch, loops (for, while, do-while), break, continue, return	✅
OOP Concepts	Class, Object, Constructor, Inheritance, Polymorphism, Encapsulation, Abstraction, Method Overloading	✅	✅
String Handling	String class, StringBuffer, StringBuilder, Immutable Strings, String Pool, String methods	✅	✅
Arrays	Single-Dimensional, Multi-Dimensional, Array class methods, Copying, Searching, Sorting	✅	✅
Wrapper Classes	Autoboxing, Unboxing, Primitive wrappers (Integer, Double, etc.)	✅	✅
Exception Handling	try-catch, finally, throw, throws, custom exceptions, exception hierarchy	✅	✅	✅
Collections Framework	List, Set, Map, Queue, Iterator, Generics, Utility classes (Collections, Arrays)		✅	✅	✅
Multithreading	Thread class, Runnable, Synchronization, Inter-thread communication, Executors, Concurrency utilities		✅	✅	✅
Java I/O	Streams, Readers/Writers, File Handling, Serialization, NIO, NIO.2		✅	✅	✅
Inner Classes	Member, Local, Anonymous, Static nested classes		✅	✅
Java 8 Features	Lambda Expressions, Functional Interfaces, Streams API, Optional, Default/Static methods in interfaces		✅	✅	✅
Memory Management	Stack vs Heap, Garbage Collection, Finalization, References (Soft, Weak, Phantom)		✅	✅	✅
Java Reflection API	Class object, Reflection for methods, fields, constructors, Annotations			✅	✅
Annotations	Built-in annotations, Custom annotations, Meta-annotations, Processing annotations			✅	✅
JDBC	Driver types, Connection, Statement, PreparedStatement, ResultSet, Transactions		✅	✅	✅
Serialization	Serializable interface, transient keyword, Externalizable		✅	✅
Java Networking	Socket, ServerSocket, Datagram, URL, HttpURLConnection		✅	✅	✅
Java Security	Access Modifiers, Security Manager, Cryptography APIs, JAAS			✅	✅
JVM Internals	ClassLoader, Bytecode, JIT Compiler, Memory Areas, GC algorithms, JVM tuning			✅	✅
Design Patterns in Java	Singleton, Factory, Builder, Observer, Strategy, Proxy, DAO			✅	✅
Advanced Concurrency	Fork/Join framework, CompletableFuture, Parallel Streams, Locks, Atomic variables			✅	✅
Java Modules (Java 9+)	Module system, module-info.java, readability, exports, services			✅	✅
New Java Features (10?21)	var keyword, Records, Sealed classes, Switch Expressions, Pattern Matching, Virtual Threads			✅	✅

Interview question

1. Java Basics

1. What are the main features of Java?
2. Explain the differences between JDK, JRE, and JVM.
3. What is bytecode in Java?
4. Why is Java platform-independent?
5. What is the difference between a compiled and interpreted language?
6. Explain Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation in Java.
7. What are Java?s access modifiers?
8. Difference between == and .equals() in Java.
9. What is the significance of the main method?
10. Can we have multiple main methods in a class?
11. What is the difference between primitive types and objects?
12. Explain variable scope in Java.
13. What are literals in Java?
14. Difference between static and non-static variables.
15. Explain type casting in Java.
16. What is a package in Java?
17. Difference between import and static import.
18. What is the default value of local variables?
19. What is the difference between final, finally, and finalize?
20. Can you overload the main method?
21. Why is Java not a purely object-oriented language?
22. Explain garbage collection basics in Java.
23. Can we declare a local variable as static?
24. What is a marker interface in Java?
25. Why is Java called ?write once, run anywhere??

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2. OOP Concepts

1. What are the four main principles of OOP?
2. Difference between class and object in Java.
3. Explain constructor overloading with example.
4. What is method overloading and method overriding?
5. Difference between abstract class and interface.
6. Can an abstract class have a constructor?
7. Can interfaces have default methods?
8. Explain multiple inheritance in Java via interfaces.
9. What is encapsulation? Give an example.
10. What is the significance of super keyword?
11. Can we override static methods in Java?
12. Explain the concept of covariant return types.
13. Difference between this and super in Java.
14. Can we declare a class as both abstract and final?
15. What are anonymous classes in Java?
16. Can constructors be inherited in Java?
17. Difference between final, abstract, and static classes.
18. Can an interface extend multiple interfaces?
19. What is a functional interface?
20. Explain polymorphism with examples.
21. What is the difference between overloading and overriding rules?
22. Can we have multiple constructors with different access modifiers?
23. What is object cloning in Java?
24. Difference between shallow copy and deep copy.
25. How is encapsulation implemented in Java?

---

3. Strings & Arrays

1. Difference between String, StringBuilder, and StringBuffer.
2. Why are strings immutable in Java?
3. What is the String pool in Java?
4. Difference between == and .equals() for strings.
5. How do you compare two strings in Java?
6. What is substring pooling in Java?
7. Can String be extended in Java?
8. How do you split a String in Java?
9. Difference between intern() and normal strings.
10. How do you reverse a String in Java?
11. How do you check if a string is a palindrome?
12. Difference between length() of String and length of Array.
13. How do you copy an array in Java?
14. What is Arrays.asList() method used for?
15. How do you sort an array of objects?
16. Difference between shallow copy and deep copy in arrays.
17. How do you search an element in an array?
18. Difference between jagged and multidimensional arrays.
19. Can arrays in Java be resized?
20. Difference between Array and ArrayList.
21. What is System.arraycopy()?
22. What is String.join() method used for?
23. Difference between String.valueOf() and toString().
24. How do you convert String to int and int to String?
25. How do you count vowels in a String?

---

4. Exception Handling

1. Difference between Error and Exception in Java.
2. Difference between checked and unchecked exceptions.
3. What happens if an exception is not caught?
4. Explain try, catch, finally block.
5. Can we have multiple catch blocks for a try?
6. Can finally block be skipped?
7. Can we use try without catch?
8. Difference between throw and throws.
9. What is a custom exception? Give an example.
10. Can constructors throw exceptions?
11. Can you declare the main method with throws clause?
12. Difference between NoClassDefFoundError and ClassNotFoundException.
13. Can you rethrow an exception in Java?
14. What is exception chaining?
15. Can static initializers throw exceptions?
16. What is suppressed exception in try-with-resources?
17. Difference between FileNotFoundException and IOException.
18. Explain exception propagation in Java.
19. Can you catch multiple exceptions in one catch block?
20. Can overriding methods throw exceptions?
21. Why is exception handling important in Java?
22. What are runtime exceptions?
23. What is the base class of all exceptions?
24. Can final, static, and private methods throw exceptions?
25. Explain best practices in exception handling.

---

5. Collections Framework

1. What is the difference between List, Set, and Map?
2. Difference between ArrayList and LinkedList.
3. Difference between HashSet and TreeSet.
4. Difference between HashMap and Hashtable.
5. Can we store null keys in HashMap?
6. What is the difference between fail-fast and fail-safe iterators?
7. What is the difference between Iterator and ListIterator?
8. Can we use generics with collections?
9. Difference between HashMap and ConcurrentHashMap.
10. Explain the internal working of HashMap.
11. How does HashSet work internally?
12. Difference between Comparator and Comparable.
13. Can we sort a HashMap by values?
14. Difference between TreeMap and HashMap.
15. What is the difference between shallow copy and deep copy in collections?
16. What is CopyOnWriteArrayList?
17. Difference between Vector and ArrayList.
18. How does ConcurrentHashMap achieve thread safety?
19. Can we make a collection immutable?
20. What are weak collections in Java?
21. What is EnumSet and EnumMap?
22. Difference between LinkedHashMap and HashMap.
23. What is PriorityQueue in Java?
24. What are Navigable collections?
25. Difference between Collections.synchronizedList() and CopyOnWriteArrayList.

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6. Multithreading & Concurrency

1. Difference between process and thread.
2. How do you create a thread in Java?
3. Difference between extending Thread and implementing Runnable.
4. What is synchronization in Java?
5. What is inter-thread communication?
6. Explain wait(), notify(), and notifyAll().
7. Difference between sleep() and wait().
8. What are daemon threads in Java?
9. Can we start a thread twice?
10. What is thread starvation?
11. Difference between synchronized method and synchronized block.
12. What is deadlock in Java?
13. How do you avoid deadlock?
14. What is the difference between race condition and deadlock?
15. Explain the Executor framework in Java.
16. What is Callable and Future in Java?
17. What are concurrent collections?
18. What is a volatile keyword in Java?
19. What is a ReentrantLock?
20. Difference between submit() and execute() in ExecutorService.
21. What are atomic variables?
22. What is the ForkJoin framework?
23. Explain CompletableFuture with example.
24. What is ThreadLocal in Java?
25. What are virtual threads in Java?

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7. Java I/O & Serialization

1. Difference between byte streams and character streams.
2. What are InputStream and OutputStream?
3. Difference between FileReader and FileInputStream.
4. What is a BufferedReader?
5. Difference between Scanner and BufferedReader.
6. What is Object Serialization?
7. What is the use of the transient keyword?
8. Difference between Serializable and Externalizable.
9. Can static variables be serialized?
10. What is NIO in Java?
11. Difference between FileChannel and Stream.
12. What are memory-mapped files?
13. How do you read a large file efficiently?
14. Difference between Reader and Writer in Java.
15. What is PrintWriter used for?
16. What is RandomAccessFile?
17. Difference between flush() and close().
18. What is Path, Paths, and Files class in NIO.2?
19. Explain WatchService API in NIO.
20. How to copy files in Java?
21. What is serialization proxy pattern?
22. Difference between character encoding and decoding.
23. What is Base64 encoding in Java?
24. How do you compress files in Java?
25. What are ZipInputStream and ZipOutputStream?

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8. Advanced Java Features

1. What are lambda expressions in Java?
2. What is a functional interface?
3. Difference between Predicate, Consumer, and Function.
4. What is method reference in Java?
5. What is the Optional class in Java?
6. Difference between map() and flatMap() in Streams.
7. What is a parallel stream?
8. What are default and static methods in interfaces?
9. What is the difference between filter(), map(), and reduce()?
10. Difference between findFirst() and findAny().
11. What is the purpose of Collectors class?
12. What are immutable collections in Java 9?
13. What is the var keyword in Java 10?
14. What are records in Java?
15. What are sealed classes in Java?
16. What is pattern matching for instanceof?
17. Difference between switch expressions and switch statements.
18. What are text blocks in Java?
19. What are virtual threads (Project Loom)?
20. What are structured concurrency features in Java?
21. Difference between record and class.
22. What are string templates (Java 21)?
23. What is the Vector API in Java?
24. What are hidden classes in Java?
25. What are value types (Project Valhalla)?

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9. Memory Management & JVM Internals

1. Explain stack vs heap memory in Java.
2. What is the method area in JVM?
3. Difference between classloader types.
4. What are the phases of class loading?
5. Explain the difference between bootstrap and system classloader.
6. What is the PermGen and Metaspace in Java?
7. What is Just-In-Time (JIT) compiler?
8. Difference between client and server JVM.
9. What are the different types of garbage collectors?
10. Explain G1 garbage collector.
11. What is garbage collection tuning?
12. What are reference types (soft, weak, phantom)?
13. Explain finalize() method in Java.
14. What is escape analysis?
15. Difference between heap dump and thread dump.
16. What is memory leak in Java?
17. How do you monitor JVM memory usage?
18. What is OutOfMemoryError?
19. What is StackOverflowError?
20. How do you optimize Java memory usage?
21. What is class reloading in JVM?
22. What are JIT optimizations?
23. Difference between Stop-the-world and Concurrent GC.
24. What is ahead-of-time (AOT) compilation?
25. Explain Z Garbage Collector.

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10. Design Patterns & Best Practices

1. What is the Singleton pattern? How is it implemented in Java?
2. Explain the Factory pattern in Java.
3. What is the Builder pattern?
4. Explain the Prototype pattern.
5. What is the Adapter pattern?
6. Explain the Strategy pattern.
7. What is the Observer pattern?
8. Explain the Proxy pattern.
9. What is the Decorator pattern?
10. What is the Command pattern?
11. Explain the DAO pattern in Java.
12. Difference between Singleton and Static class.
13. What is Dependency Injection in Java?
14. What is the Template Method pattern?
15. Explain the difference between composition and inheritance.
16. What is the difference between DTO and VO?
17. What is the Law of Demeter?
18. What are SOLID principles?
19. Explain KISS, DRY, and YAGNI principles.
20. What is the difference between immutability and mutability?
21. Explain fail-fast and fail-safe best practices.
22. How do you design exception-safe APIs?
23. What is defensive copying?
24. What is thread-safe design?
25. Explain best practices for Java coding standards.

Related Topics

Java_Versions

OOP Concepts

Collections

Exception_Handling

String_Class

MultiThread

Generics

JDBC

Java_IO

#SQL_Server

Last updated    - V6 (05-Oct-2025)

Key Concepts

Topic	SubTopics	Basic	Intermediate	Advanced	Expert
Introduction & Basics	Overview, Editions, Versions, Features	✅
Installation & Configuration	System Requirements, Installation, Configuration, Services	✅	✅
Databases	Creating Databases, Database Properties, Collation, Filegroups	✅	✅
Tables & Schemas	Creating Tables, Data Types, Constraints, Schemas	✅	✅
Data Types	Numeric, String, DateTime, Binary, XML, JSON	✅	✅
Primary & Foreign Keys	PK, FK, Relationships, Referential Integrity	✅	✅
Indexes	Clustered, Non-Clustered, Columnstore, Filtered Indexes		✅	✅
Views	Simple Views, Indexed Views, Partitioned Views, Security	✅	✅	✅
Stored Procedures	Creating, Executing, Parameters, Error Handling	✅	✅	✅
Functions	Scalar, Table-Valued, Inline, User-Defined	✅	✅	✅
Triggers	DML Triggers, DDL Triggers, INSTEAD OF, AFTER		✅	✅
Transactions	ACID, BEGIN/COMMIT/ROLLBACK, Isolation Levels	✅	✅	✅
Locks & Deadlocks	Lock Types, Blocking, Deadlock Detection		✅	✅
Constraints	CHECK, DEFAULT, UNIQUE, NOT NULL	✅	✅
Normalization & Design	1NF, 2NF, 3NF, Denormalization, ERD	✅	✅
Querying	SELECT, JOINs, WHERE, GROUP BY, HAVING, ORDER BY	✅	✅	✅
Advanced Queries	CTE, Window Functions, Ranking, Pivot/Unpivot		✅	✅
Performance Tuning	Index Tuning, Execution Plans, Query Optimization		✅	✅
Transactions & Concurrency	Isolation Levels, Locks, Deadlocks, Snapshot Isolation		✅	✅
Backup & Restore	Full, Differential, Log Backup, Restore Scenarios	✅	✅	✅
Security	Authentication, Authorization, Roles, Permissions, Encryption	✅	✅	✅	✅
Replication & Mirroring	Snapshot, Transactional, Merge, Database Mirroring		✅	✅	✅
High Availability	Always On, Failover Cluster Instances, Log Shipping		✅	✅	✅
Monitoring & Maintenance	Performance Monitoring, SQL Agent Jobs, Maintenance Plans		✅	✅	✅
Advanced Topics	Partitioning, Service Broker, Query Store, PolyBase			✅	✅
Cloud & Hybrid	Azure SQL, Managed Instance, Synapse Analytics, Migrations			✅	✅

Interview question

Basic Level

1. What is SQL Server and how does it differ from other RDBMS?
2. What are the main editions of SQL Server?
3. How do you install SQL Server?
4. What is SQL Server Management Studio (SSMS)?
5. What are databases, tables, and schemas in SQL Server?
6. How do you create a database in SQL Server?
7. How do you create a table in SQL Server?
8. What are the different data types in SQL Server?
9. What is a primary key? How do you define it in SQL Server?
10. What is a foreign key? How do you define it in SQL Server?
11. What is the difference between CHAR, VARCHAR, and NVARCHAR?
12. How do you insert data into a table?
13. How do you update and delete records in SQL Server?
14. What is the difference between DELETE, TRUNCATE, and DROP?
15. What are constraints in SQL Server? Name a few types.
16. How do you create indexes in SQL Server?
17. What is a clustered index? How does it differ from a non-clustered index?
18. How do you check the structure of a table in SQL Server?
19. How do you retrieve all databases on a SQL Server instance?
20. What is the difference between UNION and UNION ALL?
21. How do you filter data using the WHERE clause?
22. Explain the difference between INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN, and FULL JOIN.
23. What is the purpose of the TOP keyword in SQL Server?
24. What is IDENTITY in SQL Server? How is it used?
25. How do you back up and restore a SQL Server database?

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Intermediate Level

1. What are SQL Server system databases?
2. Explain the purpose of master, msdb, model, and tempdb.
3. What is tempdb used for?
4. Explain the difference between a view and a materialized view.
5. What are stored procedures in SQL Server?
6. How do you create and execute a stored procedure?
7. What are triggers in SQL Server?
8. Explain the difference between AFTER and INSTEAD OF triggers.
9. What are functions in SQL Server? Differentiate between scalar and table-valued functions.
10. What is a common table expression (CTE)?
11. How do you implement recursive queries in SQL Server?
12. What are transactions in SQL Server?
13. Explain ACID properties in SQL Server.
14. What is the difference between COMMIT and ROLLBACK?
15. How does SQL Server handle concurrency?
16. What are isolation levels in SQL Server? List them.
17. What is the difference between optimistic and pessimistic concurrency control?
18. How do you use the EXCEPT and INTERSECT operators?
19. What are SQL Server Operators like LIKE, BETWEEN, IN, and EXISTS?
20. What is the CASE statement in SQL Server?
21. How do you handle NULL values in SQL Server?
22. What is the difference between ISNULL() and COALESCE()?
23. How do you grant and revoke permissions in SQL Server?
24. What are SQL Server logins and users? How do they differ?
25. What is the SQL Server Agent? What is it used for?

---

Advanced Level

1. What is indexing strategy in SQL Server?
2. What are included columns in a non-clustered index?
3. What is a filtered index in SQL Server?
4. What are indexed views in SQL Server?
5. What are statistics in SQL Server? Why are they important?
6. How does SQL Server query optimizer work?
7. What is the execution plan in SQL Server? How do you read it?
8. What is parameter sniffing in SQL Server?
9. How do you avoid parameter sniffing issues?
10. What is a deadlock in SQL Server? How do you resolve it?
11. How do you detect blocking in SQL Server?
12. Explain difference between NOLOCK and other table hints.
13. What is sp_who2 used for?
14. How do you find the longest-running queries in SQL Server?
15. What are Dynamic Management Views (DMVs)?
16. How do you monitor performance using DMVs?
17. What is partitioning in SQL Server?
18. What are partitioned tables and partitioned indexes?
19. What is replication in SQL Server? Types?
20. What is the difference between snapshot, transactional, and merge replication?
21. What is log shipping in SQL Server?
22. What is database mirroring in SQL Server?
23. What is AlwaysOn Availability Groups in SQL Server?
24. How do you configure failover clustering in SQL Server?
25. What is database sharding? Is it supported in SQL Server?

---

Expert Level

1. Explain SQL Server architecture (SQL OS, storage engine, relational engine).
2. What is the difference between SQL Server on-premises and Azure SQL Database?
3. What are extended events in SQL Server?
4. What is SQL Profiler? Why is it deprecated?
5. How do you capture deadlock graphs in SQL Server?
6. Explain tempdb contention and how to resolve it.
7. How do you tune queries in SQL Server?
8. What is Query Store in SQL Server?
9. How do you use Query Store for performance troubleshooting?
10. What are columnstore indexes? When should you use them?
11. What is in-memory OLTP in SQL Server?
12. How does SQL Server handle encryption (TDE, Always Encrypted)?
13. What is row-level security (RLS) in SQL Server?
14. What are dynamic data masking techniques in SQL Server?
15. Explain PolyBase in SQL Server.
16. How do you connect SQL Server to external data sources (linked servers)?
17. What is Service Broker in SQL Server?
18. What is Change Data Capture (CDC)?
19. What is Change Tracking in SQL Server?
20. What is the difference between CDC and Change Tracking?
21. How do you implement auditing in SQL Server?
22. What are best practices for SQL Server index maintenance?
23. How do you configure high availability and disaster recovery (HADR)?
24. What is the difference between synchronous and asynchronous replication in SQL Server?
25. Compare SQL Server with PostgreSQL and Oracle in terms of scalability, features, and use cases.

---

Related Topics

Complex_Query

#SOAP

Last updated    - V6 (03-Oct-2025)

Key Concepts

Topic	SubTopics	Basic	Intermediate	Advanced	Expert
SOAP Fundamentals	Definition, Purpose, Characteristics	✅
SOAP Message Structure	Envelope, Header, Body, Fault	✅	✅
SOAP Protocols	HTTP, SMTP, JMS, TCP	✅	✅
SOAP vs REST	Differences, Advantages, Disadvantages	✅	✅
SOAP Elements	Envelope, Namespace, Encoding	✅	✅
WSDL	Definition, Structure, Operations, Bindings		✅	✅
UDDI	Service Registry, Lookup, Discovery		✅	✅
SOAP Binding Styles	Document Style, RPC Style, Encoded, Literal		✅	✅
SOAP Fault Handling	Fault Code, Fault String, Detail	✅	✅	✅
SOAP Headers	Authentication, Transaction, Routing		✅	✅	✅
SOAP Attachments	SwA, DIME, MTOM		✅	✅	✅
SOAP Security Basics	SSL, Basic Auth, Token-based		✅	✅
WS-Security	Encryption, Signatures, UsernameToken			✅	✅
WS-Addressing	Endpoint References, Message Routing			✅	✅
WS-ReliableMessaging	Message Ordering, Delivery Assurance			✅	✅
WS-Policy	Policy Assertion, Policy Attachment			✅	✅
WS-AtomicTransaction	Commit, Rollback, Coordination			✅	✅
WS-Federation	Identity Federation, Trust Relationships			✅	✅
SOAP Interoperability	Namespaces, Encoding Rules, Standards		✅	✅	✅
SOAP Handlers	Request/Response Processing, Logging		✅	✅	✅
Development Approaches	Contract-first, Code-first		✅	✅	✅
SOAP Tools	SoapUI, Postman, Apache CXF, Axis2	✅	✅	✅	✅
SOAP in Java	JAX-WS, Spring-WS, CXF		✅	✅	✅
SOAP in .NET	WCF, ASMX, Visual Studio		✅	✅	✅
SOAP Performance	Optimization, Compression, Scalability			✅	✅
SOAP Security Advanced	Replay Attack Prevention, SAML Tokens			✅	✅
Monitoring & Debugging	Logging, Tracing, Message Inspection		✅	✅	✅
Testing SOAP	Unit Tests, Integration Tests, Load Tests	✅	✅	✅	✅
SOAP in ESB	Service Orchestration, Mediation, Routing			✅	✅
SOAP in Microservices	Integration, Migration to REST			✅	✅

Interview question

Basic

1. What is SOAP?
2. What does SOAP stand for?
3. What is the main purpose of SOAP in web services?
4. Explain the SOAP message structure.
5. What are the main parts of a SOAP message?
6. What is the SOAP Envelope element?
7. What is the SOAP Header used for?
8. What is the SOAP Body used for?
9. What is the SOAP Fault element?
10. What transport protocols can SOAP use?
11. What is the difference between SOAP and REST?
12. What is XML in the context of SOAP?
13. Is SOAP platform independent? Explain.
14. What is WSDL in SOAP web services?
15. What are SOAP bindings?
16. What is the role of UDDI in SOAP?
17. What are the advantages of SOAP over REST?
18. What are the disadvantages of SOAP?
19. What is the SOAP action in HTTP headers?
20. What data format does SOAP use?
21. Can SOAP work without WSDL?
22. What is a SOAP client?
23. What is a SOAP server?
24. What is the default port for SOAP web services?
25. Explain the difference between SOAP request and SOAP response.

---

Intermediate

1. Explain the role of namespaces in SOAP.
2. What are the different encoding styles in SOAP?
3. What is document-style SOAP?
4. What is RPC-style SOAP?
5. Compare RPC and document-style SOAP.
6. What is a SOAP Fault code?
7. Explain the SOAP Fault string.
8. What is the role of SOAP intermediaries?
9. What are SOAP modules?
10. What is the difference between SOAP encoding and literal?
11. How does SOAP handle stateful operations?
12. What is the difference between SOAP and JSON-RPC?
13. Explain the difference between SOAP and XML-RPC.
14. What is the SOAP processing model?
15. Explain message-level security in SOAP.
16. What are SOAP headers used for in authentication?
17. How do you define operations in WSDL for SOAP?
18. What is the difference between SOAP 1.1 and SOAP 1.2?
19. What are SOAP faults in SOAP 1.2?
20. What is the SOAP Message Transmission Optimization Mechanism (MTOM)?
21. How does SOAP handle attachments?
22. What is the difference between DIME and MTOM?
23. How is error handling done in SOAP?
24. How does SOAP handle multiple operations in a single service?
25. What are the different WSDL binding styles for SOAP?

---

Advanced

1. Explain the security challenges in SOAP.
2. What is WS-Security in SOAP?
3. What are WS-* standards?
4. Explain WS-Addressing in SOAP.
5. What is WS-ReliableMessaging?
6. What is WS-Policy?
7. Explain WS-AtomicTransaction.
8. What is WS-Federation?
9. How does WS-Security implement encryption in SOAP?
10. How does WS-Security implement digital signatures?
11. Explain UsernameToken in WS-Security.
12. What is the difference between message-level and transport-level security in SOAP?
13. What is the role of SAML tokens in SOAP web services?
14. How do SOAP services handle large messages?
15. What are best practices for SOAP fault handling?
16. What are SOAP handlers?
17. What is the difference between a handler and an interceptor in SOAP?
18. How does SOAP ensure interoperability?
19. Explain contract-first vs code-first SOAP service development.
20. How do you generate SOAP client stubs from WSDL?
21. What are the advantages of WSDL over manual SOAP XML creation?
22. What is the difference between synchronous and asynchronous SOAP calls?
23. How do you monitor SOAP web services?
24. What is the impact of namespaces on SOAP interoperability?
25. Explain SOAP over JMS (Java Messaging Service).

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Expert

1. How do you design scalable SOAP web services?
2. How does SOAP integrate with Enterprise Service Bus (ESB)?
3. How do you optimize SOAP performance?
4. Explain SOAP message compression techniques.
5. How do you debug SOAP messages?
6. How do you log SOAP requests and responses securely?
7. What are common SOAP security vulnerabilities?
8. How do you mitigate XML External Entity (XXE) attacks in SOAP?
9. How do you secure SOAP against replay attacks?
10. How do you implement SSL/TLS with SOAP?
11. How do you load test SOAP services?
12. What are some SOAP testing tools?
13. Explain how SOAP integrates with Spring Web Services.
14. How do you expose SOAP web services in Java (JAX-WS)?
15. How do you consume SOAP services in Java?
16. How do you consume SOAP services in .NET?
17. How does SOAP integrate with Apache CXF?
18. Explain the role of Axis2 in SOAP web services.
19. How do you migrate SOAP to REST?
20. What are common real-world use cases for SOAP?
21. How do you design fault-tolerant SOAP web services?
22. How do you implement versioning in SOAP services?
23. Explain SOAP in the context of microservices.
24. What is the future of SOAP in modern architectures?
25. Compare SOAP, REST, GraphQL, and gRPC in enterprise applications.

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